Jean Parisot de Valette
Jean Parisot de Valette | |
|---|---|
Juan de Homedes y Coscon | |
| Preceded by | Cristofano de Solís Farfan |
| Succeeded by | Pedro Nuñez de Herrera |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 4 February 1495 Grand Master (1557–1568) |
| Battles/wars | Siege of Rhodes Great Siege of Malta |
Fra' Jean "Parisot" de (la) Valette
The foundation stone of Valletta was laid by Grandmaster La Valette in 1566. He did not live to see Valletta completed, as he died in 1568 and was succeeded by Grandmaster Pierre de Monte.
Early life
He was born into the
Although his birth year is usually given as 1494, both chroniclers of the Great Siege of Malta, Francisco Balbi di Correggio and Hipolito Sans, say he was 67 at the time, thereby implying that he was born in 1498. In his history of the Order of St. John, the 18th-century historian Abbe Vertot (whose history is largely based on - but often contradicted - the earlier one of Giacomo Bosio) indicates that La Valette was indeed the same age as both Suleiman I and Kızılahmedli Mustafa Pasha (the commander of the Ottoman land forces), which would mean that he was actually 70 years old at the time of the siege.
Early career and rise within the Order
La Valette joined the Order when he was 20 years old in around 1514, and he never returned to France or his family estates from that day on.[2] He was present during the Great Siege of Rhodes in 1522, and accompanied Grand Master Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, after the Order's expulsion from Rhodes by the Ottoman Turks under Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent.[3]
After the loss of Rhodes, the Order was
In 1554 he was elected Captain General of the Order's
Grandmastership
In 1557, upon the death of Grand Master Claude de la Sengle, the Knights, mindful of the attack that was sure to come, elected La Valette to be Grand Master. In 1560 he formed an alliance with the Habsburg Empire to reconquer Tripoli, but the expedition resulted in a Christian defeat at the Battle of Djerba. Despite this the Order's galleys were able to rescue several other Christian vessels, and later on in his reign, La Valette greatly strengthened the Order's navy.[2]
Great Siege of Malta
He organised the defence of Malta, fought during the siege, and successfully repulsed the Turks at the
Knight Commander Le Sande, who had sailed from Sicily with reinforcements, ordered a general charge from the Maltese hills toward the end of the siege. They attacked the Ottoman forces until the Ottoman forces retreated to the sea, and at that point the sea had completely changed colour to red (from the sheer volume of blood lost). It was at that point the Ottoman forces boarded their ships, directed their course back to Constantinople. Whilst shaping course back to Constantinople they momentarily contemplated counterattacking. However, they had lost too many men, supplies, and the morale at that point to launch any substantial counterattack.
During the first days after the siege a Maltese soldier sitting around a campfire at night began to frame the words of a song which would later become famous in the Mediterranean:
Malta of gold, Malta of silver, Malta of precious metal,
We shall never take you.
No, not even if you were as soft as a gourd,
Not even if you were only protected by an onion skin!
And from her ramparts a voice replied:
I am she who has decimated the galleys of the Turk -
And all the warriors of Constantinople and Galatia!
As a result of the Order's victory La Valette gained much prestige in
Building of Valletta and death
After the great siege, he commissioned the construction of the new city of
The city named after its founder - Humilissima Civitas Vallettae - became known as the most aristocratic and exclusive fortress in Europe - a city most often referred to as "Superbissima" - the "Most Proud". Valletta remains the Maltese capital to this day.
La Valette suffered a stroke while praying in a chapel and died soon after on 21 August 1568, exactly eleven years after he became Grandmaster. La Valette never saw the completed city of Valletta. His tomb (in the form of a sarcophagus) can be found in the Crypt of the Conventual Church of the Order (now
Here lies La Valette.
Worthy of eternal honour,
He who was once the scourge of Africa and Asia,
And the shield of Europe,
Whence he expelled the barbarians by his Holy Arms,
Is the first to be buried in this beloved city,
Whose founder he was.
Personal life
La Valette has been referred to as one who never broke his vows, but it has been claimed that he had a mistress while in Rhodes called Catherine nicknamed Greque (Greek), and that he had an illegitimate son from her who was called Barthélemy de La Valette. Documentary evidence has been found by Bonello that proves Barthélemy was legitimatized in 1568 by a decree of King Charles IX of France.[8]
Claims have also been put forth that La Valette had at least another child, Isabella Guasconi, after a presumed affair with the wife of a Rhodiot nobleman of Florentine descent. Isabella later married a Florentine gentleman Stefano Buonaccorsi, but he murdered her on 31 July 1568, sometime after their marriage. After the murder, Buonaccorsi escaped the islands with Isabella's wealth and was never heard from again.[9]
Legacy
La Valette is well known for being the Grandmaster who won the Great Siege and founded Valletta. A street in the town of Naxxar as well as the flagship of Virtu Ferries MV Jean de La Valette are both named after him. La Valette was also featured on Maltese stamps, coins, banknotes and telecards a number of times.
