Christo and Jeanne-Claude

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Christo and Jeanne-Claude
Vienna Academy of Fine Arts
Jeanne-Claude Denat de Guillebon
Born(1935-06-13)June 13, 1935
Casablanca, Morocco
DiedNovember 18, 2009(2009-11-18) (aged 74)
New York City, U.S.

Christo Vladimirov Javacheff (1935–2020) and Jeanne-Claude Denat de Guillebon (1935–2009), known as Christo and Jeanne-Claude, were artists noted for their large-scale,

installations, often large landmarks and landscape elements wrapped in fabric, including the Wrapped Reichstag, The Pont Neuf Wrapped, Running Fence in California, and The Gates in New York City's Central Park.[1]

Born in Bulgaria and Morocco, respectively, the pair met and married in Paris in the late 1950s. Originally working under Christo's name, they later credited their installations to both "Christo and Jeanne-Claude". Until his own death in 2020, Christo continued to plan and execute projects after Jeanne-Claude's death in 2009.

Their work was typically large, visually impressive, and controversial, often taking years and sometimes decades of careful preparation – including technical solutions, political negotiation, permitting and environmental approval, hearings and public persuasion. The pair refused grants, scholarships, donations or public money, instead financing the work via the sale of their own artwork.

Christo and Jeanne-Claude described the myriad elements that brought the projects to fruition as integral to the artwork itself, and said their projects contained no deeper meaning than their immediate

aesthetic
impact; their purpose being simply for joy, beauty, and new ways of seeing the familiar.

Career

Four cafe chairs and a table, a high table, and an upholstered chair are wrapped in fabric and rope.
Würth Rioja wrapped chairs

Christo and Jeanne-Claude met in October 1958 when he was commissioned to paint a portrait of her mother, Précilda de Guillebon.[2] Their first show, in Cologne, 1961, showcased the three types of artworks for which they would be known: wrapped items, oil barrels, and ephemeral, large-scale works.[3] Near Christo's first solo show in Paris, in 1962, the pair blocked an alley with 240 barrels for several hours in a piece called Iron Curtain, a poetic reply to the Berlin Wall.[4]

They developed consistent, longtime terms of their collaboration. They together imagined projects, for which Christo would create sketches and preparatory works that were later sold to fund the resulting installation. Christo and Jeanne-Claude hired assistants to do the work of wrapping the object at hand. They originally worked under the name "Christo" to simplify dealings and their brand,[5] given the difficulties of establishing an artist's reputation and the prejudices against female artists,[6] but they would later retroactively credit their large-scale outdoor works to both "Christo and Jeanne-Claude".[5] They eventually flew in separate planes such that, in case one crashed, the other could continue their work.[7]

The couple relocated to New York City, the new

Little Bay as Wrapped Coast, the first piece for Kaldor Public Art Projects.[12]

1970s

An enormous volume of fabric hangs from a wire across a valley. In the foreground is a telephone pole and several people looking up.
Valley Curtain (1972)

Within a year of Wrapped Coast, Christo began work on

Best Documentary Short in the 1974 Academy Awards.[15] The Maysles would film many of the artists' later projects.[14]

Inspired by a snow fence, in 1972, Christo and Jeanne-Claude began preparations for Running Fence: a 24.5-mile fence of white nylon, supported by steel posts and steel cables, running through the California landscape and into the ocean. In exchange for temporary use of ranch land, the artists agreed to offer payment and use of the deconstructed building materials. Others challenged its construction in 18 public hearings and three state court sessions. The fence began construction in April 1976 and the project culminated in a two-week display in September, after which it was deconstructed.[16]

Their 1978 Wrapped Walk Ways covered paths within Kansas City, Missouri's Loose Park in 12,540 square meters (135,000 square feet) of saffron-colored nylon fabric covering 4.4 kilometers (2.7 miles) of the park's formal garden walkways and jogging paths.[17]

1980s

Christo and Jeanne-Claude planned a project based on Jeanne-Claude's idea to surround eleven islands in Miami's Biscayne Bay with 603,850 m2 (6,499,800 sq ft) of pink polypropylene floating fabric.[18] Surrounded Islands was completed on May 7, 1983, with the aid of 430 workers and could be admired for two weeks. The workers were outfitted with pink long sleeve shirts with pale blue text written on the back reading “Christo Surrounded Islands”, and then in acknowledging the garment's designer, "designed and produced by Willi Smith".[19]

