Jean de Lattre de Tassigny

Marshal Jean de Lattre de Tassigny
General de Lattre in 1946
32nd Chief of the Army Staff
In office 30 November 1945 – 12 March 1947
Preceded by	Maurice Gamelin
Succeeded by	Georges Revers [fr]
Personal details
Born	(1889-02-02)2 February 1889 Mouilleron-en-Pareds, France
Died	11 January 1952(1952-01-11) (aged 62) Paris, France
Spouse	Simonne Calary de Lamazière
Children	Bernard de Lattre de Tassigny
Alma mater	Lycée Sainte-Geneviève École Spéciale Militaire
Nickname	Le Roi Jean
Military service
Allegiance	Third Republic Vichy France Free France Provisional Government Fourth Republic
Branch/service	French Army Cavalry (until 1915) Infantry (from 1915)
Years of service	1911–1952
Rank	Army general[a]
Unit	List 12th Dragoons Regiment[1] 93rd Infantry Regiment[2] 49th Infantry Regiment 21st Tirailleurs Regiment 4th Infantry Regiment[3] 46th Infantry Regiment[4] 5th Infantry Regiment[5]
Commands	List 151st Infantry Regiment[6] 14th Infantry Division 16th Military Region 2nd Army First Army Commander-in-Chief of Ground Forces in Western Europe Far East Expeditionary Corps
Battles/wars	First World War Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Verdun Nivelle offensive 3rd Battle of the Aisne Meuse-Argonne offensive Rif War Operations in Upper Moulouya Operations in Taza Second World War Battle of France Invasion of Elba Operation Dragoon Colmar Pocket Invasion of Germany First Indochina War Battle of Vĩnh Yên Battle of Mạo Khê Battle of the Day River Battle of Hòa Bình

Jean Joseph Marie Gabriel de Lattre de Tassigny

Jean Joseph Marie Gabriel de Lattre de Tassigny was born on 2 February 1889 in Mouilleron-en-Pareds, Vendée, in the same village as World War I leader Georges Clemenceau. He was the son of Roger de Lattre de Tassigny and Anne-Marie Louise Henault, the daughter of the mayor of Mouilleron. Her grandfather had been his predecessor, assuming the office in 1817. In turn, Roger de Lattre succeeded his father-in-law as mayor in 1911, and still held the office forty years later. An ancestor had added the suffix "de Tassigny" to the family name in 1740, after the family property of Tassigny near Guise. He had an older sister, Anne-Marie, who later became the Comtesse de Marcé.^[7][8]

From 1898 to 1904, de Lattre attended the College of Saint-Joseph in

De Lattre was assigned to the

In February 1919, de Lattre was assigned to the 18th Military District section at Bordeaux, where his duties included providing recreation for American troops prior to their repatriation. At the end of the year he joined the 49th Infantry Regiment [fr], which was stationed at Bayonne. From 1921 to 1926, he was in Morocco, where he participated in the campaigns of the Rif War.^[16] He became the head of the Third Bureau (the staff section responsible for operations) of the Meknes area, and directed operations in Upper Moulouya. These normally involved two or more columns, each with between four and eight battalions of infantry and attached artillery and transport, converging on a locality.^[17] The following year operations moved on to the rugged Taza Province. De Lattre was critical of the tactics used by Marshal Philippe Pétain, which he regarded as slow, expensive and materialistic.^[18] He was slashed in the right cheek by an assailant wielding a dagger on 13 March 1924, resulting in a prominent scar,^[17] and he was wounded in the knee by a bullet on 26 August 1925 during a reconnaissance mission.^[18] He was promoted to the rank of chef de bataillon (commandant) on 25 June 1926.^[9]

De Lattre returned to France, where he spent several weeks with his parents at Mouilleron-en-Pareds. At a luncheon given by a deputy for Vendée, he met Simonne Calary de Lamazière [fr], the nineteen-year-old daughter of a Paris deputy. They met again at a party on the Île d'Yeu, an island off the Vendée coast. They were married on 22 March 1927, at Saint-Pierre-de-Chaillot in Paris. They had one child, Bernard de Lattre de Tassigny, who was born on 11 February 1928. De Lattre was also "generally suspected of homosexual leanings."^[19] (Driving with him on his daily tour of inspection in January 1945, the seventeen-year-old John Julius Norwich recalled: "I did have a little trouble keeping his hand off my thigh in the car on the way home...but nothing serious."^[20])

