Jazz club
A jazz club is a
In the 2000s, jazz clubs may be found in the
History
In the 19th century, before the birth of jazz, popular forms of live music for most well-to-do white Americans included classical concert music, such as concerti and symphonies, music played at performances, such as the opera and the ballet, and ballroom music. For these people, going out was a formal occasion, and the music was treated as something to listen to (if at the symphony or the opera house), or dance reservedly to (if at a ball).
During the same century,
The African musical traditions primarily made use of a single-line melody and call-and-response pattern, and the rhythms have a counter-metric structure and reflect African speech patterns. Lavish festivals featuring African-based dances to drums were organized on Sundays at Place Congo, or Congo Square, in New Orleans until 1843.[5] Another influence on black music came from the style of hymns of the church, which black slaves had learned and incorporated into their own music as spirituals.[6] During the early 19th century an increasing number of black musicians learned to play European instruments.
The "Black Codes" outlawed drumming by slaves, which meant that African drumming traditions were not preserved in North America, unlike in Cuba, Haiti, and elsewhere in the Caribbean. African-based rhythmic patterns were retained in the United States in large part through "body rhythms" such as stomping, clapping, and patting juba.[7] In the post-Civil War period (after 1865), African Americans were able to obtain surplus military bass drums, snare drums and fifes, and an original African-American drum and fife music emerged, featuring tresillo and related syncopated rhythmic figures.[8]
The abolition of
The music of New Orleans had a profound effect on the creation of early jazz. Many early jazz performers played in venues throughout the city, such as the brothels and bars of the red-light district around Basin Street, known as "Storyville".[13] In addition to dance bands, there were numerous marching bands who played at lavish funerals (later called jazz funerals), which were arranged by the African-American and European American communities. The instruments used in marching bands and dance bands became the basic instruments of jazz.[14]
Jazz Age
Despite its growing popularity, not all who lived in the Jazz Age were keen on the sound of jazz music, and especially of jazz clubs. By the advent of the 20th century, campaigns to censor the "devil's music" started to appear, prohibiting when and where jazz clubs could be built. For example, a Cincinnati home for expectant mothers won an injunction to prevent construction of a neighboring theater where jazz will be played, convincing a court that the music was dangerous to fetuses. By the end of the 1920s, at least 60 communities across the nation enacted laws prohibiting jazz in public dance halls.[15]
Prohibition in 1920 fostered the emergence of the underground, gangster-run jazz clubs. These venues served alcohol, hired black musicians, and allowed whites, blacks and audiences of all social classes to mingle socially for the first time.[15] Although the underground jazz clubs encouraged the intermingling of races in the Jazz Age, there were other jazz clubs, such as the Cotton Club in New York, that were white-only.
Bebop
By the 1940s, jazz music as a form of
Soul Jazz
Soul Jazz was a development of hard bop which incorporated strong influences from blues, gospel and rhythm and blues to create music for small groups, often the organ trio of Hammond organ, drummer and tenor saxophonist. Unlike hard bop, soul Jazz generally emphasized repetitive grooves and melodic hooks, and improvisations were often less complex than in other Jazz styles. It often had a steadier "funk" style groove, which was different from the swing rhythms typical of much hard bop. Soul Jazz proved to be a boon to Jazz clubs, because since organ trios were based around the powerful Hammond organ, a three-piece organ trio could fill a nightclub with the same full sound that in previous years would have required a five- or six-piece band.
Resurgence of traditionalism
The 1980s saw something of a reaction against the fusion and free jazz that had dominated the 1970s. Trumpeter
Notable clubs
North America
New Orleans, Louisiana
Known as the "birthplace of jazz," New Orleans is home to some of the oldest and most famous jazz clubs in the United States,[17] including:
- Economy Hall
- Preservation Hall
- Storyville, New Orleans
New York, New York
- Savoy Ballroom[19]
- Minton's Playhouse[20]
- Cotton Club[21]
St. Louis, Missouri
Washington D.C. and U Street
- Howard Theater[25]
- Crystal Caverns[26]
- Lincoln Theater[27]
Chicago, Illinois
- The Beehive Lounge[28]
- Mandel Hall[28]
- Cadillac Bob's[28]
- Club DeLisa[28]
- Gerri's Palm Tavern[29]
- Blue Note[30]
San Francisco, California
Seattle, Washington
- Dimitriou's Jazz Alley[32]
Denver, Colorado
- Dazzle Denver[33]
Boston, Massachusetts
Europe
Brussels, Belgium
London, England
Paris, France
- Jazz Club Étoile[34]
Rome, Italy
Middle East
Tel Aviv, Israel
See also
- Jazz
- List of jazz clubs
- Jazz kissa
References
- ^ Lefèvre, Bernard (2008). Luc De Baefs; Bernard Lefèvre (eds.). "Antwerpse Jazzclub 70! "Doordringen tot de essentie van de jazz"". Muziekmozaïek. No. 1. Muziekmozaïek vzw. p. 21.
