Japanese name
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Japanese names (日本人の氏名、日本人の姓名、日本人の名前, Nihonjin no Shimei, Nihonjin no Seimei, Nihonjin no Namae) in modern times consist of a
Japanese names may be written in hiragana or katakana, the Japanese language syllabaries for words of Japanese or foreign origin, respectively. As such, names written in hiragana or katakana are phonetic rendering and lack meanings that are expressed by names written in the logographic kanji.
Structure
The majority of Japanese people have one surname and one given name, except for the Japanese imperial family, whose members have no surname. The family name precedes the given name. People with mixed Japanese and foreign parentage may have middle names.[3]
Very few names are in use both as surnames and as given names (for example Mayumi (真弓), Kaneko (金子), Masuko (益子), or Arata (新)). Therefore, to those familiar with Japanese names, which name is the surname and which is the given name is usually apparent, no matter in which order the names are presented. It is thus unlikely that the two names will be confused, for example, when writing in English while using the family name-given name naming order. However, due to the variety of pronunciations and differences in languages, some common surnames and given names may coincide when Romanized: e.g., Maki (真紀、麻紀、真樹) (given name) and Maki (槇、牧、薪) (surname).
Family names
The term surname or family name can translate into three different Japanese words, myōji, uji, and sei, which historically had different meanings. Sei was originally the
According to estimates, there are over 300,000 different surnames in use today in Japan.[4] The three most common family names in Japan are Satō (佐藤), Suzuki (鈴木), and Takahashi (高橋).[5] People in Japan began using surnames during the Muromachi period.[6] Japanese peasants had surnames in the Edo period; however, they could not use them in public.[7]
Most surnames are written with two kanji characters, but some common surnames are written with one or three kanji.[8] Some surnames written with four or five kanji exist, such as Kadenokōji (勘解由小路), but these are rare.[9]
One large category of family names can be categorized as -tō names. The kanji 藤, meaning
Japanese family names usually include characters referring to places and geographic features.[10]
Given names
Given names are called the "name" (名, mei) or "lower name" (下の名前, shita no namae), because, in vertically written Japanese, the given name appears under the family name.[11]
While family names follow relatively consistent rules, given names are much more diverse in pronunciation and characters. While many common names can easily be spelled or pronounced, parents may choose names with unusual characters or pronunciations; the pronunciation of such names generally cannot be inferred from the written form, or vice versa. Unusual pronunciations have become much more common, as the trend has significantly increased in popularity since the 1990s.[12][13] For example, the popular masculine name 大翔 is traditionally pronounced "Hiroto", but in recent years alternative pronunciations "Haruto", "Yamato", "Taiga", "Sora", "Taito", "Daito", and "Masato" have all entered use.[12]
Male names often end in -rō (郎/朗, "son" or "clear, bright") (e.g. "Ichirō"), -ta (太, "great, thick" or "first [son]") (e.g. "Kenta"), or -o (男/雄/夫, "man") (e.g. "Teruo" or "Akio").[14] Male names often also contain ichi (一, "first [son]") (e.g. "Ken'ichi"), kazu (一, "first [son]") (also written with 一, along with several other possible characters; e.g. "Kazuhiro"), ji (二/次, "second [son]" or "next") (e.g. "Jirō"), or dai (大, "great, large") (e.g. "Daichi").
Female names often end in -ko (子, "child") (e.g. "Keiko") or -mi (美, "beauty") (e.g. "Yumi").[15] Other popular endings for female names include -ka (香/花, "scent, perfume" or "flower") (e.g. "Reika") and -na (奈/菜, "greens" or "apple tree") (e.g. "Haruna").
Most personal names use one, two, or three kanji.[16] Four-syllable given names are common, especially in eldest sons.[17]
The usage of -ko (子) has changed significantly over the years: prior to the
Around the year 2006, due to the citizenry mimicking naming habits of popular entertainers, the suffix -ko was declining in popularity. At the same time, names of western origin, written in kana, were becoming increasingly popular for naming of girls.[16] By 2004 there was a trend of using hiragana instead of kanji in naming girls.
