Jasminum sambac

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
"Sampaguita" redirects here. For other uses, see Sampaguita (disambiguation).

Jasminum sambac
A 'Maid of Orleans' cultivar from Tunisia
various Flower stages
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Oleaceae
Genus: Jasminum
Species:
J. sambac
Binomial name
Jasminum sambac
Synonyms[1][2]
Basionym
  • Nyctanthes sambac L.
Homotypic
  • Mogorium sambac (L.) Lam.
  • Jasminum fragrans Salisb.
  • Jasminum sambac var. normale Kuntze)
Heterotypic
  • Jasminum bicorollatum Noronha
  • Jasminum blancoi Hassk.
  • Jasminum heyneanum Wall. ex G.Don
  • Jasminum odoratum Noronha
  • Jasminum pubescens Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.
  • Jasminum quadrifolium Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.
  • Jasminum quinqueflorum B.Heyne ex G.Don
  • Jasminum quinqueflorum var. pubescens G.Don
  • Jasminum sambac var. duplex Voigt
  • Jasminum sambac var. gimea (Zuccagni) DC.
  • Jasminum sambac var. goaense (Zuccagni) DC.
  • Jasminum sambac var. heyneanum Wall. ex G.Don) C.B.Clarke in J.D.Hooker
  • Jasminum sambac var. kerianum Kuntze
  • Jasminum sambac var. nemocalyx Kuntze
  • Jasminum sambac var. plenum Stokes
  • Jasminum sambac var. syringifolium Wall. ex Kuntze
  • Jasminum sambac var. trifoliatum Vahl
  • Jasminum sambac var. undulatum (L.) Kuntze
  • Jasminum sambac var. verum DC.
  • Jasminum sanjurium Buch.-Ham. ex DC.
  • Jasminum undulatum (L.) Willd.
  • Mogorium gimea Zuccagni
  • Mogorium goaense Zuccagni
  • Mogorium undulatum (L.) Lam.
  • Nyctanthes goa Steud.
  • Nyctanthes grandiflora Lour.
  • Nyctanthes undulata L.

Jasminum sambac (Arabian jasmine or Sambac jasmine)

Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and the Lesser Antilles.[6][7][8]

Jasminum sambac is a small shrub or vine growing up to 0.5 to 3 m (1.6 to 9.8 ft) in height. It is widely cultivated for its attractive and sweetly fragrant flowers. The flowers may be used as a fragrant ingredient in

national flower of the Philippines, where it is known as sampaguita,[9] as well as being one of the three national flowers
of Indonesia, where it is known as melati putih.

Description

Jasminum sambac is an

asexual propagation.[6][11][12]

The leaves are

pinnate, like most other jasmines).[13] They are smooth (glabrous) except for a few hairs at the venation on the base of the leaf.[11]

The flowers bloom all throughout the year and are produced in clusters of 3 to 12 together at the ends of branches.[12] They are strongly scented, with a white corolla 2 to 3 cm (0.79 to 1.18 in) in diameter with 5 to 9 lobes. The flowers open at night (usually around 6 to 8 in the evening), and close in the morning, a span of 12 to 20 hours.[6] The fruit is a purple to black berry 1 cm (0.39 in) in diameter.[11]

Arabian jasmine in soft shade

Taxonomy and nomenclature

Jasminum sambac is classified under the

Jasminum under the tribe Jasmineae.[14] It belongs to the olive family Oleaceae.[15]

The English

Persia by man, where they were cultivated in gardens. From there, they were introduced to Europe where they were grown as ornamentals and were known under the common name "sambac" in the 18th century.[16][17]

The Medieval Arabic term "zanbaq" denoted jasmine flower-oil from the flowers of any species of jasmine. This word entered late medieval Latin as "sambacus" and "zambacca" with the same meaning as the Arabic, and then in post-medieval Latin plant taxonomy the word was adopted as a label for the J. sambac species.[18] The J. sambac species is a good source for jasmine flower-oil in terms of the quality of the fragrance and it continues to be cultivated for this purpose for the perfume industry today. The Jasminum officinale species is also cultivated for the same purpose, and probably to a greater extent.

