Jean Henri Riesener

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Portrait of Jean-Henri Riesener, seated at one of his writing tables, by Antoine Vestier, 1786 (Musée de Versailles).

Jean-Henri Riesener (

cabinetmaker), working in Paris, whose work exemplified the early neoclassical "Louis XVI style
".

Life and career

Riesener was born in

Biron, as well as rich fermiers généraux
.

He used floral and figural

parquetry and trelliswork grounds, in addition to gilt-bronze mounts. His carcases were more finely finished than those of many of his Parisian contemporaries, and he attempted to disguise the screwheads that attached his mounts with overhanging details of foliage. It seems likely that as a royal craftsman he was able to circumvent guild restrictions and produce his own ormolu|gilt-bronze mounts: Riesener's princely portrait by Antoine Vestier[8] shows the cabinet-maker at one of his richly-mounted tables, with drawings for gilt-bronze mounts.[9] Many of his pieces featured complicated mechanisms that raised or lowered table-tops or angled reading stands. Through his wife he was related to other master craftsmen in Paris, notably the ébénistes Roger Vandercruse Lacroix and Martin Carlin
.

Bureau du Roi, delivered to Louis XV.
Portrait of Jean-Henri Riesener by his son, Henri-François Riesener, 1800 (Waddesdon Mano)). In this later portrait, Riesener is depicted with a degree of intimacy and informality, in contrast to his portrait by Vestier, which shows him as a man of court, dressed in elaborate clothes and seated at a table.

He completed the Bureau du Roi, which had been started in 1760, under his predecessor and master, Oeben; his name alone appears in the marquetry.[10]

The floral designs were derived from the Livre de Principes de Fleurs, an undated compilation of engravings of flowers by Juste Chevillet after drawings by Louis Tessier.[11]

In 1774 he delivered the commode for the bedroom of Louis XVI at Versailles, now in the Royal Collection at Windsor Castle.[12] An even richer commode replaced it the following year (now at the Musée Condé, Chantilly).

The drop-front secretary (sécretaire à abattant) initially designed by Oeben, or by Riesener in Oeben's workshop, presents a vertical rectangle of superposed panels and a frieze, on short legs. The upper panel drops down to provide a writing surface, revealing a fitted interior.

From 1784, with France near bankruptcy, the pace of court commissions dropped radically; Thierry de Ville d'Avray succeeded Pierre-Elizabeth de Fontanieu at the Garde-Meuble le la Couronne and turned for necessary economy to less expensive suppliers, such as Guillaume Beneman; Riesener's last pieces for the court featured sober but richly-figured West Indian mahogany veneers and more restrained use of gilt-bronze mounts. Queen Marie Antoinette continued to favour Riesener through the 1780s

With the French Revolution, Riesener was retained by the Directory, and sent in 1794 to Versailles to remove the "insignia of feudality" from furniture he had recently made: royal cyphers and

French revolutionary sales
he ruined himself by buying back furniture that was being sold at derisory prices. When he attempted to resell his accumulated stock, tastes had changed and the old clientele dispersed or dead. After a short secondary career in property speculation, Riesener died in relative obscurity in Paris in 1806.

The Riesener Project

An interactive 3D model of a chest of drawers
An interactive 3D model of a Riesener chest of drawers at the Wallace Collection.

Jean-Henri Riesener and his furniture was the subject of a six-year research project carried out by curators and conservators at the Wallace Collection, Waddesdon Manor and the Royal Collection. Close examination of the thirty pieces of Riesener furniture in the three collections, along with art historical and archival research, revealed much that was previously unknown about the materials and techniques the cabinetmaker used, as well as his workshop practices. The Project also explored the development of the market for Riesener's furniture in the nineteenth century, and the influence that his designs and cabinetmaking techniques had on later furniture-makers.[13]

An isometric drawing of a fall-front desk
An isometric drawing of a Riesener fall-front desk at the Wallace Collection.

