Jeewanu
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Jeewanu (
Etymology
Jeewanu is derived from Sanskrit jeewa, meaning "life", and anu, meaning the "smallest part of something", or the "indivisible". In contemporary Hindi, jeewanu also means unicellular organisms such as bacteria. Bahadur specifically used the term to represent the Indian philosophical tradition not only through the use of Sanskrit but also by inferring ideas on the origin of life from the Vedas. Bahadur, while employing the traditional Hindu philosophy, attempted to incorporate the advances in cell biology to the concept of abiogenesis.[1]
Synthesis
In 1954
Their initial experiment consisted of a sterilised apparatus in which inorganic nitrogenous compounds (such as
When the apparatus was exposed to
Scientific reviews
Bahadur's publications were ambivalently received, and the overall attention of the scientific community seemed limited since Krishna Bahadur and his co-workers reported that the Jeewanus are alive (a striking statement), the team changed the protocols frequently and documented them somewhat idiosyncratically.[1] Bahadur defined "living units" as "[...] those which grow, multiply, and are metabolically active in a systematic, harmonious, and synchronized manner".[5][11] Then, NASA's Exobiology Division tasked two biologists in 1967 to review and evaluate the literature so far published by Krishna Bahadur (not to replicate the experiments) on the synthesis and characteristics of the Jeewanu.[11][18] The two NASA biologists did not debate whether these three criteria are an adequate definition of life, but whether the Jeewanu satisfy these criteria.[18] The NASA report concluded that "the evidence presented on these three points is on the whole unconvincing". The report also stated that the postulated existence of these living units has not been proved and "the nature and properties of the Jeewanu remains to be clarified."[18]
In the 1980s, the Hungarian chemist Tibor Gánti discussed the Jeewanu at length in his 'chemoton theory'—an abstract model of autocatalytic chemical reactions—published first in Hungarian and translated into English in 2003.[1] In the context of self-organizing structures, Gánti considered the Jeewanu a promising model system to understand the origin and fundamentals of life, and one that had never received due attention.[7] In 2011, a German scientist stated that the Jeewanu story pertains to concepts of life, its beginnings, as well as possible artificially created cells.[1]
Experimental duplication work published in 2013 by Gupta and Rai reported that their size varies from 0.5 μ to 3.5 μ in diameter, growth from within, metabolic activities, and "the presence of RNA-like material".
See also
- Abiogenesis
- Artificial cell
- Emergence
- Endocytosis
- Endosymbiotic theory
- Entropy and life
- Evolutionary developmental biology
- Last universal ancestor
- Lipid bilayer characterization
- Lipid bilayer phase behavior
- Model lipid bilayer
- Protocell Circus – a film
- Pseudo-panspermia
References
- ^ (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g Bahadur K, Ranganayaki S, Folsome C, Smith A (1980). A functional approach to the origin of life problem (PDF). Vol. Golden Jubilee Conmmemoration Volume. National Academy of Sciences, India.
- ^ "Jeewanu – Introduction". Jeewanu. Retrieved 2014-03-22.
- ^ a b Bahadur K, et al. (1963). "Synthesis of Jeewanu, the units capable of growth, multiplication and metabolic activity". Vijnana Parishad Anusandhan Patrika. 9: 117–127.
- ^ PMID 1242552. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2013-10-19.
- PMID 1242552.
- ^ ISBN 9780306477850.
- ISBN 9780198507260
- S2CID 4172011.
- ^ S2CID 4261578.
- ^ a b c
- 1) Bahadur K, Ranganayaki S (1964). "Synthesis of Jeewanu, the Units Capable of Growth, Multiplication and Metabolic Activity. I. Preparation of Units Capable of Growth and Division and Having Metabolic Activity". Zentr. Bakteriol. Parasitenk. 117 (11): 367–5740.
- 2) Bahadur K, Verma HC, Srivastva RB, Agrawal KM, Pandey RS, Saxena I, Malviya AN, Kumar V, Perti ON, Pathak HD (1964). "Synthesis of Jeewanu, the Units Capable of Growth, Multiplication and Metabolic Activity. II. Photochemical Preparation of Growing and Multiplying Units with Metabolic Activities". Zentr. Bakteriol. Parasitenk. 117 (11): 573–584.
- 3) Bahadur K (1964). "Synthesis of Jeewanu, the Units Capable of Growth, Multiplication and Metabolic Activity. III. Preparation of Microspheres Capable of Growth and Division by Budding and Having Metabolic Activity with Peptides Prepared Thermally". Zentr. Bakteriol. Parasitenk. 117 (11): 585–602.
- 4) Bahadur K (1964). "Conversion of Lifeless Matter into the Living System". Zentr. Bakteriol. Parasitenk. 118 (11): 671–694.
- 5) Bahadur K (January 1965). "About a Few Experiments on Preparation of Jeewanu from Thermal Peptides". Agra Univ. J. Res. 14 (I): 41–48.
- 6) Bahadur K (1966). "Synthesis of Jeewanu, the Protocell". Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene. Zweite Naturwissenschaftliche Abt. 121 (3): 291–319. PMID 4878619.
- ^ ISSN 2322-0015.
- ^ ISSN 2091-2730.
- ^ Bahadur K (June 1973), "Photochemical Formation of Self Sustaining Coacervates", 4th International Symposium of 'Origin of Life on the Earth', Barcelona, Spain
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - PMID 1242552.
- Bibcode:1981JBIS...34..100B.
- ^ Gupta VK (22 March 2002). "Matter contrives to be alive". Frontier Perspectives. Farlex, Inc.
- ^ a b c Caren LD, Ponnamperuma C (1967). "A review of some experiments on the synthesis of 'Jeewanu'" (PDF). NASA Technical Memorandum X-1439. Moffett Field, California: Ames Research Center.
- S2CID 42341118. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2019-02-20.
Books
- "Synthesis of Jeewanu, the Protocell." Bahadur, Krishna. (In English) Ram Narain Lal Beni Prasad, New Katra, Allahabad-211002 (U.P) India. ASIN: B0007JHWU0 (1966)
- "Origin of Life: A Functional Approach." Bahadur K. and Ranganayaki S.Ram Narain Lal Beni Prasad, New Katra, Allahabad-211002(U.P), India, (1981)
External links
- jeewanu.com Dr. Krishna Bahadur's homepage.