De Lattre commanded a battalion of the

De Lattre became the chief of staff at general headquarters of the

In September 1941, Weygand, now the Delegate-General of The Vichy government in North Africa, summoned de Lattre to North Africa as the commander-in-chief of troops in the protectorate of Tunisia. De Lattre opened another military instruction centre there at Salammbô near Carthage, modelled on the one at Opme.^[30] He clashed with his superior, Général de Corps d'Armée Alphonse Juin over the best way to defend Tunisia against a British attack. De Lattre was determined to resist on the frontier, fearing that a fighting withdrawal might lead to the Germans and Italians occupying Vichy France; Juin, a native of North Africa, was more concerned with the security of Algeria. De Lattre may have also hoped that he would have been appointed head of the French forces in North Africa instead of Juin. Nonetheless, Juin recommended de Lattre for promotion.^[31] He was promoted to général de corps d'armée on 2 January 1942, but Weygand had been recalled to France in October 1941, and on 2 February 1942 de Lattre was also recalled.^[9][30]

Returning to France, de Lattre took charge of the 16th Military Division, based in Montpellier.^[30] The post was a backwater, and one usually held by an officer of lower rank. Following the Allied landings in French North Africa on 8 November 1942, Germany and Italian troops occupied southern France and disbanded the Vichy Army. De Lattre received orders from Vichy that troops were to remain in their barracks, which he decided to disobey, instead carrying out a previously prepared plan to resist the German occupation. Staff officers informed de Lattre's superior in Avignon of his intentions. The troops did not move, and the Vichy Minister of War, Eugène Bridoux, ordered de Lattre's arrest. He was brought before a special State Tribunal on 9 January 1943, charged with treason and abandoning his post. The former charge was dropped, but he was found guilty of the latter and was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment.^[32][33]

De Lattre was initially held at Montluc prison, but was later transferred to Riom.^[33] Simonne secured accommodation where the garden adjoined the prison wall, and worked with de Lattre's driver, Louis Roetsch, and accomplices inside the prison to plan an escape. They managed to smuggle in tools, including a hammer, screwdriver and gimlet, along with paint, a paintbrush, putty and a rope. De Lattre had noticed that the sentry underneath his window went to wake up his relief in the middle of the night instead of being relieved in place, leaving the window unguarded for up to ten minutes. He also found that with one of the bars on his window removed, he was able to squeeze through. On the night of 1 September 1943 he removed the window frame and one bar, squeezed through, and used the rope to descend, although it proved to be several feet too short. Bernard threw a rope ladder over the prison wall, allowing de Lattre to scale it. They then departed in two cars that Roetsch provided, along with false papers identifying de Lattre as Charles Dequenne, his headquarters clerk who had been killed in the fighting in June 1940. They hid on a farm near Compains until 1 October, when some of his prison break accomplices were arrested. De Lattre then made his way to a field near Pont-de-Vaux, from whence he and others, including Eugène Claudius-Petit, where whisked away by a British aircraft and taken to London. Simonne and Bernard moved to Paris, where they lived under false names.^[34]

Operation Dragoon

De Lattre was promoted to the rank of général d'armée by Général de brigade

On 17 April 1944, de Gaulle informed

Lyon was taken by the 1st Motorised Infantry Division on 3 September,

De Lattre sought to address this by incorporating units of the French Forces of the Interior (FFI) into the Army, which would enable him to replace his losses and relieve the burden on African units of his Army.^[55] The French authorities were eager to bring the estimated 200,000 armed men of the FFI under control as soon as possible,^[56] but this was no easy task; the soldiers were suspicious of the discipline and reliability of FFI units, and resented the ranks and titles its leaders had accorded themselves. The FFI were also suspicious of the army, but by the end of the year 137,000 had enlisted in the French Army for the duration of the war.^[57] Uniforms and equipment had to be provided by the Americans, but while they agreed to equip security battalions and five regiments to replace North African ones, they were reluctant to provide equipment for the activation of new divisions.^[58] Eventually they relented, and among the reactivated divisions in February 1945 was de Lattre's old command, the 14th Infantry Division.^[59][60] Once agan, he opened a training centre, this time at Rouffach near Colmar.^[61]

