Japanese battleship Hyūga
Aerial view of Hyūga in 1927
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History | |
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Empire of Japan | |
Name | Hyūga |
Namesake | Hyūga Province |
Builder | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries |
Laid down | 6 May 1915 |
Launched | 27 January 1917 |
Commissioned | 30 April 1918 |
Stricken | 20 November 1945 |
Fate | Sunk, 27 July 1945 and subsequently scrapped, 1946–1947 |
General characteristics (as built) | |
Class and type | Ise-class battleship |
Displacement | |
Length | 208.18 m (683 ft) (o.a.) |
Beam | 28.65 m (94 ft) |
Draught | 8.93 m (29 ft 4 in) |
Installed power |
|
Propulsion | 4 × shafts; 2 × steam turbine sets |
Speed | 23 knots (43 km/h; 26 mph) |
Range | 9,680 nmi (17,930 km; 11,140 mi) at 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) |
Complement | 1,360 |
Armament |
|
Armour | |
General characteristics (after first reconstruction) | |
Displacement | 42,001 long tons (42,675 t) (full load) |
Length | 215.8 m (708 ft) |
Beam | 31.75 m (104 ft 2 in) |
Draught | 9.45 m (31 ft) |
Installed power |
|
Propulsion | 4 × steam turbine sets |
Speed | 24.5 knots (45.4 km/h; 28.2 mph) |
Range | 7,870 nmi (14,580 km; 9,060 mi) at 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph) |
Complement | 1,376 |
Armament |
|
Armour | Decks: 152 mm (6 in) |
Aircraft carried | 3 |
Aviation facilities | 1 catapult |
General characteristics (as hybrid carrier, 1945) | |
Displacement | 39,805 long tons (40,444 t) (full load) |
Length | 219.62 m (720 ft 6 in) |
Beam | 31.71 m (104 ft) |
Draught | 9.03 m (29 ft 8 in) |
Range | 9,500 nmi (17,600 km; 10,900 mi) at 16 knots |
Complement | 1,463 |
Sensors and processing systems |
|
Armament |
|
Aircraft carried | 22 |
Aviation facilities | 2 catapults |
Hyūga (Japanese: 日向) was the second and last Ise-class battleship built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) during the 1910s. Although completed in 1918, she played no role in World War I. Hyūga supported Japanese forces in the early 1920s during the Siberian intervention in the Russian Civil War. In 1923, she assisted survivors of the Great Kantō earthquake. The ship was partially modernised in two stages in 1927–1928 and 1931–1932, during which her forward superstructure was rebuilt in the pagoda mast style. Hyūga was reconstructed in 1934–1936, improvements being made to her armour and propulsion machinery. Afterwards, she played a minor role in the Second Sino-Japanese War.
Despite the expensive reconstruction, the ship was considered obsolete by the eve of the
Design and description
The Ise class was designed as an improved version of the preceding
During the ships' modernisation in the 1930s, their forward
Propulsion
The Ise-class ships had two sets of direct-drive
During their 1930s modernisation, the boilers on each ship were replaced by eight new Kampon oil-fired boilers.[2] The turbines were replaced by four geared Kampon turbines with a designed output of 80,000 shp (60,000 kW) intended to increase their speed to 24.5 knots (45.4 km/h; 28.2 mph).[1] The fuel storage of the ships was increased which gave them a range of 7,870 nautical miles (14,580 km; 9,060 mi) at 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph), despite the additional weight.[2]
Armament
The twelve
In 1931–1933 the AA guns were replaced with eight
During the mid-1930s reconstruction, the torpedo tubes were removed, and the Vickers two-pounders were replaced by twenty license-built
Protection
The Ise-class ships'
Construction and career
Hyūga,
The ship aided survivors of the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake in September 1923. From the early 1920s through the late 1930s, Hyūga often cruised off the coast of China. Little detailed information is available about her activities during the 1920s. The ship was
Beginning on 24 October 1934, Hyūga was
Start of the Pacific War
When full-scale war started for Japan on 8 December,
In May 1942 while conducting gunnery practice along with Nagato and Mutsu, the
Hyūga and the rest of the 2nd Battleship Division set sail on 28 May with the Aleutian Support Group at the same time most of the Imperial Fleet began an attack on
Conversion to a hybrid carrier