Molly Hakes said that this may have to do with using hiragana out of cultural pride, since hiragana is Japan's indigenous writing form, or out of not assigning a meaning to a girl's name so that others do not have a particular expectation of her.[15]
Names ending with -ko dropped significantly in popularity in the mid-1980s, but are still given, though much less than in the past. Male names occasionally end with the syllable -ko as in Mako, but very rarely using the kanji 子 (most often, if a male name ends in -ko, it ends in -hiko, using the kanji 彦 meaning "boy"). Common male name endings are -shi and -o; names ending with -shi are often adjectives, e.g., Atsushi, which might mean, for example, "(to be) faithful."
Katakana and hiragana spellings are characteristic of feminine names rather than masculine names, with katakana often used for women's names in the early 20th century due to being easier to read and write.[18]
A single name-forming element, such as hiro ("expansiveness") can be written by more than one kanji (博, 弘, or 浩). Conversely, a particular kanji can have multiple meanings and pronunciations. In some names, Japanese characters phonetically "spell" a name and have no intended meaning behind them. Many Japanese personal names use puns.[16]
Although usually written in kanji, Japanese names have distinct differences from
Characters
Japanese names are usually written in kanji, although some names use
The sound no, indicating possession (like the
Difficulty of reading names
A name written in kanji may have more than one common pronunciation, only one of which is correct for a given individual. For example, the surname written in kanji as 東海林 may be read either Tōkairin or Shōji. Conversely, any one name may have several possible written forms, and again, only one will be correct for a given individual. The character 一 when used as a male given name may be used as the written form for "Hajime", "Hitoshi", "Ichi-/-ichi" "Kazu-/-kazu", and many others. The name Hajime may be written with any of the following: 始, 治, 初, 一, 元, 肇, 創, 甫, 基, 哉, 啓, 本, 源, 東, 大, 孟, or 祝. This many-to-many correspondence between names and the ways they are written is much more common with male given names than with surnames or female given names but can be observed in all these categories. The permutations of potential characters and sounds can become enormous, as some very overloaded sounds may be produced by over 500 distinct kanji and some kanji characters can stand for several dozen sounds. This can and does make the collation, pronunciation, and romanization of a Japanese name a very difficult problem. For this reason, business cards often include the pronunciation of the name as furigana, and forms and documents often include spaces to write the reading of the name in kana (usually katakana).
A few Japanese names, particularly family names, include
An example of such a name is
A problem occurs when an elderly person forgets how to write their name in old kanji that is no longer used.
Family names are sometimes written with periphrastic readings, called
Most Japanese people and agencies have adopted customs to deal with these issues.
Not all names are complicated. Some common names are summarized by the phrase tanakamura ("the village in the middle of the rice fields"): the three kanji (ta (田, "rice field"), naka (中, "middle") and mura (村, "village")), together in any pair, form a simple, reasonably common surname:
.Despite these difficulties, there are enough patterns and recurring names that most native Japanese will be able to read virtually all family names they encounter and the majority of personal names.
Regulations
This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2009) |
Kanji names in Japan are governed by the Japanese Ministry of Justice's rules on kanji use in names. As of January 2015[update], only the 843 "name kanji" (jinmeiyō kanji) and 2,136 "commonly used characters" (jōyō kanji) are permitted for use in personal names. This is intended to ensure that names can be readily written and read by those literate in Japanese. Names may be rejected if they are considered unacceptable; for example, in 1993 two parents who tried to name their child Akuma (悪魔), which means "devil", were prohibited from doing so after a massive public outcry.[21]
Though there are regulations on the naming of children, many archaic characters can still be found in adults' names, particularly those born prior to the
The use of a space in given names (to separate first and middle names) is not allowed in official documents, because technically, a space is not an allowed character. However, spaces are sometimes used on business cards and in correspondence.
Customs
This section may be confusing or unclear to readers. (November 2020) |
Historically, families consisted of many children and it was a common practice to name sons by numbers suffixed with rō (郎, "son"). The first son would be known as "Ichirō", the second as "Jirō", and so on.[23] Girls were often named with ko (子, "child") at the end of the given name (this should not be confused with the less common male suffix hiko (彦)). Both practices have become less common, although many children continue to be given names that originate from these conventions.