Final campaigns

The Americans envisaged a passive role for the First Army in view of its logistical difficulties, but de Lattre pressed for a more active role. A combination of stubborn German resistance and bad weather brought operations in

In December, the

The First Army breached the Siegfried Line on 19 March 1945. On 31 March 1945, it crossed the Rhine at Speyer and Germersheim and advanced through the Black Forest to Karlsruhe and Stuttgart. The Danube was crossed on 22 April.^[69] Ulm lay 40 miles (64 km) outside the First Army's zone, but meant a great deal to French people as the site of Napoleon's victory in the Battle of Ulm in 1805. On the way, they passed through Sigmaringen, to whence the heads of the Vichy government had fled in August 1944 to establish a government in exile in Germany, although de Lattre's forces did not reach it in time to capture Pétain or Pierre Laval. Ulm was taken by American and French units on 24 April, and they raised the tricolour over the city's old fort, as Napoleon had done. Devers ordered de Lattre to withdraw from the city, and with the mission accomplished, this was done.^[70] In a tribute to de Lattre on 13 May, Devers quipped: "For many months we have fought together – often on the same side."^[71]

On 8 May 1945, de Lattre flew to

In July 1945, de Lattre was offered the position of Inspector General of the Army an honorific position he regarded as beneath the status that he had earned as commander of the First Army. He declined and asked to be retired instead. De Gaulle then offered to combine the position with that of the Chief of Staff of the French Army, and de Lattre accepted,^[71] assuming the post on 29 November 1945.^[9] His task was demobilising the wartime army and building a new one. Most of the officer corps had spent the war since 1940 in prisoner of war camps in Germany, and their training was out of date.^[74] To build a force that was both democratic and national, he resolved to create a conscript army rather than a professional one. To prepare the 1946 conscripts, de Lattre opened a dozen new training centres modelled on those he had created during the war at Opme, Douera and Rouffach, where they would be schooled in citizenship.^[75] To address the shortage of instructors, he devised a system whereby the national servicemen would train themselves.^[73] Careers in the post-war army would be open to the best regardless of their social status. In his personal selection, though, de Lattre tended to favour those who had served with the First Army.^[75]

De Lattre was abruptly relieved of his responsibilities as Chief of Staff in March 1947, although he remained Inspector General, and was elevated to Inspector General of the Armed Forces in the spring of 1948,[76] and on 2 June 1948 he was made vice president of the Conseil supérieur de la guerre,^[9] positions which had little authority in peacetime.^[75] From September to November 1947, he led a diplomatic and economic mission to South America where he held numerous talks with presidents from Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, and Brazil and high-ranking ministers, including French communities there. He also took part in several related economic and diplomatic conferences.^[77]

From 4 October 1948 to 13 December 1950, de Lattre was the first commander-in-chief of

From December 1950 to November 1951, de Lattre commanded French troops in Indochina during the

In March 1951, at the Battle of Mạo Khê near the port of Haiphong, de Lattre again defeated Giap, who had underestimated de Lattre's army's ability to deploy naval guns and to move reinforcements aboard assault boats on deep estuaries and canals.^[83] However, Bernard was killed in action in the Battle for Nam Định, in late May 1951. He had obeyed his father's orders to hold the town at all costs against three Việt Minh divisions. After three weeks of battle the French victory halted Giap's offensive in the Red River Delta.^[84] On 20 September 1951, de Lattre spoke at The Pentagon to request American aid and warned of the danger of the spread of communism throughout Southeast Asia if northern Vietnam fell completely to the Việt Minh. However, the United States was preoccupied with the Korean War. The US sent de Lattre some transport planes and trucks and other equipment: a "significant contribution" but "scarcely enough to turn the tide for France" in Vietnam.^[84]

Death

On 20 November 1951, illness forced de Lattre to return to Paris for medical treatment for prostate cancer. He entered the Clinique Maillot in Neuilly-sur-Seine on 18 December. His condition deteriorated in January.^[85][86] His last words before losing consciousness on 9 January were: "Where is Bernard?"^[87] He died on 11 January.^[87]