In 1753,

Jasminum. He also coined the common English name of "Arabian jasmine".[19]

Cultivation

The sweet, heady fragrance of Jasminum sambac is its distinct feature. It is widely grown throughout the tropics from the

Arabian peninsula to Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands as an ornamental plant and for its strongly scented flowers.[20] Numerous cultivars currently exist.[13]

Typically, the flowers are harvested as buds during early morning. The flower buds are harvested on basis of color, as firmness and size are variable depending on the weather. The buds have to be white, as green ones may not emit the characteristic fragrance they are known for.[12] Open flowers are generally not harvested as a larger amount of them is needed to extract oils and they lose their fragrance sooner.[6]

J. sambac does not tolerate being frozen, so in temperate regions must be grown under glass, in an unheated greenhouse or conservatory. It has an intense fragrance which some people may find overpowering. In the UK this plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[21][22]

Cultivars

Jasminum sambac cultivars
'Maid of Orleans'
'Grand Duke of Tuscany'

There are numerous

corolla
. The cultivars recognized include:

  • 'Maid of Orleans' – possesses flowers with a single layer of five or more oval shaped petals. It is the variety most commonly referred to as sampaguita and pikake.[6][12] It is also known as 'Mograw', 'Motiya', or 'Bela'.[23]
  • 'Belle of India' – possesses flowers with a single or double layer of elongated petals.[23]
  • 'Grand Duke of Tuscany' – possesses flowers with a doubled petal count. They resemble small white roses and are less fragrant than the other varieties. It is also known as 'Rose jasmine' and 'Butt Mograw'.[23] In the Philippines, it is known as kampupot.[6]
  • 'Mysore Mallige' – resembles the 'Belle of India' cultivar but has slightly shorter petals with distinct and immense fragrance.[23]
  • 'Arabian Nights' – possesses a double layer of petals but is smaller in size than the 'Grand Duke of Tuscany' cultivar.[23]

Chemical composition

Jasminum sambac contains

β-sitosterol. A novel plant cysteine-rich peptide
family named jasmintides were isolated from this plant.

Its aroma is caused by a variety of compounds including benzyl alcohol, tetradecamethylcycloheptasiloxane, methyl benzoate, linalool, benzyl acetate, (-)-(R)-jasmine lactone, (E,E)-α-farnesene, (Z)-3-hexenyl benzoate, N-acetylmethylanthranilate, dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane, (E)-methyl jasmonate, benzyl benzoate and isophytol.[citation needed]

Importance

Southeast Asia

Philippines

Jasminum sambac (

American Governor-General Frank Murphy.[24][25][26]

Sampaguita garland vendors outside a Catholic school in Pateros, Manila

Its most widespread modern common name "sampaguita" is derived from the

Visayan languages; lumabi or malul in Maguindanao; and hubar or malur in Tausug.[29]

Filipinos string the flowers into leis, corsages, and sometimes crowns.[30][31] These garlands are available as loose strings of blossoms or as tight clusters of buds, and are commonly sold by vendors outside churches and near street intersections.[32]

Sampaguita garlands are used as a form of bestowing honour, veneration, or accolade.

ribbon cutting ceremonies
. Though edible, the flower is rarely used in cuisine, with an unusual example being flavouring for ice cream.

Jasminum sambac is the subject of the

2019 Southeast Asian Games, designed by Filipino sculptor Daniel Dela Cruz, was inspired by the sampaguita.[35][36]

  • A sampaguita flower necklace purchased in the Philippines
    A sampaguita flower necklace purchased in the Philippines

Indonesia

Javanese Surakarta bride adorned with intricate roncen melati (jasmine garland)

Jasminum sambac (

Indonesian culture long predates its official adoption. Since the formation of Indonesian republic during the reign of Sukarno, melati putih is always unofficially recognized as the national flower of Indonesia. The reverence and its elevated status mostly due to the importance of this flower in Indonesian tradition since ancient times
.

