Jeffrey Sachs

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Jeffrey Sachs
International Development
School or
tradition		Keynesian economics[1]
Alma materHarvard University (BA, MA, PhD)
Doctoral
advisor		Martin Feldstein[2]
Doctoral
students
ContributionsMillennium Villages Project
Websitejeffsachs.org

Jeffrey David Sachs (

professor at Columbia University,[5][6] where he was former director of The Earth Institute. He is known for his work on sustainable development, economic development, and the fight to end poverty.[7]

Sachs is Director of the Center for Sustainable Development at Columbia University and President of the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network.[8] He is an SDG Advocate for

Secretary-General António Guterres on the Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs), a set of 17 global goals adopted at a UN summit meeting in September 2015.

From 2001 to 2018, Sachs was Special Advisor to the UN Secretary General, and held the same position under the previous UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and prior to 2016 a similar advisory position related to the earlier Millennium Development Goals (MDGs),[9] eight internationally sanctioned objectives to reduce extreme poverty, hunger and disease by 2015. In connection with the MDGs, he had first been appointed special adviser to the UN Secretary-General in 2002 during the term of Kofi Annan.[9][10]

Sachs is co-founder and chief strategist of

origin of COVID-19, as well as on the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[13][14]

Early life and education

Sachs was raised in

Ph.D. in economics from Harvard with his thesis titled Factor Costs and Macroeconomic Adjustment in the Open Economy: Theory and Evidence,[18] and was invited to join the Harvard Society of Fellows while still a Harvard graduate student.[19]

Academic career

Harvard University

In 1980, Sachs joined the Harvard faculty as an assistant professor, and was promoted to associate professor in 1982. A year later at the age of 28, he became a professor of economics with tenure at Harvard.[20]

During the next 19 years at Harvard, Sachs became the Galen L. Stone Professor of International Trade,[21] director of the Harvard Institute for International Development (1995–1999) and director of the Center for International Development at Harvard Kennedy School (1999–2002).[22]

Columbia University

Sachs is the Director of the Center for Sustainable Development at Columbia University. He is University Professor at Columbia University. From 2002 to 2016, Sachs was director of the

Mailman School of Public Health, and his course "Challenges of Sustainable Development" is taught at the undergraduate level.[25]

Scholarship, consulting, and activism

Sachs has advised several countries on economic policy.[26][27]

Bolivia

When Bolivia was shifting from a dictatorship to a democracy through national elections in 1985, Sachs was invited by the party of Bolivian dictator Hugo Banzer to advise him on an anti-inflation economic plan to implement once he was voted to office. This stabilization plan centered on price deregulation, particularly for oil, along with cuts to the national budget. Sachs stated that his plan could end Bolivian hyperinflation, which had reached up to 14,000%, in a single day.[28][non-primary source needed] Although Banzer ultimately lost the election to the party of former elected president and traditionally developmentalist Víctor Paz Estenssoro, Sachs's plan was still implemented through plans that excluded most of Paz's cabinet. Inflation quickly stabilized in Bolivia.[29][30]

Sachs' suggestion for reducing inflation was to apply fiscal and monetary discipline[clarification needed] and end economic regulation that protected the elites[clarification needed] and blocked the free market[clarification needed]. Hyperinflation reduced within weeks of the Bolivian government instituting his suggestions and the government settled its $3.3 billion debt to international lenders for about 11 cents on the dollar. At the time, this was about 85% of Bolivia's GDP.[31][32]

Advising in post-communist economies

Sachs has worked as an economic adviser to governments in

macroeconomist, he advised a number of national governments in the transition from Marxism–Leninism or developmentalism to market economies.[citation needed
]

In 1989, Sachs advised Poland's

shortages and inflation, but prices in Poland eventually stabilized.[35][third-party source needed] The government of Poland awarded Sachs with one of its highest honors in 1999, the Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit.[36] He also received an honorary doctorate from the Kraków University of Economics.[21]

Sachs's ideas and methods of transition from central planning were adopted throughout the transition economies. He advised Slovenia in 1991 and Estonia in 1992 on the introduction of new stable and convertible currencies.[citation needed] Based on Poland's success, his advice was sought first by Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev and by his successor, Russian President Boris Yeltsin, on the transition of the USSR/Russia to a market economy.[37] He was adviser to Prime Minister Yegor Gaidar and Finance Minister Boris Federov during 1991–1993 on macroeconomic policies.[citation needed] Sachs' methods for stabilizing economies became known as shock therapy and were similar to successful approaches used in Germany after the two world wars.[31] However, he faced criticism for his role after the Russian economy faced signficicant struggles after adopting the market-based shock therapy in the early 1990s.[38][39][40]

Work on global economic development

Since his work in post-communist countries, Sachs has turned to global issues of

New York Magazine,

Sachs’s ambitions are hard to overstate... “His ultimate goal is to change the world — to ‘bend history,’ as he once said, quoting Robert F. Kennedy,” wrote Nina Munk in The Idealist, a biography of Sachs. By the early aughts, he had risen from wonky academic to celebrity public intellectual. According to Munk, people in Sachs’s inner circle affectionately called him a “shit disturber,” someone whose ego was offset by a selfless genius and a penchant for challenging orthodoxies. “There’s a certain messianic quality about him,” George Soros, one of his patrons, told Munk.[41]