De Lattre was posthumously elevated to the dignity of Marshal of France by the President of France, Vincent Auriol, on the day of his funeral procession, 15 January 1952 at Notre-Dame de Paris, Les Invalides in presence of de Gaulle, Dwight D. Eisenhower, and Montgomery. He was buried in a state funeral lasting five days, in what Life magazine described as the "biggest military funeral France had seen since the death of Marshal Foch in 1929".^[88] His body was moved through the streets of Paris in a series of funeral processions, with the coffin lying in state at four separate locations: his home, the chapel at Les Invalides, the Arc de Triomphe and before Notre-Dame. Those marching in the funeral procession included members of the French cabinet, judges, bishops and Western military leaders. The route included the Rue de Rivoli and the Champs-Élysées.^[88][89]

The processions went from the Arc de Triomphe to Notre-Dame and then from Notre-Dame to Les Invalides. The stage of the journey from the Arc de Triomphe to Notre-Dame took place in the evening, and cavalrymen from the

Military ranks

Volunteer Private, 2nd class	Brigadier	Marshal of Lodgings	Aspirant	Second lieutenant
3 October 1908[9]	10 February 1909[9]	5 November 1909[9]	5 May 1910[9]	1 October 1910[9]
Lieutenant	Captain	Battalion chief	Lieutenant colonel	Colonel
1 October 1912[90]	4 April 1916[91]	26 June 1926[92]	24 March 1932[93]	24 June 1935[94]
Brigade general	Division general	Corps general	Army general	Marshal of France
20 March 1939[95]	26 June 1941[9]	2 January 1942[9]	10 November 1943[9]	15 January 1952[96] Posthumous

Honours and decorations

De Lattre was awarded the following awards and decorations:

Honours and decorations
National honours
Ribbon bar	Name	Date	Source
	Grand Cross of the National Order of the Legion of Honour	10 February 1945
	Grand Officer of the National Order of the Legion of Honour	12 July 1940	[97]
	Commander of the National Order of the Legion of Honour	20 December 1935	[98]
	Officer of the National Order of the Legion of Honour	16 June 1920	[99]
	Knight of the National Order of the Legion of Honour	3 January 1915	[100]
	Companion of the National Order of Liberation	24 September 1944	[101]
Military decorations
Ribbon bar	Name	Date	Source
	Military medal	16 June 1920	[99]
	War Cross 1914–1918 – Three palms, two silver-gilt stars, three bronze stars		[102]
	War Cross 1939–1945 – Eight palms		[102]
	War Cross for foreign operational theatres – Three palms		[102]
	Colonial Medal – Clasp "Maroc"		[102]
	Escapees' Medal		[102]
	1914–1918 Inter-Allied Victory medal		[102]
	1914–1918 Commemorative war medal		[102]
	Military Health Service honour medal – Gold grade		[102]
	Medal of Honor of Physical Education – Gold grade	1 April 1947	[103]
Foreign honours
Ribbon bar	Name	Country	Source
	Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath	United Kingdom	[102]
	Military Cross	United Kingdom	[102]
	Army Distinguished Service Medal	United States	[102]
	Commander of the Legion of Merit	United States	[102]
	Order of Suvorov – 1st class	Soviet Union	[102]
	Grand Officer of the Order of Leopold – One palm	Belgium	[102]
	War Cross – One palm	Belgium	[102]
	War Cross	Czechoslovakia	[102]
	Grand Cross of the Order of the White Lion	Czechoslovakia	[102]
	Order of St Olav	Norway	[102]
	Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau	Netherlands	[102]
	Commander's Cross of the Order of Virtuti Militari – 16 July 1946	Poland	[104]
	Cross of Grunwald – 1st class	Poland	[102]
	Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog	Denmark	[102]
	Grand Cordon of the Nichan Iftikar	Tunisia	[102]
	Grand Cross of the Order of Blood	Tunisia	[102]
	Sherifian Order of Military Merit	Morocco	[102]
	Grand Cross of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite	Morocco	[102]
	Grand Cross of the Order of the Million Elephants and the White Parasol	Laos	[102]
	Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Cambodia	Cambodia	[102]
	Grand Cross of the National Order of Vietnam	Vietnam	[102]
	Commander of the National Order of Merit	Brazil	[105]
	Grand Cross of the Order of the Liberator General San Martín	Argentina	[102]
	Order of Military Merit – White clasp	Cuba	[102]
	Medal of Military Merit	Mexico	[102]
	Grand Cross of the Order of Military Merit	Chile	[102]
	Grand Cross of the Order of the Black Star	Benin	[102]

Citations

musée de l'Armée

.

