Jean-Marie Le Pen
Jean-Marie Le Pen | |
---|---|
Île-de-France | |
Municipal Councillor of Paris | |
In office 13 March 1983 – 19 March 1989 | |
Constituency | 20th arrondissement |
Personal details | |
Born | La Trinité-sur-Mer, Brittany, France | 20 June 1928
Political party | Jeanne Committees (2016–present) |
Other political affiliations |
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Spouses | |
Children | 3, including Panthéon-Assas University |
Profession |
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Signature | |
Website | jeanmarielepen |
Military service | |
Allegiance | French Fourth Republic |
Branch/service | French Army |
Years of service |
|
Rank | 1st Lieutenant |
Unit | |
Battles/wars | |
Awards |
|
Jean Louis Marie Le Pen (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ maʁi lə pɛn]; born 20 June 1928) is a French far-right[1] politician who served as President of the National Front from 1972 to 2011. He also served as Honorary President of the National Front from 2011 to 2015.
Le Pen graduated from the
Le Pen focuses on issues related to
His longevity in politics and his five attempts to become
Life and career
Early life
Jean Louis Marie Le Pen was the only son of Jean Le Pen (1901–1942). Jean Le Pen was born in Brittany, like his ancestors, and had started work at the age of 13 on a transatlantic vessel. He was the president of L'Association des Ancients Combattants and Councilor of La Trinité-sur-Mer.[2] Jean-Marie Le Pen's mother, Anne-Marie Hervé (1904–1965) was a seamstress and also of local ancestry.[3][4]
Le Pen was born on 20 June 1928 in
In November 1944, aged 16, he was turned down (because of his age) by Colonel Henri de La Vaissière (then representative of the Communist Youth) when he attempted to join the French Forces of the Interior (FFI).[10] He then entered the faculty of law in Paris, and started to sell the monarchist Action Française's newspaper, Aspects de la France, in the street.[11] He was repeatedly convicted of assault and battery (coups et blessures).[12]
Le Pen started his political career as the head of the student union in Toulouse. He became president of the Association Corporative des étudiants en droit, an association of law students whose main occupation was to engage in street brawls against the "Cocos" (communists). He was excluded from this organisation in 1951.[13]
After his time in the military, he studied
Military service
After receiving his law degree, he enlisted in the
In 1953, a year before the beginning of the
In 1957, Le Pen became the General Secretary of the National Front of Combatants, a veterans' organization, as well as the first French politician to nominate a Muslim candidate, Ahmed Djebbour, an Algerian, elected in 1957 as deputy of Paris. The next year, following his break with Poujade, he was reelected to the National Assembly as a member of the Centre National des Indépendants et Paysans (CNIP) party, led by Antoine Pinay.
Le Pen claimed that he had lost his left eye when he was savagely beaten during the
Elected deputy of the French Parliament under the
Far-right politics
Le Pen directed the
Was General de Gaulle more brave than Marshal Pétain in the occupied zone? This isn't sure. It was much easier to resist in London than to resist in France.[12]
In 1962, Le Pen lost his seat in the Assembly. He created the Serp (Société d'études et de relations publiques) firm, a company involved in the
]National Front
In 1972, Le Pen founded the
Criticizing immigration and taking advantage of the economic crisis striking France and the world since the 1973 oil crisis, Le Pen's party managed to increase its support in the 1980s, starting in the municipal elections of 1983. His popularity has been greatest in the south and east of France. The FN obtained 16 seats in the 1984 European elections.[24] A total of 35 FN deputies entered the Assembly after the 1986 elections (the only legislative elections held under proportional representation), which were won by the right wing, bringing Jacques Chirac to Matignon in the first cohabitation government (that is, the combination of a right-wing Prime minister, Chirac, with a socialist President, Mitterrand). In Paris, Jean-Marie Le Pen was elected to the National Assembly.
In 1984, Le Pen won a seat in the
Le Pen ran in the French presidential elections in 1974, 1988, 1995, 2002, and 2007. As noted above, he was not able to run for office in 1981, having failed to gather the necessary 500 signatures of elected officials. In the
In the 2004 regional elections, Le Pen intended to run for office in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region but was prevented from doing so because he did not meet the conditions for being a voter in that region: he neither lived there nor was registered as a taxpayer there. However, he was planned to be the FN's top candidate in the region for the 2010 regional elections.[29]
Le Pen again ran in the 2007 French presidential election and finished fourth.[30] His 2007 campaign, at the age of 78 years and 9 months, makes him the oldest candidate for presidential office in French history.
