Jean-Marie Le Pen

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Jean-Marie Le Pen
Île-de-France
Municipal Councillor of Paris
In office
13 March 1983 – 19 March 1989
Constituency20th arrondissement
Personal details
Born (1928-06-20) 20 June 1928 (age 95)
La Trinité-sur-Mer, Brittany, France
Political partyJeanne Committees (2016–present)
Other political
affiliations
  • UDCA (1956–1957)
  • FNC (1957–1961)
  • TV Committees (1964–1966)
  • National Front
    (1972–2016)
Spouses
(m. 1960; div. 1987)
Jeanne-Marie Paschos
(m. 1991)
Children3, including
Panthéon-Assas University
Profession
  • Lawyer
  • politician
  • activist
Signature
Websitejeanmarielepen.com
Military service
AllegianceFrench Fourth Republic
Branch/serviceFrench Army
Years of service
  • 1953–1955
  • 1956–1957
Rank1st Lieutenant
Unit
Battles/wars
Awards

Jean Louis Marie Le Pen (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ maʁi pɛn]; born 20 June 1928) is a French far-right[1] politician who served as President of the National Front from 1972 to 2011. He also served as Honorary President of the National Front from 2011 to 2015.

Le Pen graduated from the

Panthéon-Assas University
.

Le Pen focuses on issues related to

traditional culture and values, law and order, and France's high rate of unemployment. His progression in the 1980s is known as the "lepénisation of minds" due to its noticeable effect on mainstream political opinion. His controversial speeches and his integration into public life have made him a figure who polarizes opinion, considered the "Devil of the Republic" among his opponents or the "last samurai in politics" among his supporters. He has been convicted for statements downplaying the Holocaust, and fined for incitement to discrimination regarding remarks made about Muslims in France
.

His longevity in politics and his five attempts to become

French political life. His unexpected progress to the second round in the 2002 presidential election—where he would lose in a landslide to incumbent Jacques Chirac—left its mark on French public life, and the "21st of April" is now a frequently used expression in France. A former Member of the European Parliament (MEP), Le Pen served as the Honorary President of the National Front from 2011 to 2015. He was expelled from the party by his daughter Marine
in 2015, after new controversial statements.

Life and career

Early life

Jean Louis Marie Le Pen was the only son of Jean Le Pen (1901–1942). Jean Le Pen was born in Brittany, like his ancestors, and had started work at the age of 13 on a transatlantic vessel. He was the president of L'Association des Ancients Combattants and Councilor of La Trinité-sur-Mer.[2] Jean-Marie Le Pen's mother, Anne-Marie Hervé (1904–1965) was a seamstress and also of local ancestry.[3][4]

Le Pen was born on 20 June 1928 in

lycée of Lorient.[9]

In November 1944, aged 16, he was turned down (because of his age) by Colonel Henri de La Vaissière (then representative of the Communist Youth) when he attempted to join the French Forces of the Interior (FFI).[10] He then entered the faculty of law in Paris, and started to sell the monarchist Action Française's newspaper, Aspects de la France, in the street.[11] He was repeatedly convicted of assault and battery (coups et blessures).[12]

Le Pen started his political career as the head of the student union in Toulouse. He became president of the Association Corporative des étudiants en droit, an association of law students whose main occupation was to engage in street brawls against the "Cocos" (communists). He was excluded from this organisation in 1951.[13]

After his time in the military, he studied

anarchist movement in France since 1945").[14][15]

Military service

After receiving his law degree, he enlisted in the

Geneva Conference. Le Pen was then sent to Suez in 1956, but arrived only after the cease-fire.[12]

In 1953, a year before the beginning of the

National Assembly as a member of Pierre Poujade's UDCA populist party. Le Pen has often presented himself as the youngest member of the Assembly,[16] but a young communist, André Chène, 27 years old and half a year younger, was elected in the same year.[17]
[18][19]

In 1957, Le Pen became the General Secretary of the National Front of Combatants, a veterans' organization, as well as the first French politician to nominate a Muslim candidate, Ahmed Djebbour, an Algerian, elected in 1957 as deputy of Paris. The next year, following his break with Poujade, he was reelected to the National Assembly as a member of the Centre National des Indépendants et Paysans (CNIP) party, led by Antoine Pinay.

