Jatropha curcas

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Jatropha curcas
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Genus: Jatropha
Species:
J. curcas
Binomial name
Jatropha curcas

Jatropha curcas is a species of

castor oil plant
, Ricinus communis (they are in the same family but different subfamilies).

J. curcas is a semi-

phytate, saponins and a type of lectin[10][11] known as curcin.[12]

The

oil[13] (average: 34.4%[14]) that can be processed to produce a high-quality biodiesel fuel, usable in a standard diesel engine.[15] The oil has a very purgative property.[16] Edible (non-toxic) varieties, as those developed by selection by ethnic Mexican natives in Veracruz, can be used for animal feed and food.[17][8]

Description

  • Leaves: The leaves have significant variability in their morphology. In general, the leaves are green to pale green, alternate to subopposite, and three- to five-lobed with a spiral phyllotaxis.[18]
  • leaf axil. Plants occasionally present hermaphroditic flowers.[18]
  • Fruits : fruits are produced in winter, or there may be several crops during the year if soil moisture is good and temperatures are sufficiently high. Most fruit production is concentrated from midsummer to late fall with variations in production peaks where some plants have two or three harvests and some produce continuously through the season.[18]
  • curcin.[18]
  • Genome: the whole genome was sequenced by Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba Japan in October 2010.[21]

Propagation

Jatropha curcas can easily be propagated by both

rooting hormone) to ensure the highest level of rooting in stem cuttings.[29] Cuttings strike root easily stuck in the ground without use of hormones.[22]

Cultivation

Jatropha curcas seeds

Cultivation is uncomplicated. Jatropha curcas grows in tropical and subtropical regions.[30] The plant can grow in wastelands and grows on almost any terrain, even on gravelly, sandy and saline soils. It can thrive in poor and stony soils, although new research suggests that the plant's ability to adapt to these poor soils is not as extensive as had been previously stated. Complete germination is achieved within 9 days. Adding manure during the germination has negative effects during that phase, but is favorable if applied after germination is achieved. It can be propagated by cuttings, which yields faster results than multiplication by seeds.

The flowers only develop terminally (at the end of a stem), so a good ramification (plants presenting many branches) produces the greatest amount of fruits. The plants are

Ploughing and planting are not needed regularly, as this shrub has a life expectancy of approximately forty years. The use of pesticides is not necessary, due to the pesticidal and fungicidal properties of the plant. It is used in rural Bengal for dhobi itch
(a common fungal infection of the skin).

While Jatropha curcas starts yielding from 9–12 months time, the best yields are obtained only after 2–3 years time. The seed production is around 3.5 tons per hectare (seed production ranges from about 0.4 t/ha in the first year to over 5 t/ha after 3 years). If planted in hedges, the reported productivity of Jatropha is from 0.8 to 1.0 kg of seed per meter of live fence.[citation needed]

Gallery

  • propagation of Jatropha curcas by stem cutting
    propagation of Jatropha curcas by stem cutting
  • propagation of Jatropha curcas by grafting
    propagation of Jatropha curcas by grafting
  • propagation of Jatropha curcas by Air layering
    propagation of Jatropha curcas by Air layering
  • Jatropha Crude Oil.
    Jatropha Crude Oil.

Processing

Seed extraction and processing generally needs specialized facilities.

Oil content varies from 28% to 30% and 80% extraction, one hectare of plantation will give 400 to 600 litres of oil if the soil is average.[31]

The oily seeds are processed into

Straight Vegetable Oil") to fuel combustion engines or may be subjected to transesterification to produce biodiesel.[citation needed] Jatropha oil is not suitable for human consumption, as it induces strong vomiting and diarrhea.[citation needed
]

Biofuel

Jatropha plantation in the dry center/west of the Paraguay Chaco

When jatropha seeds are crushed, the resulting jatropha oil can be processed to produce a high-quality biofuel or biodiesel that can be used in a standard diesel car or further processed into jet fuel, while the residue (press cake) can also be used as biomass feedstock to power electricity plants, or used as fertilizer (it contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium). The cake can also be used as feed in digesters and gasifiers to produce biogas.[32]

"From planting to picking. Treat your jatropha plant as well as possible to make the yield as large as possible!" (A reference to the compulsory planting of jatropha in Indonesia for the production of oil as machinery lubricant and fuel for the Japanese WWII war effort.)