Speaking to and of others
Conventions of direct address and name use in conversation are heavily governed by respect for those considered in higher social positions (ex. older family members, teachers, employers), familiarity with those considered to be in lower social positions (ex. younger family members, students, employees) and the speaker's relationships with the listener and the addressee. Typically, the family name is used to refer to an individual, and personal or given names are largely restricted to informal situations and cases where the speaker is older than, a superior of, or very familiar with the named individual. When addressing someone or referring to a member of one's
Japanese people often avoid referring to their seniors or superiors by name at all. Rather, it is considered more respectful to address one who is considered a social superior by their title. Within a family, this might be a kinship relation such as okāsan (お母さん, "mother"), in a school it could be sensei (先生, "teacher"), while a company president would be addressed as shachō (社長, "company president").
Pronouns meaning "you" (anata (あなた), kimi (きみ), omae (お前)) are uncommon in Japanese, as they are sometimes considered disrespectful. It is more common for people address each other by name, title, and honorific, even in face-to-face conversations.
Nicknames
Any given name corresponds with one or more
Hypocoristics with modified stems are derived by adding -chan to a stem consisting of an integral number, usually one but occasionally two, of
The common Japanese practice of forming abbreviations by concatenating the first two
Names from other ethnic groups in Japan
Many ethnic minorities living in Japan, mostly Korean and Chinese, adopt Japanese names. The roots of this custom go back to the colonial-era policy of
Japanese citizenship used to require adoption of a Japanese name. In recent decades, the government has allowed individuals to simply adopt katakana versions of their native names when applying for citizenship, as is already done when referring to non-East Asian foreigners:
Individuals born overseas with Western given names and Japanese surnames are usually given a katakana name in Western order ([given name] [surname]) when referred to in Japanese. Eric Shinseki, for instance, is referred to as Erikku Shinseki (エリック シンセキ). However, sometimes Japanese parents decide to use Japanese order when mentioning the child's name in Japanese. Also, Japanese parents tend to give their children a name in kanji, hiragana, or katakana, particularly if it is a Japanese name. Even individuals born in Japan, with a Japanese name, might be referred to using katakana if they have established residency or a career overseas. Yoko Ono, for example, was born in Japan, with the name 小野 洋子, and spent the first twenty years of her life there. However, having lived outside the country for more than fifty years, and basing her career in the United States, Ono is often referred to in the press as オノ・ヨーコ, preserving the Japanese order of her name (Ono Yōko), but rendering it in katakana. Another example is the inventor of Bitcoin, who has gone under the name Satoshi Nakamoto, and which is most likely a pseudonym, perhaps even of a non-Japanese person; Nakamoto is referred to in Japanese with katakana in Western order, サトシ・ナカモト, rather than 中本聡.
Christians in Japan traditionally have Christian names in addition to their native Japanese names. These Christian names are written using katakana, and are adapted to Japanese phonology from their
Imperial names
For historical reasons, the Japanese emperor and his families do not have a surname and possess only a given name, such as Hirohito (裕仁). However, Japanese people prefer to say "the Emperor" or "the Crown Prince", rather than using the personal name out of respect and as a measure of politeness.
When children are born into the Imperial family, they receive a standard given name as well as a special title. For instance, the Emperor emeritus Akihito was born Tsugu-no-miya Akihito (継宮明仁). In this name, the title is Tsugu-no-miya (継宮, "Prince Tsugu"), and he was referred to as "Prince Tsugu" during his childhood. This title is generally used until the individual becomes heir to the throne or inherits one of the historical princely family names (Hitachi-no-miya (常陸宮), Mikasa-no-miya (三笠宮), Akishino-no-miya (秋篠宮), etc.).
When a member of the Imperial family becomes a noble or a commoner, the emperor gives them a family name. In medieval era, the family name "Minamoto" was often used. In modern era, princely family names are used. For example, many members of the extended Imperial family became commoners after World War II and adopted their princely family names minus the honorific -no-miya (宮, "Prince") as regular surnames. Conversely, if a commoner or a noble were to become a member of the Imperial family, such as through marriage, their family name is lost. An example is Empress Michiko, whose name was Michiko Shōda before she married Prince Akihito.
Historical names
The current structure (family name + given name) did not materialize until the 1870s, when the Japanese government created the new family registration system.