For his promotion to Grand Officer of the National Order of the Legion of Honour:

Young leading division commander. In the midst of the hard fights from 14 May to 4 June 1940, was by his valor as much as by the wisdom of his dispositions, one of the main elements of the recovery of the entire army of the Aisne. Rethel, where six times it rejected the enemy in the Aisne, will be inscribed on the flags and standards of the 14th division as a name of glory and victory.

— 

Journal Officiel de l'État français

, 15 January 1941

For his promotion to Knight of the National Order of the Legion of Honour:

Performed several perilous reconnaissance with remarkable audacity and safety. First wounded on 11 August of a shrapnel during a reconnaissance. Sent on 14 September in reconnaissance, was wounded with a spear and cleared enemy riders who surrounded him by killing two of his hand.

— 

Journal Officiel de la République Française

, 5 January 1915

Legacy

An annual military service, involving serving soldiers, veteran associations, and ceremonial carriage of the Marshal's baton, takes place at the graves of his family in his birthplace, Mouilleron-en-Pareds.[106]

Memorials and squares, boulevards, avenues and streets that bear his name

• 
  Statue de Jean De Lattre, parc de la Mairie
• 
  Château Montelambert – Maîche – Franche Comté – France
• 
  Memorial plaque at Saint-Louis-des-Invalides in Les Invalides
• 
  Frontignan memorial
• 
  Avenue de Marechal de Lattre de Tassigny
• 
  His jeep on display at the

  Musée de l'Armée

  in Paris
• 
  Memorial à L'Isle sur la Sorgue
• 
  Place de Lattre de Tassigny in the Levallois-Perret suburb of Paris
• 
  Plaque at Fort Montluc, Lyon
• 
  Boulevard Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny in Suresnes
• 
  Memorial in the Jardin des Deux-Rives, Strasbourg
• 
  Plaque in Besançon
• 
  Plaque in Saint-Louis, Haut-Rhin
• 
  Memorial in Thierville-sur-Meuse

Publications

• Histoire de la Première Armée française Rhin et Danube. Plon, Paris 1949
• Ne pas subir. Writings between 1914 and 1952, Plon, Paris 1984
• Reconquérir : 1944–1945. Texts gathered and presented by Jean-Luc Barré, Plon, Paris 1985
• La Ferveur et le sacrifice : Indochine 1951. Texts gathered and presented by Jean-Luc Barré, Plon, Paris 1987

Footnotes

1. ^ Marshal of France is a dignity and not a rank.
2. ^ French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ də latʁ də tasiɲi]