Le Pen claimed that he had lost his left eye when he was savagely beaten during the

glass eye.[22]) During the 1950s, Le Pen took a close interest in the Algerian War
(1954–62) and the French defence budget.

Elected deputy of the French Parliament under the

intelligence officer. He has been accused of having engaged in torture. Le Pen has denied these accusations, although he admitted knowing of its use.[12]

Far-right politics

Le Pen directed the

Collaborationists
, declaring that:

Was General de Gaulle more brave than Marshal Pétain in the occupied zone? This isn't sure. It was much easier to resist in London than to resist in France.[12]

In 1962, Le Pen lost his seat in the Assembly. He created the Serp (Société d'études et de relations publiques) firm, a company involved in the

CGT trade-union and songs of the Popular Front, as well as Nazi marches.[citation needed
]

National Front

In 1972, Le Pen founded the

Front National (FN) party. He then ran in the 1974 presidential election, obtaining 0.74% of the vote.[12] In 1976, his Parisian flat was dynamited (he lived at that time in his mansion of Montretout in Saint-Cloud). The crime was never solved.[12] Le Pen then failed to obtain the 500 signatures from "grand electors" (grands électeurs, mayors, etc.) necessary to present himself in the 1981 presidential election, won by the candidate of the Socialist Party (PS), François Mitterrand.[citation needed
]

Criticizing immigration and taking advantage of the economic crisis striking France and the world since the 1973 oil crisis, Le Pen's party managed to increase its support in the 1980s, starting in the municipal elections of 1983. His popularity has been greatest in the south and east of France. The FN obtained 16 seats in the 1984 European elections.[24] A total of 35 FN deputies entered the Assembly after the 1986 elections (the only legislative elections held under proportional representation), which were won by the right wing, bringing Jacques Chirac to Matignon in the first cohabitation government (that is, the combination of a right-wing Prime minister, Chirac, with a socialist President, Mitterrand). In Paris, Jean-Marie Le Pen was elected to the National Assembly.

In 1984, Le Pen won a seat in the

Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur
.

Jean-Marie Le Pen, November 2005

Le Pen ran in the French presidential elections in 1974, 1988, 1995, 2002, and 2007. As noted above, he was not able to run for office in 1981, having failed to gather the necessary 500 signatures of elected officials. In the

Fifth Republic.[28]

In the 2004 regional elections, Le Pen intended to run for office in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region but was prevented from doing so because he did not meet the conditions for being a voter in that region: he neither lived there nor was registered as a taxpayer there. However, he was planned to be the FN's top candidate in the region for the 2010 regional elections.[29]

Le Pen again ran in the 2007 French presidential election and finished fourth.[30] His 2007 campaign, at the age of 78 years and 9 months, makes him the oldest candidate for presidential office in French history.

Le Pen has been a vocal critic of the European Reform Treaty (formally known as the Treaty of Lisbon) which was signed by EU member states on 13 December 2007, and entered into force on 1 December 2009. In October 2007, Le Pen suggested that he would personally visit Ireland to assist the "No" campaign but finally changed his mind, fearing that his presence would be used against the supporters of the NO vote. Ireland finally refused to ratify the treaty. Ireland is the only EU country which had a citizen referendum. All other EU states, including France, ratified the treaty by parliamentary vote, despite a previous citizen referendum where over 55% of French voters rejected the European Reform Treaty (although that vote was on a different draft of the Treaty in the form of the Constitutional Treaty). After the Irish "No" vote, Le Pen addressed the French President Nicolas Sarkozy in the European Parliament, accusing him of furthering the agenda of a "cabal of international finance and free market fanatics." Ireland has since accepted the treaty in a second Lisbon referendum.[31]

After Le Pen left office in January 2011, his daughter Marine Le Pen was elected by the adherents of the party against Bruno Gollnisch. He became honorary chairman of the party[32] and won his seat again at the European elections in 2014.