The findings of the Project led to the publishing of the first major monograph on Riesener,[14] while the detailed technical examination of the materials, structure and condition of the objects that took place, along with scientific analysis, allowed for interactive 3D models to be created. The models reveal the great complexity involved in making such furniture, as well as Riesener's ingenuity and resourcefulness as a craftsmen. They can be explored through a comprehensive microsite and trail dedicated to Riesener, along with catalogue entries, essays, videos and isometric drawings.[15]

Collections

As a result of the French Revolutionary Sales in the early nineteenth century, UK collectors had bought for the decoration of their stately homes and palaces significant numbers of French royal furniture (mobilier royal), which today forms the basis of the great collections that still remain in the UK. Towards the end of the industrial age until the agricultural depression of the 1920s, large numbers of works, predominately in UK collections were auctioned off and made their passage to American collectors. Still to this date UK collections are especially rich in the works of French furniture and decorative arts, particularly of Royal provenance, and the UK continues to enjoy perhaps the greatest repository of Riesener's works outside Paris.

Writing-table

Writing table of Marie-Antoinette by Riesener (1786) in the petit appartement de la reine, Palace of Versailles.

Described as a "flat-sided rectangular table, break-fronted on all four sides, which is supported on four straight tapering legs, square in section with indented corners",[1] Riesener's French Writing-Tables were normally extremely fine in the modelling of gilt-bronze mounts.

Table à écrire, c. 1770s, delivered to Marie-Antoinette for the Petit Trianon,

Palace of Versailles
, France

Writing Table, 1777, Waddesdon Manor, UK

Writing Table, 1778-1787, Waddesdon Manor, UK

Bureau, 1780–85,

Musée du Louvre
, France

Writing Table, 1780-85, Waddesdon Manor, UK

Writing table and filing cabinet, 1780,

UK

Writing table, 1780, Waddesdon Manor, UK

Table à écrire, c. 1780, National Gallery of Art, United States

Bureau, 1783,

Musée du Louvre
, France

Table à écrire, c. 1784, delivered to Marie-Antoinette for the palais des Tuileries, National Gallery of Art, United States

Bureau à cylindre

  • Bureau à cylindre (
    Palace of Versailles
    , France
  • Bureau à cylindre, 1777-1781 [1], for Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais, Waddesdon Manor, UK

    "The inscription on both states that the desk was made by Jean-Henri Riesener (1734-1806) for Beaumarchais for 85,000 francs, although these claims are unproven."[16]

  • Bureau à cylindre, c. 1774, delivered to the
    UK
  • Bureau à cylindre, 1774, delivered to the
    UK
  • Bureau à cylindre, 1774,
    UK
  • Rolltop desk, 1775 [3], Waddesdon Manor, UK
  • Bureau à cylindre, c. 1775,
    UK
  • Bureau à cylindre, c. 1775/1785, National Gallery of Art, United States
  • Bureau à cylindre, 1784, delivered to Marie-Antoinette's 'Cabinet intérieur' at the palais des Tuileries,
    Musée du Louvre
    , France
  • Bureau à cylindre, c. 1785,
    UK

Cabinet

Jewel-cabinet, delivered to the Comtesse de Provence, c. 1787,

UK

Commode

Commode, c. 1774, delivered to Louis XVI's "Chambre du Roi" at Versailles,

UK

Commode, c. 1775–80,

UK

Commode, c. 1775-80, Waddesdon Manor, UK

French Chest of Drawers commissioned for the Comtesse de Provence in 1776, sits in the Red Drawing Room at Waddesdon Manor.

Commode, 1776, delivered for the bedroom of the Comtesse de Provence, sister-in-law of Louis XIV, Versailles,

UK

Madame Elisabeth's new Household as a 'Daughter of France in 1778. This now sits opposite the Comtesse de Provence's commode in the Red Drawing Room, at Waddesdon Manor
.

