Jean-Charles de Borda
This article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2022) |
Jean-Charles de Borda | |
---|---|
Born | |
Died | 19 February 1799 | (aged 65)
Nationality | French |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Mathematics |
Signature | |
Jean-Charles, chevalier de Borda (4 May 1733 – 19 February 1799) was a French mathematician, physicist, and Navy officer.
Biography
Borda was born in the city of Dax to Jean‐Antoine de Borda and Jeanne‐Marie Thérèse de Lacroix.[1][2] In 1756, Borda wrote Mémoire sur le mouvement des projectiles, a product of his work as a
Borda was a mariner and a scientist, spending time in the Caribbean testing out advances in chronometers. Between 1777 and 1778, he participated in the American Revolutionary War. In 1781, he was put in charge of several vessels in the French Navy. In 1782, he was captured by the English, and was returned to France shortly after. He returned as an engineer in the French Navy, making improvements to waterwheels and pumps. He was appointed as France's Inspector of Naval Shipbuilding in 1784, and with the assistance of the naval architect Jacques-Noël Sané in 1786 introduced a massive construction programme to revitalise the French navy based on the standard designs of Sané.
In 1770, Borda formulated a ranked preferential
In 1778, he published his method of reducing
Another of his contributions is his construction of the standard metre, basis of the metric system to correspond to the arc measurement of Delambre and Méchain. As an instrument maker, he improved the
Tables of logarithms
With the advent of the metric system, after the French Revolution it was decided that the
Borda constructed instruments for measuring angles in the new units (the instrument could no longer be called a "sextant") which was later used in the arc measurement of the meridian between Dunkirk and Barcelona by Delambre to determine the radius of the Earth and thus define the length of the metre. The tables of logarithms of sines, secants, and tangents were also required for the purposes of navigation. Borda was an enthusiast for the metric system and constructed tables of these logarithms starting in 1792 but their publication was delayed until after his death and only published in the Year IX (1801) as Tables of Logarithms of sines, secants, and tangents, co-secants, co-sines, and co-tangents for the Quarter of the Circle divided into 100 degrees, the degree into 100 minutes, and the minute into 100 seconds to ten decimals, and including his tables of logarithms to 7 decimals from 10,000 to 100,000 with tables for obtaining results to 10 decimals.
The division of the degree into hundredths was accompanied by the division of the day into 10 hours of 100 minutes (
Honours
- Five French ships were named Borda in his honour.
- The crater Borda on the Moon is named after him.
- Asteroid 175726[5] has been called Borda in his honour.
- His name is one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower.
- Cape Borda on the northwest coast of Kangaroo Island in South Australia is named in his honour.
- Nicholas Baudin.
- Borda count electoral method
- Borda Rock in Antarctica is named after Jean-Charles de Borda.
Publications
- Rapport sur le choix d'une unité de mesure, lu à l'Academie des sciences le 19 mars 1791 / imprimé par ordre de l'Assemblée nationale. With Marquis de Condorcet.
-
Cover page of a 1791 copy of "Rapport sur le choix d'une unité de mesure" by Borda and the Marquis de Condorcet
-
Page one of a 1791 copy of "Rapport sur le choix d'une unité de mesure" by Borda and the Marquis de Condorcet
-
Pages 2-3
-
Pages 4-5
-
Pages 6-7
-
Pages 8-9
-
Pages 10-11
-
Final page of a 1791 copy of "Rapport sur le choix d'une unité de mesure" by Borda and the [[Marquis de Condorcet]]
See also
- Borda–Carnot equation
- Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero – 1st president of the International Committee for Weights and Measures and president of the International Geodetic Association
Notes
- ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
- ^ Black, Duncan (1958). Theory of Committees and Elections. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 156ff.
- ISBN 978-0-486-14497-9. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
- ^ Tables Trigonométriques Décimales ou Table des Logaritihmes des Sinus, Sécantes et Tangentes, Suivant la Divisiondu Quart de Cercle en 100 degrés, du Degré en 100 Minutes, et de la Minute en 100 Secondes revues, augmentées et publiées par J. B. Delambre, Paris, AN IX (1801), L'Imprimerie de la République
- ^ "Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (175001)-(175658)". www.cfa.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on 2008-02-17.
References
- O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Jean Charles de Borda", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ISBN 2-84050-173-2.
- ISBN 978-2-262-02222-8.