On 4 May 2015, Le Pen was suspended from the party after refusing to attend his disciplinary hearing for describing the gas chambers, used in concentration camps during the

National Front's status, including Le Pen's Honorary Presidency. On 10 July another French court ruled to suspend the vote two days beforehand and urged the party to organize an in-person Congress, as Le Pen sued the National Front again. The party decided to appeal against both of these decisions.[34] The FN then decided, on 29 July, to count the votes on the suppression of Le Pen's Honorary Presidency, which showed that 94% of the members were in favor of this decision.[35][36] However, due to the legal challenges to the FN's removal of Le Pen as its honorary president, he continued to officially hold the position.[37]

In August 2015, Le Pen was expelled from the National Front after a special party congress.[38] He has since founded the Comités Jeanne.[39][40]

Personal life, wealth, and security

"Jany" Paschos, his second wife, with Le Pen at his National Front party's annual march to the statue of Joan of Arc, Place des Pyramides, Paris, May Day 2007[41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48]

Le Pen's marriage to Pierrette Le Pen from 29 June 1960 to 18 March 1987 resulted in three daughters, who have given him eight grandchildren. The break-up of the marriage was somewhat dramatic, with his ex-wife posing nude, to ridicule him, in the French edition of Playboy which printed 100,000 more than the normal production of 150,000 nevertheless needed to print a second printing of 150,000, to satisfy demand.[49][50][12] Marie-Caroline, one of his daughters, broke with Le Pen, following her husband to join Bruno Mégret, who split from the FN to found the rival Mouvement National Républicain (MNR, National Republican Movement).[12] The youngest of Le Pen's daughters, Marine Le Pen, is leader of the National Rally. On 31 May 1991, Jean-Marie Le Pen married Jeanne-Marie Paschos ("Jany"), of Greek descent. Born in 1933, Paschos was previously married to Belgian businessman Jean Garnier.[51]

In 1977, Le Pen inherited a fortune from Hubert Lambert (1934–1976), son of the cement industrialist Leon Lambert (1877–1952), one of three sons of Lambert Cement founder Hilaire Lambert. Hubert Lambert was a political supporter of Le Pen and a

will provide 30 million francs (approximately €5 million) to Le Pen, as well as his opulent three-storey 11-room mansion at 8 Parc de Montretout, Saint-Cloud, in the western suburbs of Paris. The home had been built by Napoleon III for his chief of staff Jean-François Mocquard.[12][52] With his wife, he also owns a two-story townhouse on the Rue Hortense in Rueil-Malmaison and another house in his hometown of La Trinité-sur-Mer.[52]

In the early 1980s, Le Pen's personal security was assured by KO International Company, a subsidiary of VHP Security, a

private security firm, and an alleged front organisation for SAC, the Service d'Action Civique (Civic Action Service), a Gaullist organisation. SAC allegedly employed figures with organized crime backgrounds and from the far-right movement.[53][54]

Le Pen was briefly hospitalized after a

minor stroke on 2 February 2022.[55]

Le Pen was hospitalized on 15 April 2023, after suffering a “mild

heart attack” and was discharged from the hospital on 3 May.[56][57]

Electoral record

National Assembly of France

  • Member of the
    National Assembly of France
    for Paris: 1956–1962 / 1986–1988. Elected in 1956, reelected in 1958, 1986.
  • President of the National Front political grouping: 1986–1988.

Municipal Council

European Parliament

  • Member of European Parliament: 1984–2003 (Sentenced by the courts in 2003) / Since 2004. Elected in 1984, reelected in 1989, 1994, 1999, 2004, 2009, 2014.

Regional Council

  • Regional councillor of
    Île-de-France
     : 1986–1992.
  • Regional councillor of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur: 1992–2000 (sentenced by the courts in 2000) / Since 2010–2015. Reelected in 1998, 2010.

Issues and policy positions

See also National Rally for more information of Le Pen's views.