Sachs at a UN meeting in 2009

In his 2005 work The End of Poverty, which had a foreword by Bono,[41] Sachs wrote that "Africa's governance is poor because Africa is poor". According to Sachs, with the right policies and key interventions, extreme poverty—defined as living on less than $1 a day—can be eradicated within 20 years. India and China are examples, with the latter lifting 300 million people out of extreme poverty during the last two decades. Sachs has said that a key element to accomplishing this is raising aid from $65 billion in 2002 to $195 billion a year by 2015. He emphasizes the role of geography and climate as much of Africa is landlocked and disease-prone. However, he stresses that these problems can be overcome.[42][third-party source needed]

Sachs suggests that with improved seeds, irrigation and fertilizer, the

insecticide-treated bed nets to combat malaria. The economic impact of malaria has been estimated to cost Africa $12 billion per year. Sachs estimates that malaria can be controlled for $3 billion per year, therefore suggesting that anti-malaria projects would be an economically justified investment.[44]

The Millennium Villages Project (MVP) which he directs operates in more than a dozen African countries and covers more than 500,000 people. The MVP has created controversy because critics have questioned both the design of the project and claims made for its success. In 2012, The Economist reviewed the project and concluded "the evidence does not yet support the claim that the millennium villages project is making a decisive impact".[45] Critics have pointed to the failure to include suitable controls that would allow an accurate determination of whether the MVP methods were responsible for any observed gains in economic development. A 2012 Lancet paper claiming a three-fold increase in the rate of decline in childhood mortality was criticized for flawed methodology and the authors later admitted that the claim was "unwarranted and misleading".[46] In her 2013 book, The Idealist: Jeffrey Sachs and the Quest to End Poverty, journalist Nina Munk concluded that the MVP was a failure.[47]

Following the adoption of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2000, Sachs chaired the WHO Commission on Macroeconomics and Health (2000–2001) which played a pivotal role in scaling up the financing of health care and disease control in the low-income countries to support MDGs 4, 5 and 6. He worked with UN Secretary-General

UN Millennium Project
which was tasked with developing a concrete action plan to achieve the MDGs. The UN General Assembly adopted the key recommendations of the UN Millennium Project at a special session in September 2005.

Previously a special adviser to secretary-general António Guterres,[9][10] Sachs is an advocate for the 2015 Sustainable Development Goals which build upon and supersede the MDGs.[citation needed]

Sachs in 2015

In his capacity as a special adviser at the UN, Sachs has frequently met with

heads of state. He was photographed with Matt Damon and developed a friendship with international celebrities Bono and Angelina Jolie, who traveled to Africa with Sachs to witness the progress of the Millennium Villages.[49][41]

Sachs has criticized the International Monetary Fund and its policies around the world and blamed international bankers for what he says is a pattern of ineffective investment strategies.[50][non-primary source needed]

During the Greek government-debt crisis in July 2015, Sachs, Heiner Flassbeck, Thomas Piketty, Dani Rodrik and Simon Wren-Lewis, published an open letter to the Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel, regarding Greek debt.[51]

Sachs is one of the founders of the Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project.[52]

Views and commentary

Nuclear power

In 2012 Sachs claimed that

carbon neutrality could be achieved without the use of nuclear power.[53][54]

China

Sachs is a "long-time advocate of dismantling American hegemony and embracing the rise of China."[55] He believes the term "genocide" is mistaken in relation to the repression of the Uyghurs in China.[26] He has argued for closer relations between the US and China and warned of the danger of tensions between them.[56][57]

Syria

In April 2018, he supported President

military engagement in Syria and across the Middle East, though the security state seems unlikely to let this happen".[58][59]

Venezuela

A 2019 report authored by Sachs and

sanctions imposed on Venezuela in 2017 and that 40,000 people in Venezuela may have died as a result.[60] The report states: "The sanctions are depriving Venezuelans of lifesaving medicines, medical equipment, food, and other essential imports."[60] Weisbrot stated that the authors "could not prove those excess deaths were the result of sanctions, but said the increase ran parallel to the imposition of the measures and an attendant fall in oil production."[60]

A United States Department of State spokesperson commented that "as the writers themselves concede, the report is based on speculation and conjecture."[60] Harvard economist Ricardo Hausmann asserts that the analysis is flawed because it makes invalid assumptions about Venezuela based on a different country like Colombia, saying that "taking what happened in Colombia since 2017 as a counterfactual for what would have happened in Venezuela if there had been no financial sanctions makes no sense." Calling it "sloppy reasoning", the authors also state that the analysis failed to rule out other explanations and failed to correctly account for PDVSA finances.[61]