Jeanne-Claude became an American citizen in March 1984.[20] The couple received permission to wrap the Pont Neuf, a bridge in Paris, in August 1985. The bridge stayed wrapped for two weeks (22 Sep - 5 Oct 1985). The Pont Neuf Wrapped attracted three million visitors.[21] Wrapping the Pont Neuf continued the tradition of transforming a sculptural dimension into a work of art. The fabric maintained the principal shapes of the Pont Neuf but it emphasized the details and the proportions. As with Surrounded Islands, workers who assisted with the installation and deinstallation of Pont Neuf Wrapped wore uniforms designed by Willi Smith.[19]

1990s

A large field with oversized blue umbrellas at regular intervals. Mountains are barely visible in the background as the fog descends.
The Umbrellas (1991)

Their 1991 The Umbrellas involved the simultaneous setup of blue and gold umbrellas in Japan and California, respectively. The 3,100-umbrella project cost US$26 million and attracted three million visitors.[22] Christo closed the exhibition early after a woman was killed by a windblown umbrella in California.[23] Separately, a worker was killed during the deconstruction of the Japanese exhibit.[24]

Christo and Jeanne-Claude wrapped the Berlin Reichstag building in 1995 following 24 years of governmental lobbying across six Bundestag presidents. Wrapped Reichstag's 100,000 square meters of silver fabric draped the building, fastened with blue rope.[25] Christo described the Reichstag wrapping as autobiographical based on his Bulgarian upbringing.[26] The wrapping became symbolic of unified Germany and marked Berlin's return as a world city.[27] The Guardian posthumously described the work as their "most spectacular achievement".[28]

In 1998, the artists wrapped trees at the

St. Louis, Missouri, and Paris. The work was self-funded through sale of photographic documentation and preparatory works, as had become standard for the couple.[29]

The Gates

The Gates (2005)

Work began on the installation of the couple's most protracted project,

Doris C. Freedman Award for public art.[31] The project cost an estimated US$21 million, which the artists planned to recoup by selling project documentation.[32]

Big Air Package

Christo filled the Gasometer Oberhausen from March 16 until December 30, 2013, with the installation Big Air Package. After The Wall (1999) as the final installation of the Emscher Park International Building Exhibition, Big Air Package was his second work of art in the Gasometer. The "Big Air Package – Project for Gasometer Oberhausen, Germany" was conceived by Christo in 2010 (for the first time without his wife Jeanne-Claude). The sculpture was set up in the interior of the industrial monument and was made of 20,350 m3 (719,000 cu ft) of translucent fabric and 4,500 m (14,800 ft) of rope. In the inflated state, the envelope, with a weight of 5.3 tonnes (5.8 short tons), reached a height of more than 90 m (300 ft), a diameter of 50 m (160 ft) and a volume of 177,000 m3 (6,300,000 cu ft). The monumental work of art was, temporarily, the largest self-supporting sculpture in the world. In the accessible interior of Big Air Package, the artist generated a unique experience of space, proportions, and light.[33]

X-TO+J-C: Christo and Jeanne-Claude Featuring Works from the Bequest of David C. Copley

In 2014, the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego presented the exhibit X-TO + J-C: Christo and Jeanne-Claude Featuring Works from the Bequest of David C. Copley, one of the museum's patrons and trustees who also had the largest collection of Christo and Jeanne-Claude's work in the United States.[34] X-TO + J-C featured more than fifty works by Christo and Jeanne-Claude, including pieces such as Christo's evocative Package (1960), alongside drawings related to his early concealed objects: chairs, road signs, and other commonplace items.[35] Christo himself gave a lecture in which he discussed two works that were in progress: Over the River, Project for the Arkansas River, Colorado, and The Mastaba, Project for the United Arab Emirates.[36]

The Floating Piers

The Floating Piers (2016)

The Floating Piers were a series of walkways installed at

U.S. Army.[38] The Beretta family owns the island of San Paolo, which was surrounded by Floating Piers walkways.[39]
The work was a success with the Italian public and critics as well.[40][41][42]

The London Mastaba

The London Mastaba (2018)

The London Mastaba was a temporary floating installation exhibited from June to September 2018 on

high-density polyethene, held in place by 32 anchors. It was 20 m (66 ft) in height and weighed 600 tonnes (660 short tons). The vertical ends were painted in a mosaic of red, blue and mauve, whilst the sloping sides were in red with bands of white.[43]

Simultaneously with the display of The London Mastaba, the nearby

Serpentine Gallery presented an exhibition of the artists' work, entitled Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Barrels and The Mastaba 1958–2018. The exhibition comprised sculptures, drawings, collages, scale-models and photographs from the last 60 years of the artists' work.[44]