Death penalty

Le Pen supports bringing back the death penalty in France.[58][59]

Controversial statements

Le Pen has been accused and convicted several times

Ligue des droits de l'homme (League for Human Rights). The conviction and fines were upheld by the Court of Cassation in 2006.[61]

Arguing that his party includes people of various ethnic or religious origins like Jean-Pierre Cohen, Farid Smahi or Huguette Fatna, he has attributed some anti-Semitism in France to the effects of Muslim immigration to Europe and suggested that some part of the Jewish community in France might eventually come to appreciate National Front ideology.[citation needed] Le Pen has denied man-made climate change and has linked climate science with communism.[73]

He also infamously compared gays to soup with salt, saying "it's like salt with soup: if there is not enough, it's too bland, and if it's too much, it's undrinkable" and compared pedophilia with "the exaltation of homosexuality".[74][75]

Prosecution concerning Holocaust denial

Le Pen has made several provocative statements concerning the

francs (€183,200).[77]

In 1997, the

Republikaner party. Echoing his 1987 remarks in France, Le Pen stated: "If you take a 1,000-page book on World War II, the concentration camps take up only two pages and the gas chambers 10 to 15 lines. This is what one calls a detail." In June 1999, a Munich court found this statement to be "minimizing the Holocaust, which caused the deaths of six million Jews," and convicted and fined Le Pen for his remarks.[78] Le Pen retorted sarcastically: "I understand now that it's the Second World War which is a detail of the history of the gas chambers."[79]

Other legal problems and allegations

Public image

Public perception

Le Pen is often nicknamed the "Menhir", due to his "granitic nature" as he is perceived as someone who does not give way to pressure or who cannot be easily knocked down. It also connects him to France's Celtic origins.[93] Le Pen is often described as one of the most flamboyant and charismatic orators in Europe, whose speech blends folksy humour, crude attacks and rhetorical finesse.[93][94][95][96]

However, Le Pen remains a polarizing figure in France: opinions regarding him tend to be quite strong. A 2002 Ipsos poll showed that while 22% of the electorate have a good or very good opinion of Le Pen, and 13% an unfavorable opinion, 61% have a very unfavorable opinion.[97]

Le Pen and the National Front are described by much of the media and nearly all commentators as far right. Le Pen himself and the rest of his party disagree with this label; earlier in his political career, Le Pen described his position as "neither right, nor

Socialist, Union for French Democracy (UDF) and Rally for the Republic (RPR)) into the "Gang of Four" (la bande des quatre – an allusion to the Gang of Four during China's Cultural Revolution).[100]

Relations with other groups

Some of Le Pen's statements led other right-wing groups, such as the

enclave" it, have a "culture of government" etc.; however, relations with Le Pen and other supporters of the hard line are complex.[103] Le Pen's National Front electoral successes along with the party gaining wider public prominence led to suggestions for the renewal of the pan-European alliance of extreme-right parties with Le Pen as its figurehead,[104] a suggestion that eventually did indeed bring about the establishment of the Europe of Nations and Freedom group in the European Parliament
, chaired by Le Pen's daughter Marine.

On 22 March 2018, Le Pen joined the Alliance for Peace and Freedom.[105] In October 2021, he endorsed Éric Zemmour for the 2022 French presidential election over his daughter Marine.[106]

Decorations

Electoral history

Presidential

President of the French Republic
Election First round Second round
Votes % Position Result Votes % Position Result
1974 190,921 0.7 (#7) Lost
1988 4,375,894 14.4 (#4) Lost
1995 4,570,838 15.0 (#4) Lost
2002 4,804,713 16.9 (#2) Run-off 5,525,032 17.8 (#2) Lost
2007 3,834,530 10.4 (#4) Lost

See also

References

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  100. Austrian Freedom Party (FPO), which itself won international opprobrium in 1999 after entering government on a populist
    platform similar to Le Pen's."
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  102. Le Canard Enchaîné
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  103. ^ "Romania's first gift to the European Union – a caucus of neo-fascists and Holocaust deniers" by Ian Traynor, The Guardian, 8 January 2007
  104. ^ "France's Jean-Marie Le Pen joins European far-right alliance". 7 April 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  105. ISSN 0140-0460
    . Retrieved 7 January 2022.

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