Le Pen has been a vocal critic of the European Reform Treaty (formally known as the Treaty of Lisbon) which was signed by EU member states on 13 December 2007, and entered into force on 1 December 2009. In October 2007, Le Pen suggested that he would personally visit Ireland to assist the "No" campaign but finally changed his mind, fearing that his presence would be used against the supporters of the NO vote. Ireland finally refused to ratify the treaty. Ireland is the only EU country which had a citizen referendum. All other EU states, including France, ratified the treaty by parliamentary vote, despite a previous citizen referendum where over 55% of French voters rejected the European Reform Treaty (although that vote was on a different draft of the Treaty in the form of the Constitutional Treaty). After the Irish "No" vote, Le Pen addressed the French President Nicolas Sarkozy in the European Parliament, accusing him of furthering the agenda of a "cabal of international finance and free market fanatics." Ireland has since accepted the treaty in a second Lisbon referendum.[31]
After Le Pen left office in January 2011, his daughter Marine Le Pen was elected by the adherents of the party against Bruno Gollnisch. He became honorary chairman of the party[32] and won his seat again at the European elections in 2014.
On 4 May 2015, Le Pen was suspended from the party after refusing to attend his disciplinary hearing for describing the gas chambers, used in concentration camps during the
In August 2015, Le Pen was expelled from the National Front after a special party congress.[38] He has since founded the Comités Jeanne.[39][40]
Personal life, wealth, and security
Le Pen's marriage to Pierrette Le Pen from 29 June 1960 to 18 March 1987 resulted in three daughters, who have given him eight grandchildren. The break-up of the marriage was somewhat dramatic, with his ex-wife posing nude, to ridicule him, in the French edition of Playboy which printed 100,000 more than the normal production of 150,000 nevertheless needed to print a second printing of 150,000, to satisfy demand.[49][50][12] Marie-Caroline, one of his daughters, broke with Le Pen, following her husband to join Bruno Mégret, who split from the FN to found the rival Mouvement National Républicain (MNR, National Republican Movement).[12] The youngest of Le Pen's daughters, Marine Le Pen, is leader of the National Rally. On 31 May 1991, Jean-Marie Le Pen married Jeanne-Marie Paschos ("Jany"), of Greek descent. Born in 1933, Paschos was previously married to Belgian businessman Jean Garnier.[51]
In 1977, Le Pen inherited a fortune from Hubert Lambert (1934–1976), son of the cement industrialist Leon Lambert (1877–1952), one of three sons of Lambert Cement founder Hilaire Lambert. Hubert Lambert was a political supporter of Le Pen and a
In the early 1980s, Le Pen's personal security was assured by KO International Company, a subsidiary of VHP Security, a
Le Pen was briefly hospitalized after a
Le Pen was hospitalized on 15 April 2023, after suffering a “mild
Electoral record
National Assembly of France
- Member of the National Assembly of Francefor Paris: 1956–1962 / 1986–1988. Elected in 1956, reelected in 1958, 1986.
- President of the National Front political grouping: 1986–1988.
Municipal Council
- Municipal councillor for the 20th arrondissement of Paris: 1983–1989.
European Parliament
- Member of European Parliament: 1984–2003 (Sentenced by the courts in 2003) / Since 2004. Elected in 1984, reelected in 1989, 1994, 1999, 2004, 2009, 2014.
Regional Council
- Regional councillor of Île-de-France: 1986–1992.
- Regional councillor of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur: 1992–2000 (sentenced by the courts in 2000) / Since 2010–2015. Reelected in 1998, 2010.
Issues and policy positions
- See also National Rally for more information of Le Pen's views.
Death penalty
Le Pen supports bringing back the death penalty in France.[58][59]
Controversial statements
Le Pen has been accused and convicted several times
- In May 1987, he advocated the forced isolation from society of all people infected with HIV, by placing them in a special "sidatorium". "Sidaïque"[62] is Le Pen's pejorative solecism for "person infected with AIDS" (the more usual French term is "séropositif" (seropositive))[63] The term "sidatorium" was coined by François Bachelot.[64]
- On 21 June 1995, he attacked singer Patrick Bruel, who is of Algerian Jewish descent, on his policy of no longer singing in the city of Toulon because the city had just elected a mayor from the National Front. Le Pen said, "the city of Toulon will then have to get along without the vocalisations of singer Benguigui". Benguigui, an Algerian name, is Bruel's birth name.