The carcase of this commode is of oak and veneered with purplewood and mahogany (referred to as bois satiné). The marquetry is carved from sycamore,

UK

Commode, c. 1782, delivered to Marie-Antoinette for Chateau de Marly,

UK

Commode, 1782, delivered to Marie-Antoinette's 'Cabinet' at the Chateau de Marly,

Musée du Louvre
, France

Commode,

UK

Encoignure

Paire de encoignure, delivered to Louis XVI's "Chambre du Roi" at Versailles, c. 1774,

UK

Encoignure, delivered to Marie-Antoinette's cabinet intérieur at Versailles, c. 1783,

UK

Encoignure, supplied to Monsieur Fontanieu for his Hotel du Garde Meuble, Place Louis XV, 1773,

UK

Jewel coffer et secrétaire

Jewel coffer et secrétaire, 1775–80,

UK

Marquetry Panel

Panel, as part of a table-top delivered to Marie Antoinette's Petit Trianon at Versailles (Riesener's largest and finest marquetry execution), 1776, V&A, UK

Petit table

Petit table, c. 1785,

UK

Petit table, 1777, delivered to Marie-Antoinette for the use of Louis XVI at the Petit Triannon, Versailles,

UK

Petit table, delivered to the 'cabinet intérieur' for Marie Antoinette at Versailles,

UK

Secrétaire

Secrétaire, c. 1780–4,

UK

Secrétaire à abattant, delivered to Marie-Antoinette's cabinet intérieur at Versailles, c. 1780,

UK

Secrétaire à abattant, delivered to Marie-Antoinette's cabinet intérieur at Versailles, c. 1783,

UK

Secrétaire à abattant, delivered to Marie-Antoinette's Petit Triannon at Versailles, c. 1783,

UK

Secrétaire à abattant, c. 1780–4,

UK

Secrétaire à abattant, c. 1780s,

UK

Secrétaire à abattant, delivered to Louis XVI's "cabinet" at the Petit Trianon, 1777,

UK

Secrétaire à abattant, 1783, delivered (with a commode and encoignure) to the 'cabinet intérieur' for Marie Antoinette at Versailles,

The Metropolitan Museum of Art
, United States

Secrétaire à abattant, c. 1775, Musée d'Art et d'Histoire, Switzerland

Secrétaire à abattant, called the Guerault secrétaire, c. 1770–75, (sold in Paris, 21–22 March 1935)

Secrétaire à abattant, called the Fontanieu secrétaire, c. 1771, (sold Christie's, 5 December 1974)

Secrétaire à abattant, called the Bergsten secrétaire, c. 1770–75, (sold Christie's, 23 June 1999)

Secrétaire à abattant, called the Wernher secrétaire, c. 1763–68, (sold Christie's, 5 July 2000)

Table de toilette

Table de toilette, c. 1780–4,

UK

Toilet et bureau

Toilet et bureau, c. 1780–4,

UK

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Geoffrey de Bellaigue, The James A. de Rothschild Collection at Waddesdon Manor, II (1974), p. 879.
  2. ^ 6 August 1768, thus sharing her tenantcy under royal favor in workshops at the Arsenal (Watson 1966:555).
  3. ^ Succeeding the aged Gilles Joubert.
  4. ^ Francis J.B. Watson, The Wrightsman Collection II (Metropolitan Museum of Art) 1966, p. 555.
  5. ^ Watson 1966:555.
  6. ^ Svend Eriksen, Early Neo-Classicism in France 1974, p. 219.
  7. ^ Case furniture, such as tables, commodes and cabinets, were clearly distinguished in France from seat furniture, which was made by menuisiers.
  8. ^ Illustrated in Pierre Verlet, French Furniture and Interior Decoration of the 18th Century (1967), p 26.
  9. ^ Most cabinet-makers had to purchase their mounts ready-made from ciseleurs-doreurs. Riesener collaborated with Pierre Gouthière on many royal commissions of the 1780s.
  10. Stanislas Leszczynski, now in the Wallace Collection
    , London.
  11. JSTOR 23410056
  12. ^ Illustrated
  13. ^ "The Riesener Project". wallacecollection.org. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  14. ISBN 978-1-78130-090-9
    .
  15. ^ "Jean-Henri Riesener". wallacecollection.org. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  16. ^ Roy, Emily (26 November 2018). "Roll-top desk, Waddesdon manor".
  17. ^ 30 March 1776, Journal du Garde-Meuble, Archives Nationale
  18. ^
    OCLC 728116780
    .
  19. ^
    OCLC 728116780
    .

External links

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