Notes

1. ^ Government of the French Republic (2 September 1912). "Decision on transfers in the active army". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 21 September 2020.
2. ^ Government of the French Republic (10 March 1916). "Decision on transfers in the active army". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 21 September 2020.
3. ^ Government of the French Republic (22 August 1926). "Decision on transfers in the active army". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 21 September 2020.
4. ^ Government of the French Republic (5 October 1927). "Decision on transfers in the active army". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 21 September 2020.
5. ^ Government of the French Republic (22 July 1929). "Decision on transfers in the active army". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 21 September 2020.
6. ^ Government of the French Republic (20 June 1935). "Decision on transfers in the active army". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 21 September 2020.
7. ^ Douglas Johnson (12 June 2003). "Obituary: Simonne de Lattre de Tassigny". The Guardian.
8. ^ Salisbury-Jones 1954, pp. 1–3.
9. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w} Maréchal de Lattre Foundation. "Principales étapes de la vie et de la carrière du Maréchal Jean de Lattre de Tassigny" (in French). Retrieved 21 July 2019.
10. ^ ^{a b} Salisbury-Jones 1954, pp. 6–9.
11. ^ Clayton 1992, p. 24.
12. ^ Salisbury-Jones 1954, pp. 12–16.
13. ^ ^{a b c} Clayton 1992, pp. 25–26.
14. ^ Salisbury-Jones 1954, pp. 16–18.
15. ^ Salisbury-Jones 1954, p. 26.
16. ^ Clayton 1992, p. 27.
17. ^ ^{a b} Salisbury-Jones 1954, pp. 38–40.
18. ^ ^{a b} Clayton 1992, p. 29.
19. ^ British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers: From 1945 through 1950.Europe. Part IV. Series F, University Publications of America, 2000, p151"
20. ^ An Evening with Lord Norwich,China Exchange,26 April 2017, 1hr mark. [1]
21. ^ Salisbury-Jones 1954, pp. 44–49.
22. ^ ^{a b} Salisbury-Jones 1954, pp. 50–51.
23. ^ Salisbury-Jones 1954, pp. 59–61.
24. ^ Salisbury-Jones 1954, p. 64.
25. ^ Salisbury-Jones 1954, pp. 70–72.
26. ^ Salisbury-Jones 1954, pp. 79–81.
27. ^ ^{a b} Clayton 1992, pp. 94–95.
28. ^ Salisbury-Jones 1954, pp. 88–91.
29. ^ Salisbury-Jones 1954, pp. 97–98.
30. ^ ^{a b c} Salisbury-Jones 1954, pp. 101–103.
31. ^ Clayton 1992, pp. 66–68.
32. ^ Clayton 1992, pp. 97–99.
33. ^ ^{a b} Salisbury-Jones 1954, pp. 107–112.
34. ^ Salisbury-Jones 1954, pp. 114–121.
35. ^ Clayton 1992, p. 101.
36. ^ Salisbury-Jones 1954, pp. 123–121.
37. ^ de Lattre 1952, pp. 25–31.
38. ^ ^{a b} Clayton 1992, pp. 102–103.
39. ^ Viongras 1957, p. 163.
40. ^ de Lattre 1952, pp. 34–35.
41. ^ ^{a b} Viongras 1957, pp. 181–182.
42. ^ de Lattre 1952, pp. 38–39.
43. ^ de Lattre 1952, p. 46.
44. ^ de Lattre 1952, p. 57.
45. ^ Salisbury-Jones 1954, p. 140.
46. ^ de Lattre 1952, p. 63.
47. ^ Clayton 1992, pp. 104–105.
48. ^ ^{a b} de Lattre 1952, pp. 97–99.
49. ^ Clayton 1992, pp. 105–106.
50. ^ Clarke & Smith 1993, p. 181.
51. ^ de Lattre 1952, p. 154.
52. ^ de Lattre 1952, p. 158.
53. ^ ^{a b} Clayton 1992, pp. 107–108.
54. ^ de Lattre 1952, pp. 165–166.
55. ^ de Lattre 1952, pp. 169–172.
56. ^ Viongras 1957, pp. 319–320.
57. ^ de Lattre 1952, pp. 169–173.
58. ^ Viongras 1957, pp. 320–324.
59. ^ Viongras 1957, pp. 349–353.
60. ^ de Lattre 1952, pp. 178–179.
61. ^ ^{a b} Salisbury-Jones 1954, pp. 181–185.
62. ^ ^{a b} Clayton 1992, pp. 109–111.
63. ^ Clarke & Smith 1993, pp. 309, 358–360.
64. ^ Salisbury-Jones 1954, p. 162.
65. ^ Clarke & Smith 1993, pp. 578–579.
66. ^ Salisbury-Jones 1954, pp. 164–165.
67. ^ Salisbury-Jones 1954, pp. 170–177.
68. ^ Clayton 1992, pp. 112–113.
69. ^ Clayton 1992, pp. 115–116.
70. ^ MacDonald 1973, pp. 430–432.
71. ^ ^{a b} Clayton 1992, p. 116.
72. ^ Salisbury-Jones 1954, pp. 207–211.
73. ^ ^{a b} Salisbury-Jones 1954, pp. 214–215.
74. ^ Salisbury-Jones 1954, p. 218.
75. ^ ^{a b c} Clayton 1992, pp. 140–143.
76. ^ Salisbury-Jones 1954, p. 232.
77. ^ Salisbury-Jones 1954, pp. 230–231.
78. ^ Hamilton 1986, pp. 730–734.
79. ^ Clayton 1992, pp. 144–148.
80. ^ Karnow 1983, pp. 163, 185–186, 336.
81. ^ Karnow 1983, p. 185.
82. ^ Karnow 1983, pp. 163, 186, 695.
83. ^ ^{a b} Karnow 1983, p. 186.
84. ^ ^{a b} Karnow 1983, p. 187.
