Jay Court

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Supreme Court of the United States
Jay Court
None ←
October 19, 1789 – June 29, 1795
(5 years, 253 days)
SeatOld City Hall
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
No. of positions6
Jay Court decisions

The Jay Court refers to the

United States Constitution, but the workings of the federal court system were largely laid out by the Judiciary Act of 1789, which established a six-member Supreme Court, composed of one Chief Justice and five Associate Justices. As the first President, George Washington was responsible for appointing the entire Supreme Court. The act also created thirteen judicial districts, along with district courts and circuit courts
for each district.

The Court held its inaugural session on February 2, 1790, at the

Royal Exchange in New York City. However, with no cases on the docket and little pressing business, the term lasted for only eight days.[1] It was not until August 1791 that the Court issued its first decision.[2] That same year, the Court moved with the rest of the federal government to Philadelphia
.

The Court's business through its first three years primarily involved the establishment of rules and procedure; reading of commissions and admission of attorneys to the bar; and the Justices' duties in circuit riding, to preside over cases in the circuit courts of the various federal judicial districts.[3] It heard only four cases during Jay's chief justiceship.

During his tenure, Jay established an early precedent for the Court's independence in 1790, when Treasury Secretary

cases and controversies.[5]

Membership

In September 1789, Washington nominated John Jay as the first Chief Justice and nominated

Thomas Johnson, who resigned in 1793. Johnson was replaced by William Paterson
.

The justices represented every region of the country, as Washington emphasized geographical balance in making his appointments.[7] The Jay Court ended in 1795, when Jay resigned to become Governor of New York. Jay was replaced via recess appointment by John Rutledge, though Rutledge was denied confirmation by the Senate. Oliver Ellsworth became the third Chief Justice in 1796.

Timeline

Note: The red vertical line denotes September 24, 1789, the date on which the U.S. federal judiciary was established by Congress.
The green vertical line denotes February 2, 1790, the date on which the U.S. Supreme Court convened for the first time.
Bar key:   Washington appointee

Other branches

The President during this court was George Washington. Congresses during this court included the 1st through 4th United States Congresses.

Gallery

  • John Jay
    John Jay
  • John Rutledge
    John Rutledge
  • William Cushing
    William Cushing
  • Robert Hanson Harrison
    Robert Hanson Harrison
  • James Wilson
    James Wilson
  • John Blair
    John Blair
  • James Iredell
    James Iredell
  • Thomas Johnson
    Thomas Johnson
  • William Paterson
    William Paterson

The justices are depicted from left to right in order of their seniority, as determined by the date on their respective commissions as justices, in accordance with the Judiciary Act of 1789. While Justice Wilson was the first associate justice to take the oath of office, initially he was to be fourth in precedence among the associate justices. President Washington appointed the initial justices of the Jay Court in the following order:[8]

  • Sept. 26, 1789:
    • John Jay, Chief Justice
    • John Rutledge, Associate Justice
  • Sept. 27: William Cushing
  • Sept. 28: Robert Harrison (declined)
  • Sept. 29: James Wilson
  • Sept. 30: John Blair.

Rulings of the Court

The Jay Court did not issue many major rulings, but Chisholm v. Georgia (1793) stands as the first important ruling of the Supreme Court. The court held that the state of Georgia could be sued in federal court, establishing an important precedent that the states of the union do not constitute fully sovereign states.[9] However, the Eleventh Amendment, ratified in 1795, granted states sovereign immunity from suits in federal court by citizens of another state.

See also

References

  1. ^ Hodak, George (February 1, 2011). "February 2, 1790: Supreme Court Holds Inaugural Session". abajournal.com. Chicago, Illinois: American Bar Association. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
  2. ^ Schwartz, Bernard (1993). A History of the Supreme Court. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 15–16.
  3. ^ Schwartz, p. 18.
  4. ^ John Jay, Leftjustified.com
  5. ^ Schwartz, pp. 24–25.
  6. ^ "Supreme Court Oath Firsts and Other Trivia". www.supremecourt.gov. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
  7. ^ Schwartz, p. 17.
  8. (1791)
  9. ^ Schwartz, pp. 20–21.

Further reading