There are several forms of biofuel, often manufactured using

catalyst, usually sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or caustic soda and potassium hydroxide (KOH), which forms fatty esters (e.g., methyl or ethyl esters), commonly known as biodiesel. It takes approximately 10% of methyl alcohol by weight of the fatty substance to start the transesterification process.[18]

Estimates of Jatropha seed yield vary widely, due to a lack of research data, the

environments in which it is grown, and Jatropha's perennial life cycle. Seed yields under cultivation can range from 1,500 to 2,000 kilograms per hectare, corresponding to extractable oil yields of 540 to 680 litres per hectare (58 to 73 gallons per acre).[33] In 2009 Time magazine cited the potential for as much as 1,600 gallons of diesel fuel per acre per year.[34] The plant may yield more than four times as much fuel per hectare as soybean, and more than ten times that of maize (corn), but at the same time it requires five times as much water per unit of energy produced as does corn (see below). A hectare of jatropha has been claimed to produce 1,892 litres of fuel.[35] However, as it has not yet been domesticated or improved by plant breeders, yields are variable.[36]

Jatropha can also be intercropped with other cash crops such as coffee, sugar, fruits and vegetables.[37]

In 2007 Goldman Sachs cited Jatropha curcas as one of the best candidates for future biodiesel production.[38] However, despite its abundance and use as an oil and reclamation plant, none of the Jatropha species has been properly domesticated and, as a result, its productivity is variable, and the long-term impact of its large-scale use on soil quality and the environment is unknown.[39]

In 2008 researchers at Daimler Chrysler Research explored the use of jatropha oil for automotive use, concluding that although jatropha oil as fuel "has not yet reached optimal quality, ... it already fulfills the EU norm for biodiesel quality".

DaimlerChrysler
and by the German Association for Investment and Development (Deutschen Investitions- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft, DEG).

Further information: Bedford Biofuels

Jet fuel

Aviation fuels may be more widely replaced by biofuels such as jatropha oil than fuels for other forms of transportation. There are fewer planes than cars or trucks and far fewer jet fueling stations to convert than gas stations.[41] To fulfil the yearly demand for aviation fuel, based on demand in 2008 (fuel use has since grown), an area of farmland twice the size of France would need to be planted with jatropha, based on average yields of mature plantations on reasonably good, irrigated land.[42]

On December 30, 2008,

barrel of crude oil.[44]

On January 7, 2009 Continental Airlines successfully completed a test flight from Houston, Texas using a 50/50 mixture of algae/jatropha-oil-derived biofuel and Jet A in one of the two CFM56 engines of a Boeing 737-800 Next Generation jet. The two-hour test flight could mark another promising step for the airline industry to find cheaper and more environmentally friendly alternatives to fossil fuel.

On April 1, 2011

Airbus A320. The fuel was a 70:30 traditional jet fuel biojet blend produced from Jatropha oil provided by three Mexican producers, Global Energías Renovables (a wholly owned subsidiary of U.S.-based Global Clean Energy Holdings), Bencafser S.A. and Energy JH S.A. Honeywell's UOP processed the oil into Bio-SPK (Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene).[45] Global Energías Renovables operates the largest Jatropha farm in the Americas.[45]

On October 28, 2011 Air China completed the first successful demonstration flight by a Chinese airline that used jatropha-based biofuel. The mixture was a 50:50 mix of conventional jet fuel blended with jatropha oil from China National Petroleum Corp. The 747-400 powered one of its four engines on the fuel mixture during the 1-hour flight around Beijing airport.[46]

On August 27, 2018 SpiceJet completed the first successful test flight by an Indian airline which used jatropha based biofuel. The ratio of conventional jet fuel to jatropha oil was 25:75.[47]

Carbon dioxide sequestration

According to a 2013 study published by the European Geosciences Union,[48] the jatropha tree may have applications in the absorption of carbon dioxide, whose sequestration is important in combating climate change.[49] This small tree is very resistant to aridity so it can be planted in hot and dry land in soil unsuitable for food production. The plant does need water to grow though, so coastal areas where desalinated seawater can be made available are ideal.[citation needed]

Use in developing world

Currently the oil from Jatropha curcas seeds is used for making biodiesel fuel in Philippines, Pakistan and in Brazil, where it grows naturally and in plantations in the southeast, north, and northeast of Brazil. In the Gran Chaco of Paraguay, where a native variety (Jatropha matacensis) also grows, studies have shown the suitability of Jatropha cultivation[50][51] and agro producers are starting to consider planting in the region.[52] In Africa, cultivation of jatropha is being promoted and it is grown successfully in countries such as Mali.[53]

India

Further information: Jatropha biodiesel in India

Jatropha oil is being promoted as an easily grown biofuel crop in hundreds of projects throughout India.[54] Large plantings and nurseries have been undertaken in India by many research institutions, and by women's self-help groups who use a system of microcredit to ease poverty among semiliterate Indian women. The railway line between Mumbai and Delhi is planted with jatropha and the train itself runs on 15–20% biodiesel.[36]

Myanmar

Myanmar is also actively pursuing the use of jatropha oil. On 15 December 2005, then-head of state, Senior General Than Shwe, said “the States and Divisions concerned are to put 50,000 acres (200 km²) under the physic nut plants [Jatropha] each within three years totalling 700,000 acres (2,800 km²) during the period”. On the occasion of Burma’s Peasant Day 2006, Than Shwe described in his a message that “For energy sector which is an essential role in transforming industrial agriculture system, the Government is encouraging for cultivation of physic nut plants nationwide and the technical know how that can refine physic nuts to biodiesel has also identified.” He would like to urge peasants to cultivate physic nut plants on a commercial scale with major aims for emergence of industrial agriculture system, for fulfilling rural electricity supply and energy needs, for supporting rural areas development and import substitute economy. (2005 from MRTV)