85. ^ Salisbury-Jones 1954, pp. 274–275.
86. ^ "Heroes: The Patriot". Time. 21 January 1952. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
87. ^ ^{a b} Salisbury-Jones 1954, p. 276.
88. ^ ^{a b c} "Destiny is too hard". Life. 28 January 1952. pp. 20–21.
89. ^ ^{a b} Salisbury-Jones 1954, pp. 276–277.
90. ^ Government of the French Republic (24 September 1912). "Décret du portant promotion dans l'armée active". gallica.bnf.fr. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
91. ^ Government of the French Republic (4 April 1916). "Décret portant promotion dans l'armée active". gallica.bnf.fr. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
92. ^ Government of the French Republic (25 June 1926). "Décret portant promotion dans l'armée active". gallica.bnf.fr. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
93. ^ Government of the French Republic (25 March 1932). "Décret portant promotion dans l'armée active". gallica.bnf.fr. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
94. ^ Government of the French Republic (24 June 1935). "Décret portant promotion dans l'armée active". gallica.bnf.fr. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
95. ^ Government of the French Republic (20 March 1939). "Décret portant promotion dans l'armée active". gallica.bnf.fr. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
96. ^ Government of the French Republic (15 January 1952). "Décret conférant à titre posthume la dignité de Maréchal de France au général d'armée Jean de Lattre de Tassigny". legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
97. ^ Government of the French State (4 September 1940). "Décret portant promotion dans la légion d'honneur" (in French). Retrieved 29 October 2019.
98. ^ Government of the French State (20 December 1935). "Décret portant promotion dans la légion d'honneur" (in French). Retrieved 29 October 2019.
99. ^ ^{a b} Government of the French State (16 June 1920). "Décret portant promotion dans la légion d'honneur" (in French). Retrieved 29 October 2019.
100. ^ Government of the French State (3 January 1915). "Décret portant promotion dans la légion d'honneur" (in French). Retrieved 29 October 2019.
101. ^ Government of the French Republic (20 November 1944). "Décret portant attribution de la Croix de la libération" (in French). Retrieved 29 October 2019.
102. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag} "Biographie de Jean de Lattre de Tassigny". National Order of Liberation. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
103. ^ Government of the French Republic (1 April 1947). "Arrêté portant attribution de la Médaille des sports" (in French). Retrieved 29 October 2019.
104. ^ "Uchwała Prezydium Krajowej Rady Narodowej z dnia 16 lipca 1946 r. o odznaczeniach generałów Wojsk Francuskich w uznaniu zasług położonych w walce ze wspólnym wrogiem". Monitor Polski (in Polish) (27): 188. 1947. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
105. ^ "Diário Oficial da União (DOU) • 29/10/1947 • Seção 1 • Pg. 3". JusBrasil. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
106. ^ "Les manifestations – Mouilleron en Pared : Cerémonie de Lattre". le site de l'Union Nationale des Combattants de Vendée. Archived from the original on 12 October 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2010.

References

• Clarke, Jeffrey J.; Smith, Robert Ross (1993). Riviera to the Rhine (PDF).
  OCLC 935522306. Archived from the original
  (PDF) on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
• Clayton, Anthony (1992). Three Marshals of France. London: Brassey's.
  OCLC 25026611
  .
• OCLC 1016971122
  .
• OCLC 9646422
  .
• de Lattre de Tassigny, Jean (1952). The History of The French First Army. Translated by Barnes, Malcolm. London: George Allen and Unwin.
  OCLC 911770609
  .
• MacDonald, Charles B. (1973). The Last Offensive (PDF). Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army.
  OCLC 30379821
  .
• OCLC 936912684
  .
• Viongras, Marcel (1957). Rearming the French (PDF). Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army.

Further reading

• OCLC 870994690
  .

External links

• Newspaper clippings about Jean de Lattre de Tassigny in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
• Funeral of Marshal de Lattre (video)
• De lattre speaks (video)