Sunda Trench
The Sunda Trench, earlier known as and sometimes still indicated as the Java Trench,
In 2005, scientists found evidence that the 2004 earthquake activity in the area of the Java Trench could lead to further catastrophic shifting within a relatively short period, perhaps less than a decade.[3] This threat has resulted in international agreements to establish a tsunami warning system in place along the Indian Ocean coast.[4]
Characteristics
For about half its length, off of
Exploration
Some of the earliest explorations of the Trench occurred in the late 1950s when Robert Fisher, a Research Geologist at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, investigated the trench as part of a worldwide scientific field exploration of the world's ocean floor and sub-oceanic crustal structure. Bomb-sounding, echo-train analysis, and manometer were some of the techniques used to determine the depth of the trench. The research contributed to an understanding of the subduction characteristic of the Pacific margins.[6] Various agencies have explored the trench in the aftermath of the 2004 earthquake, and these explorations have revealed extensive changes in the ocean floor.[7]
Crewed descent
On 5 April 2019
To resolve the debate regarding the deepest point of the Indian Ocean, the Diamantina Fracture Zone was surveyed by the Five Deeps Expedition in March 2019, recording a maximum water depth of 7,019 m (23,028 ft) ±17 m (56 ft) at 33°37'52" S, 101°21'14" E for the Dordrecht Deep.[8] This confirmed that the Sunda Trench was indeed deeper than the Diamantina Fracture Zone.[13]
Associated seismicity
The subduction of the Indo-Australian Plate beneath a bloc of the Eurasian Plate is associated with numerous earthquakes. Several of these earthquakes are notable for their size, associated tsunamis, and/or the number of fatalities they caused.
Sumatra segment
- 1797 Sumatra earthquake: magnitude ~8.4
- 1833 Sumatra earthquake: magnitude 8.8–9.2
- 1861 Sumatra earthquake: magnitude ~8.5
- 1935 Sumatra earthquake: magnitude 7.7
- 2000 Enggano earthquake: magnitude 7.9
- 2002 Sumatra earthquake: A magnitude 7.3 earthquake that occurred at the boundary between the rupture areas of the 2004 and 2005 earthquakes listed below.
- 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami: Mw 9.1–9.3
- 2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake: magnitude 8.6
- September 2007 Sumatra earthquakes: Series of earthquakes, the three largest were magnitude 8.5, 7.9, and 7.0.
- 2008 Simeulue earthquake: magnitude 7.4 near the 2002 event.
- 2009 Sumatra earthquakes: magnitude 7.9
- 2010 Mentawai earthquake and tsunami: magnitude 7.7
Java segment
- 1917 Bali earthquake: magnitude 6.6
- 1994 Java earthquake: magnitude 7.8
- 2006 Pangandaran earthquake and tsunami: magnitude 7.7
- 2009 West Java earthquake: magnitude 7.0
- 2019 Sunda Strait earthquake: magnitude 6.9
See also
- Banda Arc
- List of islands of Indonesia
- Plate tectonics
- Sunda Arc
- Sunda Islands
- Sundaland
- Oceanic trench
References
- ^ Sunda Trench (4°30' S 11°10' S 100°00' E 119°00' Accredited by: SCGN (Apr. 1987) The trench was studied in some detail in 1920s-1930s by Dutch geodesist F.A. Vening Meinesz, who made classic pendulum gravity measurements in a Dutch submarine. Shown as Java Trench in ACUF (Advisory Committee on Undersea Features Gazetteer). see also: http://www.gebco.net/
- ^ Heather A. Stewart, Alan J. Jamieson: The five deeps: The location and depth of the deepest place in each of the world's oceans. In: Earth-Science Reviews 197, October 2019, 102896, doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102896.
- ^ Davis, Katharine. "Asia primed for next big quake". New Scientist.
- ^ IOC: Towards a Tsunami Warning System in the Indian Ocean Archived 1 February 2006 at archive.today
- ^ "Press Release: Folded sediment unusual in Sumatran tsunami area". Penn State University. 2 February 2007. Archived from the original on 28 December 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
- ^ "Presentation of the Drake Medal to Dr Robert L. Fisher" (PDF). National Geophysical Data Center. 30 April 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 April 2006.
- ^ "The underwater survey of the SUMATRA earthquake source area". www.jamstec.go.jp.
- ^ a b Hydro International.com (18 June 2019). "Exploring the Deepest Points on Planet Earth". hydro-international.com. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
- ^ Five Deeps Expedition (16 April 2019). "Deep sea pioneermakes history again as first human to dive to the deepest point in the Indian Ocean, the Java Trench" (PDF). fivedeeps.com. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
- ^ "Nippon Foundation-GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project". seabed2030.gebco.net. Archived from the original on 16 June 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
- ^ "Major partnership announced between The Nippon Foundation-GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project and The Five Deeps Expedition". gebco.net. 11 March 2019. Archived from the original on 19 June 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
- ^ "Home". fivedeeps.com. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
- S2CID 235548940.
Further reading
- Špičák, A., V. Hanuš, and J. Vaněk (2007), Earthquake occurrence along the Java trench in front of the onset of the Wadati–Benioff zone: Beginning of a new subduction cycle?, Tectonics, 26, TC1005