Another Mastaba of over 400,000

Al Gharbia, 160 km (100 mi) from the city Abu Dhabi.[45][46]

Over the River

Christo and Jeanne-Claude announced plans for a future project, titled Over The River, to be constructed on the

U.S. Bureau of Land Management released a Record of Decision approving the project on November 7, 2011.[47][48][49] Work on the project cannot begin, however, until the Bureau of Land Management issues a Notice to Proceed.[50] A lawsuit against Colorado Parks and Wildlife was filed on July 22, 2011, by Rags Over the Arkansas River (ROAR), a local group opposed to the project.[51] The lawsuit is still awaiting a court date.[52]

Christo and Jeanne-Claude's inspiration for Over the River came in 1985 as they were wrapping the Pont-Neuf and a fabric panel was being elevated over the Seine. The artists began a three-year search for appropriate locations in 1992, considering some eighty-nine river locations. They chose the Arkansas River because its banks were high enough that recreational rafters could enjoy the river at the same time.[53]

Christo and Jeanne-Claude spent more than $6 million on environmental studies, design engineering, and wind tunnel testing of fabrics. As with past projects, Over The River would be financed entirely by Christo and Jeanne-Claude, through the sale of Christo's preparatory drawings, collages, scale models, and early works of the 1950s/1960s. On July 16, 2010, the U.S. Bureau of Land Management released its four-volume Draft Environmental Impact Statement, which reported many potentially serious types of adverse impact but also many proposed "mitigation" options.[54][55]

In January 2017, after the

election of President Trump, Christo canceled the controversial project citing protest of the new administration as well as tiring from the hard-fought legal battle waged by local residents.[56][57]

L'Arc de Triomphe, Wrapped

Arc de Triomphe being prepared for Christo wrapping

Continuing their series of monumental "wrapping" projects, the Arc de Triomphe in Paris was wrapped in 30,000 square meters of recyclable polypropylene fabric in silvery blue, and 7,000 meters (23,000 feet) of red rope. Originally scheduled for autumn of 2020,[58] it was postponed a year to Saturday, September 18 to Sunday, October 3, 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in France and its impact on the arts and cultural sector worldwide.[59] Following Christo's death, his office stated that the project would nevertheless be completed.[60]

Several articles in the press cut the name of Jeanne-Claude on their coverage of the event leading to a debate about the suppression of the place of women in art history.[61][62][63][64]

Reception

Christo and Jeanne-Claude's work is held by many major public collections.

Vilcek Prize,[67] and the 2004 International Sculpture Center's Lifetime Achievement in Contemporary Sculpture Award.[68]

Art critic David Bourdon described Christo's wrappings as a "revelation through concealment."[69] Unto his critics Christo replied, "I am an artist, and I have to have courage ... Do you know that I don't have any artworks that exist? They all go away when they're finished. Only the preparatory drawings, and collages are left, giving my works an almost legendary character. I think it takes much greater courage to create things to be gone than to create things that will remain."[70] Jeanne-Claude was a firm believer in the aesthetic beauty of works of art; she said, "'We want to create works of art of joy and beauty, which we will build because we believe it will be beautiful.'"[5]

In 2022, the Pérez Art Museum Miami presented Christo Drawings: A Gift from the Maria Bechily and Scott Hodes Collection, comprising drawings and project sketches produced by Christo and his life partner and artistic collaborator Jeane-Claude between the 1960s and the 2000s.[71]

Biographies

Christo

Young Christo
Christo's signature

Christo Vladimirov Javacheff (Bulgarian: Христо Владимиров Явашев, [xrisˈtɔ vlɐˈdimirof jaˈvaʃɛf]) was born on June 13, 1935, in Gabrovo, Bulgaria, as the second of three sons to Tzveta Dimitrova, a Macedonian Bulgarian from Thessaloniki, and Vladimir Javacheff, who worked at a textile manufacturer.[72] Christo was shy[73] and had a predilection for art. He received private art instruction at a young age and the support of his parents,[72] who invited visiting artists to their house.[74] Christo was particularly affected by events from World War II and the country's fluid borders.[75] During evacuations, he and his brothers stayed with a family in the rural hills outside town, where Christo connected with nature and handicraft.[76]

Christo pursued realistic painting through the mid-1950s, a period during which

location scout for the state cinema and served three tours of duty during summer breaks.[80] In 1956, he used an academy connection to receive permission to visit family in Prague,[81] where the theater of Emil František Burian reinvigorated him.[82] Amid fears of further Russian suppression in Hungary, Christo decided to flee to Vienna as a railcar stowaway. He had little money after paying the bribe, did not speak the language, had deserted during his Bulgarian military service, and feared being trapped in a refugee camp.[83]