In feudal Japan, names reflected a person's social status, as well as their affiliation with Buddhist, Shintō, feudatory-military, Confucian-scholarly, mercantile, peasant, slave, and imperial orders.
Before feudal times,
Before the government formalized the naming system in 1868, Japanese personal names were fluid.
Changes in women's personal names were recorded less often, so they may not have changed their names as frequently as men did, but women who went into service as maids or entertainers frequently changed their names for the duration of their service. During their employment, their temporary names were treated as their legal names. For example, a maid who was involved in legal dealings in Kyoto in 1819–1831 signed legal documents as Sayo during one period of employment and as Mitsu during a later period of employment, but she signed as Iwa, presumably her birth name, when she was between jobs.[29]
At least until the Kamakura Period, women's names were often descriptive in nature, while their personal names would rarely be used in public.[30] This was especially proeminent in higher class and Imperial Court. An example is Murasaki Shikibu, whose name "Shikibu" is not the equivalent to a surname, but refers to Shikibu-shō, the Ministry of Ceremonials where Murasaki's father was employed. "Murasaki", an additional name possibly derived from the color violet associated with wisteria, the meaning of the word fuji (an element of her clan name), may have been bestowed on her at court in reference to the name she herself had given to the main female character in "Genji". Another example is Kenreimon-in, wife and empress to Emperor Takakura. Kenreimon-in, which was not her personal name, refers to her residence, located by the Kenreimon Gate in the Kyoto Imperial Palace.
A Japanese person could go by one of several names, depending on the occasion. For example, the 18th-century author, poet, and artist Iwase Samuru wrote under the name Santō Kyōden and worked as an illustrator under the name Kitao Masanobu. Artists and authors adopted a new name for each medium or form they worked in, whether or not they worked professionally. Some types of artistic names (gō (号)) were referred to by special terminology—for example, haigō or haimei for a haiku poet, and kagō for a waka poet. Scholars also gave themselves scholarly names, often using the Chinese reading of the characters of their Japanese name. People who entered religious orders adopted religious names.
Death added to the number of a person's names. When a person died, their personal name was referred to as an imina (諱) and was no longer used. Instead, the person was referred to by their posthumous name (諡, okurina).
The personal names of Japanese emperors were also referred to as imina, even if the emperor was alive. Prior to Emperor Jomei, the imina of the emperors were very long and not used. The number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.[31]
Azana (字), which is given at genpuku (元服), is used by others and one himself uses his real name to refer to him. Gō are commonly named after places or houses; e.g., Bashō, as in the haiku poet Matsuo Bashō (松尾 芭蕉), is named after his house, Bashō-an (芭蕉庵).
In the
Professional names
Actors and actresses in
Wrestlers can change their shikona, as Takahanada did when he became Takanohana (貴ノ花) and then
Kabuki actors take one of the traditional surnames such as Nakamura (中村), Bandō or Onoe. Some names are inherited on succession, such as that of the famous kabuki actor Bandō Tamasaburō V (五代目 坂東 玉三郎, Godaime Bandō Tamasaburō) through a naming ceremony.
Women working in the red-light districts commonly took names as a form of anonymity. However, high-ranking courtesans could inherit a generational name (名跡, myōseki) upon gaining promotion to a higher rank. These names, exclusively the property of the brothel owner, typically carried the prestige of the person who held it previously, and brothel owners commonly chose only those of similar countenance and reputation to inherit them. Myōseki were written in kanji, and were typically more elaborate than the average woman's name of the time, holding meanings taken from poetry, literary history and nature. As they were property of the brothel owner, myōseki were rarely passed from one oiran directly down to their apprentice, as holders were chosen for their suitability to the name's reputation.[32]
In English and other Western languages
In English, the names of living or recently deceased Japanese are generally given surname last and without macrons.[33] Historical figures are given surname first and with macrons, if available.[34]
As of 2008[update], when using English and other Western languages, Japanese people usually give their names in an order reversed from the traditional Japanese naming order, with the family name after the given name, instead of the given name after the family name.