- In February 1997, Le Pen accused Chirac of being "on the payroll of Jewish organizations, and particularly of the B'nai B'rith"[65][66]
- Le Pen once made the infamous pun "Durafour-crématoire" ("four crématoire" meaning "crematory oven") about then-minister Michel Durafour, who had said in public a few days before, "One must exterminate the National Front".[67]
- On many occasions, before and after the FIFA World Cup, he claimed that the French World Cup squad contained too many non-white players, and was not an accurate reflection of French society. He went on to scold players for not singing La Marseillaise, saying they were not "French".[68][69]
- In the 2007 election campaign, he referred to fellow-candidate Greek Jewish and Hungarian descent, as "foreign" or "the foreigner."[70]
- In a 2014 video on the National Front's website, Le Pen reacted to criticism of him by Jewish singer Patrick Bruel with "next time we'll do a whole oven batch!" Le Pen later claimed the comments he made had no anti-Semitic connotations "except for my political enemies or imbeciles".[71][72]
Arguing that his party includes people of various ethnic or religious origins like Jean-Pierre Cohen, Farid Smahi or Huguette Fatna, he has attributed some anti-Semitism in France to the effects of Muslim immigration to Europe and suggested that some part of the Jewish community in France might eventually come to appreciate National Front ideology.[citation needed] Le Pen has denied man-made climate change and has linked climate science with communism.[73]
He also infamously compared gays to soup with salt, saying "it's like salt with soup: if there is not enough, it's too bland, and if it's too much, it's undrinkable" and compared pedophilia with "the exaltation of homosexuality".[74][75]
Prosecution concerning Holocaust denial
Le Pen has made several provocative statements concerning the
In 1997, the
Other legal problems and allegations
- Prosecution for assault: In April 2000, Le Pen was suspended from the European Parliament following prosecution for the physical assault of Socialist candidate Annette Peulvast-Bergeal during the 1997 general election. This ultimately led to him losing his seat in the European parliament in 2003. The Versailles appeals court banned him from seeking office for one year.[80]
- Statements about Muslims in France: In 2005 and 2008, Le Pen was fined, in both cases €10,000 for "incitement to discrimination, hatred and violence towards a group of people", on account of statements made about Muslims in France. In 2010. The European Court of Human Rights declared Le Pen's application inadmissible.[81]
- Allegations of war crimes in Algeria: Le Pen allegedly practiced Le Canard Enchaîné, Libération, and Le Monde, and by Michel Rocard (ex-Prime Minister) on TV (TF1 1993). Le Pen sued the papers and Michel Rocard. This affair ended in 2000 when the Cour de cassation (French supreme jurisdiction) concluded that it was legitimate to publish these assertions. In 1995, Le Pen unsuccessfully sued Jean Dufour, regional counselor of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (French Communist Party) for the same reason.[84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91]
- Allegations of misusing EU funds: In December 2023, Le Pen was among 28 people, which included his daughter Marine, charged with misusing EU funds meant for European Parliament assistants by instead using them to pay National Rally officials.[92]
Public image
Public perception
Le Pen is often nicknamed the "Menhir", due to his "granitic nature" as he is perceived as someone who does not give way to pressure or who cannot be easily knocked down. It also connects him to France's Celtic origins.[93] Le Pen is often described as one of the most flamboyant and charismatic orators in Europe, whose speech blends folksy humour, crude attacks and rhetorical finesse.[93][94][95][96]
However, Le Pen remains a polarizing figure in France: opinions regarding him tend to be quite strong. A 2002 Ipsos poll showed that while 22% of the electorate have a good or very good opinion of Le Pen, and 13% an unfavorable opinion, 61% have a very unfavorable opinion.[97]
Le Pen and the National Front are described by much of the media and nearly all commentators as far right. Le Pen himself and the rest of his party disagree with this label; earlier in his political career, Le Pen described his position as "neither right, nor
Relations with other groups
Some of Le Pen's statements led other right-wing groups, such as the
On 22 March 2018, Le Pen joined the Alliance for Peace and Freedom.[105] In October 2021, he endorsed Éric Zemmour for the 2022 French presidential election over his daughter Marine.[106]
Decorations
- Officer of the French Foreign Legion
- Cross for Military Valour
- Croix du combattant
- Colonial Medal
- Indochina Campaign commemorative medal
- North Africa Security and Order Operations Commemorative Medal
- Middle-East operations commemorative medal
Electoral history
Presidential
Election | First round | Second round | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Position | Result | Votes | % | Position | Result | |
1974 | 190,921 | 0.7 | (#7) | Lost | ||||
1988 | 4,375,894 | 14.4 | (#4) | Lost | ||||
1995 | 4,570,838 | 15.0 | (#4) | Lost | ||||
2002 | 4,804,713 | 16.9 | (#2) | Run-off | 5,525,032 | 17.8 | (#2) | Lost |
2007 | 3,834,530 | 10.4 | (#4) | Lost |
See also
References
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- ^ Le Pen, Jean-Marie. p16
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- ^ Le Pen, Jean-Marie, p82
- ^ Fauchoux, Marc and Forcari, Christophe. p42
- ^ Le Pen, Jean-Marie, p72
- ^ Le Pen, Jean-Marie, p94
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{{cite web}}
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Every year on May Day the far right in France marches to the statue of Jeanne d'Arc (Joan of Arc) on the right bank in Paris
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The Maid of Orleans must turn in her grave every May 1st, for since 1988 the extreme right-wing National Front (FN) has expropriated her along with other symbols of Frenchness like the tricolour and the Marseillaise for its own noisy propaganda. Up to 20,000 frontistes came out yesterday to celebrate Saint Joan and the day of workers, pausing to lay flowers in front of her equestrian statue in the Place des Pyramides, listening with rapt attention to National Front leader, Mr Jean-Marie Le Pen, as he held forth from the steps of the Paris Opera.