In Vienna, he stayed with a family friend (who had not expected him), studied at the

stateless person.[84] There, he supported himself with commissions and briefly visited Italy with the academy, whose program he found equally unhappy as the one before it. At the behest of a friend relocated from Sofia, he saved up to visit Geneva in late 1957.[85] In violation of his visa, he continued to pursue commissions (whose works he would sign with his family name, reserving his given name for more serious work) and was transformed after visiting the Kunstmuseum Basel and Kunsthaus Zürich.[86] In January 1958, he first began to wrap things, as would become his trademark, starting with a paint can.[87] His collection of wrapped household items would be known as his Inventory. In February 1958, Christo left for Paris, having received a visa with the assistance of a Sofia academy connection.[88]

In 1973, after 17 stateless years, Christo became a United States citizen.[89] He died at his home in New York City on May 31, 2020, at 84. No cause of death was specified.[90] L'Arc de Triomphe, Wrapped, a planned work by Christo and Jeanne-Claude, went ahead posthumously in Paris in September 2021.[91]

Jeanne-Claude

Jeanne-Claude Denat de Guillebon (French:

Casablanca, Morocco, where her father, an army officer, was stationed. Her mother, Précilda, was 17 when she married Jeanne-Claude's father, Major Léon Denat. Précilda and Léon Denat divorced shortly after Jeanne-Claude was born, and Précilda remarried three times. Jeanne-Claude earned a baccalauréat in Latin and philosophy in 1952 from the University of Tunis.[5] After Précilda married the General Jacques de Guillebon in 1947, the family lived in Bern (1948–1951) and Tunisia (1952–1957) before returning to Paris.[92]

Jeanne-Claude was described as "extroverted" and with natural organizational abilities. Her hair was dyed red, which she claimed was selected by her husband.[93] She took responsibility for overseeing work crews and for raising funds.[7]

Jeanne-Claude died in New York City on November 18, 2009, from complications due to a

brain aneurysm. Her body was to be donated to science, one of her final wishes.[94] When she died, she and Christo were at work on Over the River[95] and the United Arab Emirates project, The Mastaba.[5] She said, "Artists don't retire. They die. That's all. When they stop being able to create art, they die."[96]