Jean de Valette Square
In 2012, a square was inaugurated in Valletta named Pjazza Jean de La Valette which also features a statue of the Grandmaster. The statue is 2.5m high and was cast in bronze by the local sculptor Joseph Chetcuti. In the statue, La Valette is shown in armour and holding Valletta's plan in one hand and a sword in the other.[10][11]
For many years, the widely accepted version of the Grandmaster's surname was de La Valette. However, during the unveiling of the statue at Pjazza Jean de Valette in November 2012, judge and historian Giovanni Bonello stated that the Grandmaster always signed his name as de Valette without the La. A week later, Désireé von la Valette Saint Georges, a descendant of the Grandmaster, stated that the family name was de la Valette not de Valette and since then, a dispute has started as to what his name actually was.[12]
Members of the various branches of the Valette family actually used both versions at the time, but the Grandmaster himself never used the La.[13][14] In fact, all 138 coins and 19 medals minted by the Order during de Valette's reign show the names de Valette, de Valetta or just Valette. Bonello additionally stated that the La possibly originated since the city of Valletta was commonly called La Valletta, so people started including the La and sometimes the double l in the Grandmaster's name.[15]
It is worth noting that an interesting development had occurred in 1539 when de Vallette was some 45 years old and already in Malta. It was then that Francis I, seeing the wide linguistic disparity in the use of various Romance and Germanic languages in France, enacted the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts which prescribed the use of standard French, mostly as spoken in northern France and in the Paris area where the langues d'oui prevailed.
The name de Valette is now used in Malta, although many still refer to him as de La Valette due to the collective memory.[16] The Order's successor, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, call the Grandmaster Fra' Jean de La Vallette-Parisot.[17]
In literature
Due to his key role in holding Malta during the siege of 1565, de Valette has appeared as a main and supporting character in several works of literature:
- Angels in Iron is a 1997 pseudo-historic novel by Nicholas Prata; De Valette is the main character.[18]
- Ironfire: An Epic Novel of War and Love is a 2005 adventure novel by David Ball. De Valette is a supporting character.[19]
- The Religion: A Novel (2007) – by Tim Willocks De Valette is a supporting character.
- The Course of Fortune (2015) – by Tony Rothman de Valette is a supporting character, with surname name de Valette and portrayed according to recent historical evidence.
- Eight Pointed Cross is a 2011 historic epic by Marthese Fenech. Valette is a supporting character.
- Valette is featured prominently in Marthese Fenech's second novel, Falcon's Shadow, (2020) book two in Fenech's Siege of Malta trilogy.
- The Great Siege is a 1961 historic account of the 1565 siege, as drawn from historic documents.
- Πανάκεια (2008) / Panacea, a Greek adventure novel by Παναγιώτης Κονιδάρης. De Valette is a supporting character.
Further reading
See also
External links
- Coins of Grandmaster Jean Parisot de Valette Archived 2014-11-05 at the Wayback Machine
- Catholic Encyclopedia article
- Vallette Family Tree
References
- ISBN 978-1602396333.
- ^ a b c "Jean Parisot de La Vallette". South African Relief Organisation of the Order of Malta. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
- ^ "6 little-known facts about Jean de Valette". The Malta Independent. 28 June 2020. Retrieved 2020-08-08.
- ^ "Old Prison". Heritage Malta. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
- ^ "Jean Parisot de la Valette". Knights of Malta. Archived from the original on 17 August 2010. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
- ^ Vella, Andrew P. (1975). "The Order of Malta and the defence of Tripoli 1530–1551" (PDF). Melita Historica. 6 (4): 362–381. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2020.
- ^ a b "Grand Master Jean Parisot de Valette (1557–1568)". St John's Co-Cathedral. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
- ^ Bonello, Giovanni (26 May 2013). "The love children of Grand Master Jean de La Valette". Times of Malta. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
- ^ Bonello, Giovanni (2 June 2013). "Murder of Grand Master de Valette's love-daughter, Isabella Buonaccorsi". Times of Malta. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
- ^ "New de Valette Square inaugurated in Valletta". Times of Malta. 21 November 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
- ISBN 9781784770259. p. 118.
- ^ Carabott, Sarah (27 November 2012). "Family of Grand Master say name is wrong". Times of Malta. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
- ^ De Lucca, Denis (13 January 2013). "de Valette or de La Valette?". Times of Malta. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
- ^ Zammit Ciantar, Joe (12 May 2013). "It is Grand Master Jean De la Valette". Times of Malta. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
- ^ Bonello, Giovanni (23 December 2012). "Is it La Valette or De Valette?". Times of Malta. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
- ^ Carabott, Sarah (10 December 2012). "The Grand Master we know". Times of Malta. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
- ^ "The 79 Grand Masters". Order of Malta. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
- ^ Angels in Iron
- ^ Ironfire by David Ball
Notes
- ^ His official name was Jean de Valette, while "Parisot" was a commonly used nickname. He is often referred to as "Jean de La Valette" but he never actually used the "la" during his lifetime (although members of the Valette family used both versions at the time).
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