It has long been considered a sacred flower in Indonesian tradition, as it symbolizes purity, sacredness, and sincerity. It also represents the beauty of modesty; a small and simple white flower that can produce such sweet fragrance. It is also the most prevalent flower in wedding ceremonies for ethnic Indonesians, especially in the island of Java.[38] Jasmine flower buds that have not fully opened are usually picked to create strings of jasmine garlands (Javanese: roncen melati). On wedding days, a traditional Javanese or Sundanese bride's hair is adorned with strings of jasmine garlands arranged as a hairnet to cover the konde (hair bun). The intricately intertwined strings of jasmine garlands are left to hang loose from the bride's head. The groom's kris is also adorned with five jasmine garlands called roncen usus-usus (intestine garlands) to refer its intestine-like form and also linked to the legend of Arya Penangsang. In Makassar and Bugis brides, the hair is also adorned with buds of jasmine that resemble pearls. Jasmine is also used as floral offerings for hyangs, spirits and deities especially among Balinese Hindu, and also often present during funerals. In South Sumatran traditional costume, the bungo melati pattern in Palembang songket fabrics depicts the jasmine to represent beauty and femininity.

The jasmine symbolizes a wide variety of things in Indonesian traditions; it is the flower of life, beauty and festive wedding, yet it is also often associated with spirits and death; the sudden scent of jasmine is often an

sakura that represents fallen heroes in Japanese tradition. Ismail Marzuki's patriotic song "Melati di Tapal Batas" (jasmine on the border) (1947) and Guruh Sukarnoputra's "Melati Suci"[39] (sacred jasmine) (1974) clearly refer jasmine as the representation of fallen heroes, the eternally fragrant flower that adorned Ibu Pertiwi (Indonesian national personification). Iwan Abdurachman's "Melati Dari Jayagiri" (jasmine from Jayagiri mountain) refers to jasmine as the representation of the pure unspoiled beauty of a girl and also a long-lost love[clarification needed
].

In Indonesia,

perfume industry.[citation needed
]

Cambodia

In

Buddha.[40]

Thailand

In

Queen Sirikit.[43][44]

East Asia

China

In China, the flower (

folk song Mo Li Hua
.

Hawaii

In Hawaii, the flower is known as pīkake, and is used to make fragrant

peacock", because the Hawaiian Princess Kaʻiulani was fond of both the flowers and the bird.[12][26]

The Middle East

In Oman, Jasminum sambac features prominently on a child's first birthday.[citation needed] They are used to make thick garlands used as hair adornments. Flowers are sprinkled on the child's head by other children while chanting "hol hol". The fragrant flowers are also sold packed in between large leaves of the Indian almond (Terminalia catappa) and sewn together with strips of date palm leaves.[20] In Bahrain The flower is made into a pin along with the leaf of a palm tree to commemorate the martyrs of the country, similar to the White Poppy flower.[citation needed]

South Asia

Jasmine is considered to be a sacred flower in Hinduism. It is one of the most commonly grown ornamentals in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan, where it is native.[10][26] At Indian weddings, the bride often adorns her hair with garlands made of mogra, either around a bun or wrapped across a braid.

Sri Lanka

In Sri Lanka it is widely known as pichcha or gaeta pichcha. The name sithapushpa and katarolu are also used in older texts. The flowers are used in Buddhist temples and in ceremonial garlands.[citation needed]