- ^ "What Killed Jazz? The Plot Thickens". JazzWax. Archived from the original on 2009-08-13.
- ^ "A New Orleans Jazz History, 1895–1927". nps.gov.
- ^ "The Shape of Jazz That Was". Boston Magazine. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2014-11-13.
- ^ "The primary instrument for a cultural music expression was a long narrow African drum. It came in various sized from three to eight feet long and had previously been banned in the South by whites. Other instruments used were the triangle, a jawbone, and early ancestors to the banjo. Many types of dances were performed in Congo Square, including the 'flat-footed-shuffle' and the 'Bamboula.'" African American Registry. Archived 2014-12-02 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Cooke 1999, pp. 14–17, 27–28
- ^ Palmer, Robert (1981: 39). Deep Blues.
- ^ Kubik, Gerhard (1999: 52). Africa and the Blues. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi.
- ^ Cooke 1999, pp. 28, 47
- ^ Catherine Schmidt-Jones (2006). "Ragtime". Connexions. Retrieved October 18, 2007.
- ^ Kunzler's Dictionary of Jazz provides two separate entries: blues, an originally African-American genre (p. 128), and the blues form, a widespread musical form (p. 131).
- ^ "The Evolution of Differing Blues Styles". How To Play Blues Guitar. Archived from the original on 2010-07-19. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
- ^ Cooke 1999, pp. 47, 50
- ^ "Original Creole Orchestra". The Red Hot Archive. Retrieved October 23, 2007.
- ^ a b "Culture Shock: Flashpoints: Music and Dance: Early Jazz". pbs.org.
- ^ Floyd, Samuel A., Jr. (1995). The Power of Black Music: Interpreting its history from Africa to the United States. New York: Oxford University Press.
- ^ "PBS – JAZZ A Film By Ken Burns: Places Spaces & Changing Faces – New Orleans". pbs.org.
- ^ "Seventh Avenue South | - Legendärer Jazzclub in Manhatten". Jazzband Live (in German). Retrieved 2020-02-19.
- ^ "PBS – JAZZ A Film By Ken Burns: Places Spaces & Changing Faces – Savoy Ballroom". pbs.org.
- ^ "PBS – JAZZ A Film By Ken Burns: Places Spaces & Changing Faces – Minton's Playhouse". pbs.org.
- ^ "PBS – JAZZ A Film By Ken Burns: Places Spaces & Changing Faces – Cotton Club". pbs.org.
- ^ Drake, Kayla (June 15, 2022). "New play highlights Club Riviera — one of the biggest Black nightclubs in the '40s". STLPR. Retrieved 2023-10-07.
- ^ "The Jazz History Of St. Louis-Part 4: The 1950's". STLPR. Retrieved 2023-10-07.
- ^ "Club Plantation". The Metro St. Louis Live Music Historical Society. Retrieved 2023-10-07.
- ^ "U Street Jazz – Venues – The Howard Theatre". gwu.edu.
- ^ "U Street Jazz – Venues – Bohemian Caverns". gwu.edu.
- ^ "U Street Jazz – Venues – The Lincoln Theatre". gwu.edu.
- ^ a b c d "Researching Chicago Jazz Venues – Chicago Jazz – Library Guides at UChicago". uchicago.edu.
- ^ "Palm Tavern". bizland.com.
- ^ Caine, Dan (1989-08-17). "Blue Note Memories". Chicago Reader. Retrieved 2023-10-07.
- ^ "San Francisco's famed Blackhawk jazz club showcased Black excellence". KTVU FOX 2. 2023-02-24. Retrieved 2023-10-07.
- ^ "3 solid-gold shows coming to Jazz Alley". seattletimes.com.
- ^ "3 Dazzle presenting live jazz performances".
- ^ "Jazz Club Etoile at Le Meridien Hotel in Paris France". www.eutouring.com. Retrieved 2023-10-07.
- ^ "Tel Aviv's Beit Ha'amudim celebrates 10 jazzy years". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 2021-12-12. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
Further reading
- Cooke, Mervyn (1999). Jazz. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-20318-7.
- Hentoff, Nat. "The Shape of Jazz That Was". Boston Magazine. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2014.