Japanese people often have nicknames that are shortened forms of their actual names, and sometimes use these names with foreigners for ease of understanding. For instance, a man named "Kazuyuki" may call himself "Kaz" in the presence of those for whom Japanese is not a first language.[3] Some Japanese people living abroad also adopt nicknames that they use with friends who are not Japanese.[3]
Most foreign publications reverse the names of modern Japanese people, and most Japanese people reverse their own names for materials or publications intended for foreign consumption; for example, a Japanese business executive or official usually has two business cards ( These practices stand in stark contrast to how English and generally Western names are treated in the Japanese language, where they are typically presented without reordering.
In Russian, Russian names may be written with family name first and given name second, as well as the other way round, and this applies to Japanese names presented in Russian as well.[38][39]
In English, many historical figures are still referred to with the family name first.[35] This is especially the case in scholarly works about Japan.[36] Many scholarly works use the Japanese order with Japanese names in general, and a scholarly work is more likely to use Japanese order if the author specialises in subjects related to or about Japan. John Power wrote that "People who can speak and read Japanese have a strong resistance to switching Japanese names to the Western order."[3] Books written by these authors often have notes stating that Japanese names are in the original order.[3] Some books, however, do not have consistent naming order practices. Shizuka Saeki of Look Japan said, "This is not only a headache for writers and translators, it is also a source of confusion for readers."[36] Lynne E. Riggs of the Society of Writers, Editors and Translators (SWET), a professional writing organization headquartered in Tokyo, wrote that "When you publish a book about Japan, you are publishing it for people who want to know about Japan. So they are interested in learning something new or something as it is supposed to be."[36]
Edith Terry wrote that because Japanese people are "mastering" a "Western game", people have some pride and at the same time feel insecurity because the "game" is on "Western terms" rather than "Japanese terms."[37] The standard presentation of Japanese names in English differs from the standard presentations of modern Chinese names and Korean names, which are usually not reversed to fit the Western order in English, except when the person is living or traveling abroad.[37][3] Power wrote that the difference between the treatment of Japanese names and of Chinese and Korean names often results in confusion.[3] Terry wrote, "it was one of the ironies of the late twentieth century that Japan remained stranded in the formal devices underlining its historical quest for equality with the West, while China set its own terms, in language as in big-power politics."[40]
Saeki wrote in 2001 that most Japanese people writing in English use the Western naming order, but that some figures had begun to promote the use of Japanese order as Japan became a major economic power in the 20th century. The Japan Style Sheet, a 1998 guide for producing English language works about Japan written by SWET, advocates the use of the Japanese naming order as often as possible, in order to promote a consistency in naming order. In 1987, one publisher of English language textbooks in Japan used the Japanese order of naming, while in 2001 six of the eight publishers of English language textbooks in Japan used the Japanese order. In December 2000, the council on the National Language of the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture recommended that English language productions begin using the Japanese naming order, as "it is in general desirable that personal names be presented and written in a way that preserves their unique forms, except for registries and other documents with specific standards." It recommended using capitalization (YAMADA Taro) or commas (Yamada, Taro) to clarify which part of the personal name is the family name and which part is the given name. In a January 2000 opinion poll from the Agency for Cultural Affairs on the preferred order of Japanese names in the English language, 34.9% had a preference for Japanese order, 30.6% had a preference for Western order, and 29.6% had no preference. In 1986, the Japan Foundation decided that it would use the Japanese naming order in all of its publications. A Japan Foundation publishing division spokesperson stated around 2001 that some SWET publications, including popular anglophone newspapers, continue to use the Western order. As of 2001, the agency's style sheet recommends using a different naming order style depending upon the context. For instance, it advocates using the Western order in publications for readers who are not familiar with Japan, such as international conference papers.[36]
The
On 21 May 2019,
On September 6, 2019, officials from the
In Chinese
In Chinese-speaking communities, Japanese names are pronounced according to the Chinese pronunciations of the characters.
Sometimes, a Japanese name includes kokuji. These kanji resemble Chinese characters but originate in Japan and do not have widely known Chinese pronunciations. For example, the word komu (込), read as yū in Chinese) is rarely used in modern Chinese reading. When words like this are encountered, usually the rule of "有邊讀邊,沒邊讀中間" ("read the side if any, read the middle part if there is no side") applies. Therefore, "込" is read as rù which is derived from 入.[citation needed]
Heng Ji wrote that because Japanese names have "flexible" lengths, it may be difficult for someone to identify a Japanese name when reading a Chinese text.