The loss of four Japanese aircraft carriers during the Battle of Midway in June severely limited the ability of the IJN to conduct operations and alternatives were sought. Plans for full conversions of battleships into aircraft carriers were rejected on the grounds of expense and, most critically, time, so the IJN settled on removing the rear pair of turrets from the Ise-class ships and replacing them with a flight deck equipped with two rotating catapults.[22] Matsuda was relieved by Captain Sueo Obayashi on 10 December and he was relieved in turn on 1 May 1943, the same day that the conversion officially began. Work actually began two months later.[12] The ship's No. 6 turret and the barbettes for No. 5 and 6 turrets were replaced by a hangar surmounted by a flight deck. This was not long enough to permit the launch of aircraft or their recovery. Two catapults were installed and the existing crane was moved to the flight deck. This was fitted with an extensive system of rails to link each catapult, the storage positions on the deck and the T-shaped aircraft lift that moved aircraft between the flight deck and the hangar. It had a capacity of nine aircraft, with eleven more stowed on deck, and one on each catapult for a total of twenty-two.[23] The ship's air group was intended to consist of a dozen each Yokosuka D4Y Suisei dive bombers (Allied reporting name "Judy"), modified for catapult launching, and Aichi E16A reconnaissance floatplanes (Allied reporting name "Paul"), of which two to three of each were reserves. The former had to land either on a conventional carrier or on land bases, whereas the E16A could be hoisted back aboard using a crane, after landing on the water near the ship.[24]
During the conversion, all of the 14 cm guns were removed and the ship's anti-aircraft suite was heavily reinforced. The eight 12.7 cm Type 89 guns were supplemented with four twin mounts and the existing 2.5 cm Type 96 AA twin-gun mounts were replaced by 19 triple-gun mounts for a total of 57 weapons.[25]
These changes increased the ship's overall length to 219.62 metres (720 ft 6 in) and the removal of the heavy gun turrets and their barbettes reduced her displacement to 39,805 long tons (40,444 t) at deep load, despite the addition of more fuel oil storage. The extra fuel increased Hyūga's range to 9,500 nautical miles (17,600 km; 10,900 mi). The weight reductions decreased her draught to 9.03 metres (29 ft 8 in). The crew now numbered 1,463 officers and enlisted men.[4]
The rebuild was officially completed on 18 November and Captain
On 23 June, the sisters conducted their first catapult training, each with four D4Ys and six E16As aboard; subsequent sessions were conducted on 21 July and 31 August.
Battle off Cape Engaño and afterwards
After the Americans began attacking Japanese installations in the Bonin Islands on 10 October 1944, the aircraft of the Fourth Carrier Division were ordered to prepare for combat by the commander of the Combined Fleet, Admiral
The ships of the Fourth Carrier Division were assigned to the Main Body of the
On the morning of 25 October, Hyūga was positioned near the
Between 29 October and 8 November, the catapults were removed to improve the firing arcs of No. 3 and No. 4 turrets. Hyūga and Ise departed on 11 November, loaded with troops and munitions for
Final role
The division sailed from Singapore on 10 February 1945 and was spotted by the British submarine HMS Tantalus the following day. Tantalus was forced to submerge by a maritime patrol aircraft and was unable to attack. On 13 February the submarine USS Bergall unsuccessfully attacked the ships as did the submarine USS Blower. Later that afternoon, Ōyodo launched one of her floatplanes which spotted the submarine USS Bashaw on the surface about 22 kilometres (14 mi) ahead of the convoy. Hyūga opened fire with her main guns and forced Bashaw to submerge when one of her shells landed within 1,600 metres (1 mi) of the submarine. The convoy reached the Matsu Islands, off the Chinese coast, on the 15th and was unsuccessfully attacked by the submarine USS Rasher before they reached Zhoushan Island, near Shanghai, that night. The convoy reached Kure on 20 February, having evaded or escaped pursuit by twenty-three Allied submarines along the way.[12]
The 4th Carrier Division was disbanded on 1 March and Hyūga was reduced to first-class reserve. Rear Admiral
Notes
- ^ Jentschura, Jung & Mickel also credit the ships with a dozen 8 cm 3rd Year Type guns,[2] but these were actually shorter and lighter 8 cm Type 41 saluting guns that could be used by the ships' boats and landing parties ashore.[8]
- QF 12-pounder guns. While the Japanese designated them as 8 cm, their actual calibre was 76.2 mm.[9]
- ^ Sources contradict each other regarding the armour scheme of these ships. Lengerer, the most recent researcher using Japanese sources, has been followed rather than older sources.