In 2006, the chief research officer at state-run Myanma Oil and Gas Enterprise said Burma hoped to completely replace the country's oil imports of 40,000 barrels a day with home-brewed, jatropha-derived biofuel. Other government officials declared Burma would soon start exporting jatropha oil. Despite the military's efforts, the jatropha campaign apparently has largely flopped in its goal of making Burma self-sufficient in fuel. (2006 from MyawaddyTV)

Z.G.S. Bioenergy has started Jatropha Plantation Projects in Northern Shan State, the company has begun planting Jatropha plants during late June 2007 and will start producing seeds by 2010. (20 July 2007 from New Light of Myanmar)

Controversies

As of 2011 scepticism about the "miracle" properties of Jatropha has been voiced. For example: "The idea that jatropha can be grown on marginal land is a red herring", according to Harry Stourton, former business development director of UK-based Sun Biofuels, which attempted to cultivate Jatropha in Mozambique and Tanzania. "It does grow on marginal land, but if you use marginal land you'll get marginal yields," he said.[55][56] Sun Biofuels, after failing to adequately compensate local farmers for the land acquired for their plantation in Tanzania, pay workers severance, or deliver promised supplies to local villagers, went bankrupt later in 2011, the villager farmland being sold to an offshore investment fund.[57]

An August 2010 article warned about the actual utility and potential dangers of reliance on Jatropha in Kenya. Major concerns included its invasiveness, which could disrupt local biodiversity, as well as damage to water catchment areas.[58]

Jatropha curcas is lauded as being sustainable, and that its production would not compete with food production, but the jatropha plant needs water like every other crop to grow. This could create competition for water between the jatropha and other edible food crops. In fact, jatropha requires five times more water per unit of energy than sugarcane and corn.[59][60]

Food for human consumption

Xuta, chuta, aishte or piñón manso (among others) are some of the names given in Mexico to edible non-toxic Jatropha curcas.[61][9] It is grown in house gardens or other small areas.[61] Although it is known as a toxic plant due to the presence of diterpenes named phorbol esters,[62] the existence of edible non-toxic J. curcas without phorbol esters content has been demonstrated.[9][63] It is also similarly reported that Jatropha seeds are edible once the embryo has been removed.[64] The process for analysis of phorbol ester contents in J. curcas is done through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).[65]

Xuta is traditionally prepared for local celebrations or popular parties. The kernels are roasted and eaten as a snack or roasted and ground to prepare different dishes, such as

pipian”.[9][63]
The seeds in the zone around Misantla, Veracruz are very appreciated by the population as food once they have been boiled and roasted.

Root ashes are used as a salt substitute. HCN and rotenone are present.[66]

Other uses

  • Flowers
The species is listed as a honey plant.[citation needed] Hydrogen cyanide is present.[67]
  • Nuts
Can be construed for home cooking fuel in briquette form replacing charcoalized timber as in Haiti.[68]
They can be burned like
candlenuts when strung on grass.[citation needed] HCN is present.[citation needed][69]
Used as a contraceptive in South Sudan.[70]
  • Seeds
Interest exists in producing animal feed[citation needed] from the bio-waste once the oil is expressed, as in the case with Haiti, where Jatropha curcas grows prolifically and animal feed is in very short supply.[68]
Similarly, Metsiyen in the Haitian culture dates back as a medicinal crop—thus the name "metsiyen"/"medsiyen". Some suggest it "calms the stomach".[68]
Also used as a contraceptive in South Sudan.[70]
The oil has been used for illumination, soap, candles, the adulteration of olive oil, and making Turkey red oil. Turkey red oil, also called sulphonated (or sulfated) castor oil, is the only oil that completely disperses in water. It is made by adding sulfuric acid to pure Jatropha oil.[71] It was the first synthetic detergent after ordinary soap, as this allows easy use for making bath oil products. It is used in formulating lubricants, softeners, and dyeing assistants.[72]
  • Bark
Used as a fish poison. HCN is present.[73] Igbinosa and colleagues (2009) demonstrated potential broad spectrum antimicrobial activity of J. curcas bark extract.[74]
  • Latex
Strongly inhibits the watermelon mosaic virus.[75]
  • Leaves
Leaf sap can be used to blow bubbles.[76]
  • Sap
It stains linen. Sometimes used for marking.[77]
  • Shrub
Used for erosion control.[78][79]

See also

References

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Further reading

  • Brittaine, R. and Lutaladio, N. 2010. Jatropha: A Smallholder Bioenergy Crop - The Potential for Pro-Poor Development. Integrated Crop Management. Vol. 8. FAO, Rome,
    ISBN 978-92-5-106438-2
    .

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jatropha_curcas&oldid=1191426472"