- ^ "Jean Marie Le Pen Paris May 1988 Joan Of Arc". Getty Images. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
- ^ Howell, Maggie (Winter 2013). ""La Peur Gagne": The National Front Platform of the 1980s and the Rising Tide of French Nationalism" (PDF). Michigan Journal of History. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
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- ^ El Hissy, Maha (September 2018). "Affective Communities". Collision 16. collateral-journal.com. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
The Medieval icon is obviously being instrumentalized: by enacting this rite, the FN incites nationalist sentiment directed against all those who – according to the far-right party – betray the notion of French national identity and adhere to a global European project, as well as those who keep the borders open for immigrants and refugees, thus betraying the values that Joan of Arc supposedly fought and died for.
- ^ Schwyter, Adrien (3 May 2017). ""Dans l'enfer de Montretout": 6 anecdotes incroyables sur l'histoire du clan Le Pen". Challenges (in French). Retrieved 5 January 2022.
Deux semaines plus tard, en juin, le numéro 23 de Playboy est dans les kiosques: Madame Le Pen nue fait le ménage" titre l'hebdomadaire, qui, à une époque où le mot buzz médiatique, n'existe pas encore, a flairé le bon coup et imprimé 250.000 exemplaires, soit 100.000 de plus que la moyenne habituelle....Playboy est même obligé de réimprimer 150.000 exemplaires pour répondre à la demande.
- ISBN 978-2-290-15039-9.
- ^ "The Greek-French Stepmother of Marine Le Pen | Greek Reporter Europe". eu.greekreporter.com. 2 June 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
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- ^ "French far-right veteran Jean-Marie Le Pen hospitalised after 'mild' heart attack". France 24. 16 April 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
- ^ "Jean-Marie Le Pen, hospitalized after a heart attack, was able to return to his home". Globe Echo. 3 May 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
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- ^ "SIDA" = Syndrome d'Immuno-Déficience Acquise, the French name for AIDS
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- ^ 20 minutes [1]
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- Austrian Freedom Party (FPO), which itself won international opprobrium in 1999 after entering government on a populistplatform similar to Le Pen's."
- ^ "In quotes: Geert Wilders". BBC News. 4 October 2010.
- Le Canard Enchaîné, 9 March 2005
- ^ "Romania's first gift to the European Union – a caucus of neo-fascists and Holocaust deniers" by Ian Traynor, The Guardian, 8 January 2007
- ^ "France's Jean-Marie Le Pen joins European far-right alliance". 7 April 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
- ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
Further reading
- Bar-On, Tamir. Rethinking the French New Right: Alternatives to Modernity (Routledge, 2013).
- Chombeau, Christiane. Le Pen: fille et père Panama Editions 2007
- Fauchoux, Marc and Forcari, Christophe. Le Pen, le derniner combat Jacob-Duvernet Editions. 2007
- Hainsworth, Paul. "The extreme right in France: the rise and rise of Jean‐Marie Le Pen's front national." Representation 40.2 (2004): 101–114.
- Le Pen, Jean-Marie. ISBN 9791090947221
- Marcus, Jonathan. The National Front and French Politics: The Resistible Rise of Jean-Marie Le Pen (NYU Press, 1995).
- Mayer, Nonna. "From Jean-Marie to Marine Le Pen: electoral change on the far right." Parliamentary Affairs 66.1 (2013): 160–178.
- Shields, James. The extreme right in France: from Pétain to Le Pen (Routledge, 2007).
- Singer, Daniel. "The resistible rise of Jean‐Marie Le Pen." Ethnic and Racial Studies 14.3 (1991): 368–381.
- Soffer, Dalya. "The use of collective memory in the populist messaging of Marine Le Pen." Journal of European Studies 52.1 (2022): 69–78. online
- Stockemer, Daniel, and Abdelkarim Amengay. "The voters of the FN under Jean-Marie Le Pen and Marine Le Pen: Continuity or change&quest." French Politics 13.4 (2015): 370–390.
- Wilsford, David, ed. Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe: a biographical dictionary (Greenwood, 1995) pp. 271–74.
External links
This section's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. (July 2020) |
News articles and videos
- Jews for Le Pen Archived 17 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine from Haaretz
- Le Pen on Al Jazeera English's Riz Khan show on YouTube
Criticism