One place where Japanese names may be transliterated into
See also
- List of Japanese feminine given names
- List of Japanese masculine given names
- List of most common Japanese family names
- Onomastics
- Amami name
- Art-name
- Japanese alias
- Meishi
- Okinawan family name
- Chinese name
- Korean name
- Vietnamese name
References
- ^ a b 山田太郎から進化を続ける「名前例」 ['Example Names' Continue to Evolve beyond Yamada Tarō]. Excite Bit (in Japanese). Excite News. 20 February 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
- ^ "【命名権濫用(非常識な命名)と出生届不受理と名の変更】". 東京・埼玉の理系弁護士 (in Japanese). 2017-05-04. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Power, p. C4-2.
- ^ "名字由来net|日本人の名字99%を掲載!! 【年末緊急発表】日本人の名字30万種は事実か?". 名字由来net|日本人の名字99%を掲載!!.
- ^ "Japanese name translations". Japanese-name-translation.com. Archived from the original (XLS) on 2006-06-24.
- ^ https://news.goo.ne.jp/amp/article/postseven/trend/postseven-581287.html [dead link]
- ^ "市史編さんこぼれ話No.18 「近世の百姓に苗字はあったのか」|東京都小平市公式ホームページ". www.city.kodaira.tokyo.jp.
- ^ "明治安田生命 全国同姓調査 [Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance Company - National same family name investigation]" (PDF) (Press release). Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance Company. 2008-09-24. Retrieved 2012-05-30.
- ^ "日本一長い苗字 [Japan's Longest Surnames]". Retrieved 2023-10-24.
- ISBN 978-1-59337-147-0.
- ISBN 978-1-59337-147-0.
- ^ a b c "What to call baby?". The Japan Times Online. Retrieved 2012-01-24.
- ^ 佐藤 稔 [Minoru Sato] (2007). "『読みにくい名前はなぜ増えたか』" [Yominikui Namae wa Naze Fuetaka ("Why We See More Hard-to-read Names")].
- ^ "How do Japanese names work?". www.sljfaq.org. Retrieved 2017-11-14.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-59337-147-0.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-861060-1.
- ISBN 978-1-59337-147-0.
- . Retrieved 2023-10-24.
- ISBN 185359489X, 9781853594892.
- Japan Times, 22 January 2012, p. 7.
- ^ "Legal Regulations on the Advanced Science and Technology 15". Archived from the original on April 6, 2006.
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- ^ "Bishops of Japan (by Age)". www.gcatholic.org. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
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- ^ a b Plutschow, Herbert E. Japan's Name Culture: The Significance of Names in a Religious, Political and Social Context. Psychology Press, 1995.
- ^ Nagata 2002, pp. 245-256.
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- ^ Nagata 2002, p. 257.
- ISBN 978-0-670-02513-8.
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- ^ "Kamuro". issendai.com. Issendai. Archived from the original on 12 July 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
- Chicago Manual of Style.
- Chicago Manual of Style, "Personal names—additional resources" (§8.3): "For names of well-known deceased persons, Chicago generally prefers the spellings in Merriam-Webster's Biographical Dictionary or the biographical section of Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary."
- ^ a b "三.国際化に伴うその他の日本語の問題." Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Retrieved on May 23, 2011. "日本人の姓名をローマ字で表記するときに,本来の形式を逆転して「名-姓」の順とする慣習は,明治の欧化主義の時代に定着したものであり,欧米の人名の形式に合わせたものである。現在でもこの慣習は広く行われており,国内の英字新聞や英語の教科書も,日本人名を「名-姓」順に表記しているものが多い。ただし,「姓-名」順を採用しているものも見られ,また,一般的には「名-姓」順とし,歴史上の人物や文学者などに限って「姓-名」順で表記している場合もある。"
- ^ a b c d e f Saeki, Shizuka. "First Name Terms." Look Japan. June 2001. Volume 47, No. 543. p. 35.