Marriage

Christo and Jeanne-Claude met in October 1958 when he was commissioned to paint a portrait of her mother, Précilda de Guillebon.[2] Initially, Christo was attracted to Jeanne-Claude's half-sister, Joyce. Jeanne-Claude was engaged to Philippe Planchon.[97] Shortly before her wedding, Jeanne-Claude became pregnant by Christo. Although she married Planchon, Jeanne-Claude left him immediately after their honeymoon.[98] Christo and Jeanne-Claude's son, Cyril, was born on May 11, 1960.[99]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Artist Christo, known for wrapping exteriors of landmarks, dies at 84". Reuters. June 1, 2020. Archived from the original on June 8, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
  2. ^ a b Chernow 2002, pp. 60–61.
  3. ^ Fineberg 2004, p. 18.
  4. ^ Fineberg 2004, p. 19.
  5. ^ from the original on June 25, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2017.
  6. ^ Lewis, Richard, and Susan Lewis. "Cengage Advantage Books: The Power of Art." Google Books. Cengage Learning, January 23, 2008. Web. March 4, 2015.
  7. ^ a b Miller, Stephen; Crow, Kelly (November 20, 2009). "Part of a Creative Powerhouse Behind Ephemeral Artworks". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones. Archived from the original on July 7, 2015. Retrieved November 20, 2009.
  8. ^ Baal-Teshuva 2001, p. 27.
  9. ^ Baal-Teshuva 2001, p. 28.
  10. from the original on February 8, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2021.
  11. ^ Baal-Teshuva 2001, p. 32.
  12. from the original on June 2, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
  13. ^ a b c Fineberg 2004, p. 31.
  14. ^ a b c Fineberg 2004, p. 32.
  15. from the original on February 9, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
  16. from the original on June 18, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
  17. .
  18. ^ perezartmuseummiami (September 21, 2018). "Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Surrounded Islands, Biscayne Bay, Greater Miami, Florida, 1980–83 | A Documentary Exhibition". pammportraits.org. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  19. ^ .
  20. ^ Chernow 2002, p. 312.
  21. ^ Fineberg 2004, p. 42.
  22. ^ Fineberg 2004, p. 44.
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  24. from the original on January 13, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2017.
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  35. ^ "XTO + J-C: Christo and Jeanne-Claude exhibition opens at the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego". artdaily.cc. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
  36. ^ "MUSEUM OF CONTEMPORARY ART SAN DIEGO (MCASD) PRESENTS X-TO + J-C: CHRISTO AND JEANNE-CLAUDE FEATURING WORKS FROM THE BEQUEST OF DAVID C. COPLEY". Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego. January 13, 2014. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
  37. ^ "Christo: The Floating Piers, Project for Lake Iseo, Italy". christojeanneclaude.net. Archived from the original on September 30, 2015. Retrieved September 7, 2015.
  38. ^ "Esplora il significant del termine: La signora Beretta e l'isola di Famiglia nell'opera di Christo da 15 million di euroLa signora Beretta e l'isola di Famiglia nell'opera di Christo da 15 milioni di euro". corriere.it. Archived from the original on June 13, 2022. Retrieved April 8, 2016.
  39. ^ Mesco, Manuela (June 18, 2016). "Christo Walks on Water With New Italian Installation". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on July 24, 2016. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
  40. ^ "I 10 tipi da The Floating Piers Analisi ironica di un successo". July 7, 2016. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
  41. ^ "The Floating Piers, Christo: "E' stato un successo"". ilgiorno.it. ilgiorno.it. July 13, 2016. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
  42. ^ "Christo. Riflessioni finali su The Floating Piers". darsmagazine.it. July 4, 2016. Archived from the original on September 19, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
  43. ^ Block, India (June 18, 2018). "Christo unveils floating Serpentine sculpture made from 7,506 barrels". De Zeen. Archived from the original on June 18, 2018. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
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  45. ^ "The Mastaba". Christo and Jeanne-Claude. Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
  46. ^ Ng, David (November 26, 2012). "Will Christo's oil-barrel pyramid 'Mastaba' finally rise?". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 6, 2013. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
  47. ^ Blevins, Jason (August 22, 2010). "Local viewpoints wide apart on Christo's plan to drape fabric over Arkansas River". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
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  49. ^ "BLM Over The River Record of Decision". Bureau of Land Management. November 7, 2011. Archived from the original on February 1, 2012.
  50. ^ "News and Events". Rags Over the Arkansas River (ROAR). November 21, 2011. Archived from the original on November 11, 2011.
  51. ^ Blevins, Jason (July 27, 2011). "Foes of Christo's plan to cover Arkansas River with fabric sue state park board". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on November 12, 2011. Retrieved November 26, 2011.
  52. ^ Ericka, Kastner (November 1, 2011). "OTR lawsuit awaits court date". The Mountain Mail. Archived from the original on December 7, 2011. Retrieved November 26, 2011.
  53. ^ Cathy, Newman (November 2006). "Christo and Jeanne-Claude Unwrapped". National Geographic.
  54. ^ Johnson, Kirk (July 16, 2010). "Bureaucracy Meets Art, Delighting Christo". The New York Times July 17, 2010. Archived from the original on December 1, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2017.
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  67. .
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  70. .
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  79. ^ Chernow 2002, p. 19.
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  82. ^ Chernow 2002, p. 23.
  83. ^ Chernow 2002, p. 24.
  84. ^ Chernow 2002, p. 25.
  85. ^ Chernow 2002, pp. 46–48.
  86. ^ Chernow 2002, p. 49.
  87. ^ Chernow 2002, p. 50.
  88. ^ Chernow 2002, pp. 51–52.
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Bibliography

Further reading

The early work of Christo and Jeanne-Claude

  • Matthias Koddenberg, Christo: The Paris Sculptures 1961, Kettler Verlag, Bönen, Germany 2011
  • Matthias Koddenberg, Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Early Works 1958–64, Kettler Verlag, Bönen, Germany 2009
  • Matthias Koddenberg, "Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Realism's Newly Unveiled Face", in: Nouveau Réalisme, exh. cat. Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig Wien, Vienna, Austria 2005
  • David Bourdon, Christo, Harry N. Abrams, New York, 1971

Specific projects of Christo and Jeanne-Claude

Life and work of Christo and Jeanne-Claude

  • Matthias Koddenberg, Christo and Jeanne-Claude: In/out Studio, D.A.P., New York, 2015
  • Christo and Jeanne-Claude: 40 Years – 12 Exhibitions, exh. cat. Annely Juda Fine Art, London, Great Britain 2011
  • Jacob Baal-Teshuva, Christo and Jeanne-Claude, Taschen Verlag, Cologne, Germany 2005
  • Burt Chernow, Christo and Jeanne-Claude: A Biography, St. Martin's Press, New York, 2002

External links