- Hawaiian Standard Time, so in Japan, the attack on Pearl Harborhappened on 8 December.
Footnotes
- ^ a b Lengerer March 2007, p. 9
- ^ a b c d e f Jentschura, Jung & Mickel, p. 26
- ^ Chesneau, p. 171
- ^ a b Lengerer 2009, pp. 50–51
- ^ Lengerer 2011, pp. 21–22
- ^ Lengerer 2011, pp. 24–26, 30
- ^ Lengerer 2011, pp. 33–34
- ^ Lengerer 2011, p. 35
- ^ Campbell, p. 198
- ^ Gardiner & Gray, p. 230
- ^ Lengerer March 2007, p. 12
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Hackett & Kingsepp
- ^ Stille, p. 11
- ^ Lengerer 2006, pp. 28–30; Lengerer 2011, p. 36
- ^ Lengerer March 2007, p. 16
- ^ Lengerer 2006, pp. 28–30
- ^ a b Silverstone, p. 330
- ^ a b Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander (2012). "IJN Submarine I-4: Tabular Record of Movement". combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
- ^ Rohwer, pp. 168–169
- ^ Parshall & Tully, p. 454
- ^ Parshall & Tully, p. 46
- ^ Lengerer 2009, pp. 39–40
- ^ Lengerer 2009, pp. 45–49
- ^ Lengerer 2009, pp. 51–53
- ^ Lengerer 2009, p. 43
- ^ Lengerer September 2007, p. 22
- ^ Lengerer September 2007, p. 23
- ^ Lengerer 2009, p. 53
- ^ Polmar & Genda, pp. 420, 422, 428
References
- Campbell, John (1985). Naval Weapons of World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-459-2.
- Chesneau, Roger, ed. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-146-5.
- Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-907-8.
- Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander (2016). "IJN Hyuga: Tabular Record of Movement". Combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
- Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter & Mickel, Peter (1977). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 978-0-87021-893-4.
- Lengerer, Hans (September 2006). Ahlberg, Lars (ed.). "Battleships Ise and Hyûga – Part I". Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships (Paper I): 4–30.(subscription required)(contact the editor at [email protected] for subscription information)
- Lengerer, Hans (March 2007). Ahlberg, Lars (ed.). "Battleships Ise and Hyûga – Part II". Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships (Paper II): 4–17.(subscription required)
- Lengerer, Hans (September 2007). Ahlberg, Lars (ed.). "Battleships Ise and Hyûga – Part III". Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships (Paper III): 4–24.(subscription required)
- Lengerer, Hans (March 2011). Ahlberg, Lars (ed.). "The Japanese 14"-Gunned Battleships: An Abstract of the Fusō and Ise Classes – Part I". Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships (Paper X): 5–42.(subscription required)
- Lengerer, Hans (2009). "Ise and Hyûga: The IJN's Hybrid Battleship-Carriers". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2009. London: Conway. pp. 39–54. ISBN 978-1-84486-089-0.
- Parshall, Jonathan & Tully, Anthony (2007). Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway. Washington, DC: Potomac Books. ISBN 978-1-57488-924-6.
- Polmar, Norman & ISBN 978-1-57488-663-4.
- Rohwer, Jurgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-119-8.
- Silverstone, Paul H. (1984). Directory of the World's Capital Ships. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 978-0-88254-979-8.
- Stille, Mark (2008). Imperial Japanese Navy Battleships 1941–45. New Vanguard. Vol. 146. Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-280-6.
Further reading
- Whitley, M. J. (1998). Battleships of World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-184-4.
External links
- Maritimequest.com: Ise photo gallery
- Jones, Daniel H. "IJN Ise/Hyuga BBCV," Ship Modeling Mailing List.
- Slade, Stuart. "The Japanese Ise and Hyuga Hybrid Battleship-Carriers." January 27, 1999.
- Ise et Hyūga Cuirassé porte-avions 2iemeGuerre. (in French)