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- ^ "КОНФЛИКТ КУЛЬТУР ПРИ ЗАПОЛНЕНИИ ПРОСТОЙ АНКЕТЫ". abroad.ru.
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- Chicago Manual of Style. Retrieved on December 23, 2014. p. 27 (PDF document p. 29/56).
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- ^ "Why Japanese names have flipped". The Economist. 2020-01-02. Retrieved 2020-01-11.
- ^ "Style for Japanese persons' names". NHK World-Japan. 2020-03-30. Retrieved 2020-04-04.
- ^ "The Cabinet agreed yesterday to begin making the change with government documents, though no timeline was given for its start." "Japan to put surnames first for documents in English". The Straits Times. Singapore. September 7, 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
- ^ "Change for Japanese Names at Tokyo 2020". infobae. 12 July 2021. Retrieved 2023-04-17.
- British Broadcasting Corporation Monitoring Service. Summary of World Broadcasts: Far East, Part 3. Monitoring Service of the British Broadcasting Corporation, 1984. p. SWB FE/7688/A3/9 6 Jul 84. "Meanwhile, the Chinese give Japanese names in Chinese pronunciation."
- ISBN 0549582479, 9780549582472. p. 53. "Chinese → Japanese It's difficult to identify Japanese names in Chinese texts because of their flexible name lengths. However, if they can be 'back-translated' into Japanese, the Japanese-specific information could be used for names – they[...]"
- Washington Post. November 26, 2015. Retrieved on December 17, 2015.
- ^ Huang, Zheping (30 May 2016). "Nintendo is renaming Pikachu in one of its largest markets, and Hong Kongers are not happy — Quartz". qz.com. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
Bibliography
- Power, John. "Japanese names." (Archive) EBSCOHost.
- Some materials taken from Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, article on "names"
Further reading
- Hoffman, Michael. "What's in a (Japanese) name?" Japan Times. Sunday October 11, 2009.
- "Which names are to be found where?" Japan Times. Sunday October 11, 2009.
- Koop, Albert J., Hogitaro Inada. Japanese Names and How to Read Them 2005 ISBN 0-7103-1102-8Kegan Paul International Ltd.
- Nichigai Associates, Inc. (日外アソシエーツ株式会社 Nichigai Asoshiētsu Kabushiki Kaisha) 1990. Nihon seimei yomifuri jiten (日本姓名よみふり辞典 "Dictionary of readings of Japanese names in Chinese characters"), vols. Sei-no bu (family names) and Mei-no bu (given names). Tokyo: Nichigai Associates.
- O'Neill, P.G. Japanese Names 1972 ISBN 0-8348-0225-2Weatherhill Inc.
- Plutschow, Herbert. Japan's Name Culture 1995 ISBN 1-873410-42-5Routledge/Curzon
- Poser, William J. (1990) "Evidence for Foot Structure in Japanese", Language 66.1.78-105. (Describes hypochoristic formation and some other types of derived names.)
- Throndardottir, Solveig. Name Construction in Medieval Japan 2004 Nostrand, Name Construction in Medieval Japan - $38.66 : Potboiler Press, Books for the Practical Archaeologist
- Society of Writers, Editors and Translators. Japan Style Sheet 1998 ISBN 1-880656-30-2Stone Bridge Press
External links
- Japanese names section of sci.lang.japan FAQ
- 全国の苗字(名字)10万種掲載 ("Publication of 100,000 surnames (names) in the country") Archived 2020-10-01 at the Wayback Machine (in Japanese)
- 静岡大学人文学部 城岡研究室 ("Shirōka Lab of the Department of Humanities in the Shizuoka University") surnames of Japan, Shizuoka prefecture, Okinawa prefecture and Germany. (in Japanese)
- 名字見聞録 ("Records of names") Japanese names in Kanji and Hiragana. (in Japanese)
- 苗字舘 ("Museum of surnames)" Archived 2007-10-24 at the Wayback Machine statistics of Japanese surnames. (in Japanese)
- Trends in Japanese Baby Names Archived 2015-04-05 at the Wayback Machine, Namiko Abe, 2005
- WWWJDIC online dictionary with over 400,000 Japanese names.
- How to read Japanese Names
- Japanese Names For Boys
- Japanese Names For Girls