Toxicity

The LD50 of jasmine extract is greater than 5 mg/kg by weight.[45]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  2. ISBN 978-84-8476-272-0
    .
  3. ^ "Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton, Oleaceae". Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER). 18 October 2006. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  4. ^ "Jasminum sambac". Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  5. ^ Olveros-Belardo, Luz; Smith, Roger M.; Ocampo, Milagros P. (990). "Some Components of the Absolute of the Rowers of Jasminum sambac (l.) Ait" (PDF). Transactions of the National Academy of Science and Technology. 12 (6): 129–140.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Fernando C. Sanchez Jr.; Dante Santiago; Caroline P. Khe (2010). "Production Management Practices of Jasmine (Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton) in the Philippines" (PDF). Journal of the International Society for Southeast Asian Agricultural Sciences. 16 (2): 126–136. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  7. ^ "Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online.
  8. ^ "Biota of North America Program".
  9. ^ Pangilinan Jr., Leon (3 October 2014). "In Focus: 9 Facts You May Not Know About Philippine National Symbols". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from the original on 26 November 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
  10. ^
    ISBN 978-81-89422-45-5. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help
    )
  11. ^ a b c "Jasminum sambac (Linnaeus) Aiton, Hort. Kew. 1: 8. 1789". Flora of China. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Kenneth W. Leonhardt; Glenn I. Teves (2002). "Pikake A Fragrant-Flowered Plant for Landscapes and Lei Production" (PDF). Ornamentals and Flowers. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR), University of Hawai'i at Manoa. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  13. ^ a b B.K. Banerji; A.K. Dwivedi. "Fragrant world of Jasmine". Floriculture Today, National Botanical Research Institute. Archived from the original on 7 December 2010. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  14. ISBN 978-3-540-40593-1
    .
  15. ^ "Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton: Arabian jasmine". PLANTS profile, Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  16. ^
    ISBN 978-962-07-3152-5
    .
  17. ISBN 978-81-89422-35-6
    .
  18. ^ Dictionnaire étymologique des mots français d'origine orientale, by L. Marcel Devic, year 1876, page 201; downloadable. Additional details at zambacca (Alphita, mid 15th century); sambacus(Simon of Genoa, late 13th century); زنبق = دهن الياسمين Archived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine(zanbaq = "jasmine oil" in Lisan al-Arab, late 13th century).
  19. ^ William Aiton (1810). Hortus Kewensis, or A catalogue of the plants cultivated in the Royal botanic garden at Kew. Vol. 1 (2 ed.). Longman. p. 16.
  20. ^
    ISSN 0254-833X. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  21. ^ "RHS Plantfinder – Jasminum sambac". Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  22. ^ "AGM Plants – Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 56. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  23. ^ a b c d e "Jasmine". House Plants, HCC Southwest College. Archived from the original on 8 May 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  24. ^ "Philippine Fast Facts: National Flower: Sampaguita". National Commission for Culture and the Arts, Republic of the Philippines. Archived from the original on 15 September 2008. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  25. ^ a b "ASEAN National Flowers". ASEAN secretariat. Archived from the original on 9 January 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  26. ^
    ISBN 978-0-88192-475-6
    .
  27. ^ Jean-Paul G. POTET (2013). Arabian and Persian loanwords in Tagalog, p. 250.
  28. ^ "sampaguita". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
  29. ISBN 9789401787482
    .
  30. ^ Teresita L. Rosario. "Cut Flower Production in the Philippines". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  31. ISBN 978-0-7787-9353-3
    .
  32. ISBN 978-971-542-630-5
    .
  33. ^ Jericho (26 January 2024). "Sampaguita Necklace in the Philippines and its Significance". LikhaDito. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  34. ^ Himig: The Filipino Music Collection of FHL. "Dolores Paterno". Filipinas Heritage Library and the Ayala Foundation. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
  35. ^ Garcia, Maria Angelica (24 October 2019). "SEA Games torch inspired by the sampaguita". GMA News. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
  36. ^ Aglibot, Joanna Rose (23 August 2019). "Sampaguita-inspired torch ready for 30th SEA Games". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
  37. ^ "Keputusan Presiden No. 4 Tahun 1993" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2012.
  38. ^ Toto Sutater; Kusumah Effendie. "Cut Flower Production in Indonesia". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  39. ^ "Melati Suci Tika Bisono Guruh S P" – via www.youtube.com.
  40. ^ James H. Wandersee; Renee M. Clary. "Divinity in Bud". Human Flower Project. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  41. ^ "ดอกมะลิ". Nectec (in Thai). 10 September 2003. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  42. ^ "ลามะลิลา เพลงพื้นบ้านคู่กับคนไทย เป็นทั้งแบบเรียน เพลงลูกทุ่ง เพลงเชียร์กีฬา". Art & Culture (in Thai). 3 March 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  43. ^ "Jasmine - a Symbol of Mother's Day". Centre Point. 8 August 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  44. ^ "'ดอกมะลิ' สื่อรัก 'วันแม่' และความหมายที่ซ่อนอยู่". Bangkokbiznews (in Thai). 10 August 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  45. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1210527
    .

External links
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