COVID-19

Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, Sachs vocally rejected the COVID-19 lab leak theory (a version of which was being supported by President Donald Trump), which posited the SARS-CoV-2 virus was released from a Chinese laboratory, denouncing it as "reckless and dangerous" and arguing that right-wing politicians pointing fingers at the Wuhan Institute of Virology could "push the world to conflict... Neither the biology nor chronology support the laboratory-release story."[41]

In spring 2020,

Richard Ebright, chemical biologist at Rutgers University, who called the commission an "entirely Potemkin commission" in the National Review. However, as Sachs became increasingly drawn to the lab leak theory, he came into conflict with Daszak and his task force, forcing his resignation in summer 2021 and disbanding the group in September that year.[41]

In July 2022, Sachs said he was "pretty convinced," though "not sure" that

COVID-19 disinformation by China. While Sachs has leanings toward the possibility of a virus leak from a "U.S.-backed laboratory research program," he has stated that "A natural spillover is also possible, of course. Both hypotheses are viable at this stage."[65]

In August 2022, Sachs gave an hour-long interview on the podcast of

anti-vaccine conspiracy theorist Robert F. Kennedy Jr. where he criticized Daszak and accused officials such as Anthony Fauci of "not being honest" about the origins of COVID.[66]

In September 2022, the Lancet commission published a wide-ranging report on the pandemic, including commentary on the virus origin overseen by Sachs. The report suggested that the virus may have originated from an American laboratory.[67] Virologists reacting to this, including Angela Rasmussen, commented that the release may have been "one of The Lancet's most shameful moments regarding its role as a steward and leader in communicating crucial findings about science and medicine."[68] Virologist David Robertson said the suggestion of US laboratory involvement was "wild speculation" and that "it's really disappointing to see such a potentially influential report contributing to further misinformation on such an important topic."[68]

War in Ukraine

At MCC Budapest Peace Forum 2023

In May 2022, Sachs said that the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 would be hard to beat and that Finland's moves to join NATO would undermine a negotiated peace: "All of this talk of defeating Russia, to my mind, is reckless."[69] In June 2022, he co-signed an open letter calling for a "ceasefire" in the war, questioning Western countries' continuing military support for Ukraine.[70]

In 2022, he appeared twice on one of the top-rated shows funded by the Russian government, hosted by Vladimir Solovyov, to call for Ukraine to negotiate and step away from its "maximalist demands" of removing Russia from Ukrainian territory.[71]

Sachs has suggested that the U.S. was responsible for the sabotage of the Nord Stream pipeline. In February 2023, he was invited by the Russian government to address the United Nations Security Council about the topic.[72][26]

Critical reception

Economics

Sachs's economic philosophies have been the subject of controversy.[73] Nina Munk, author of the 2013 book The Idealist: Jeffrey Sachs and the Quest to End Poverty, says that, although well intended, poverty eradication projects endorsed by Sachs have years later "left people even worse off than before".[74][75]

Washington Post, calling Sachs' poverty eradication plan "a sort of Great Leap Forward".[76] According to Easterly's cross-country statistical analysis in his book The White Man's Burden, from 1985 to 2006, "When we control both for initial poverty and for bad government, it is bad government that explains the slower growth. We cannot statistically discern any effect of initial poverty on subsequent growth once we control for bad government. This is still true if we limit the definition of bad government to corruption alone." Easterly deems the massive aid proposed by Sachs to be ineffective, as its effect will be hampered by bad governance and/or corruption.[77]

Commenting on Sachs' $120 million effort to aid Africa, American travel writer and novelist

nomadic camel herders in Dertu, Kenya, funded by Sachs' Millennium Villages Project, which cost US$2.5 million over a three-year period. Theroux says that the project's latrines were clogged and overflowing, the dormitories it built quickly became dilapidated, and the livestock market it established ignored local customs and was shut down within a few months. He says that an angry Dertu citizen filed a 15-point written complaint against Sachs's operation, claiming it "created dependence" and that "the project is supposed to be bottom top approached but it is visa [sic] versa."[78]

According to the Canadian journalist Naomi Klein, Jeffrey Sachs is one of the architects of "disaster capitalism" after his recommendations in Bolivia, Poland and Russia led to millions of people ending up in the streets.[79]

China

In December 2018,

sanctions against Iran. Soon after Meng's arrest, Sachs wrote an article in which he said her arrest was part of efforts to contain China and accused the U.S. of hypocrisy for seeking her extradition. He wrote that none of the executives of several U.S. companies which had been fined for sanctions violations were arrested. After he was criticized for the article, Sachs closed his Twitter account, which had 260,000 followers.[80] Isaac Stone Fish, a senior fellow at Asia Society, noted that Sachs had written a foreword to a Huawei position paper, and questioned whether Sachs had been paid by Huawei. Sachs said he had not been paid for the work.[80][81]

In June 2020, Sachs said the targeting of Huawei by the US was not solely about security.[82] In their 2020 book Hidden Hand, Clive Hamilton and Mareike Ohlberg commented on one of Sachs' articles in which he accused the U.S. government of maligning Huawei under hypocritical pretenses. Hamilton and Ohlberg wrote that Sachs' article would be more meaningful and influential if he did not have a close relationship with Huawei, including his previous endorsement of the company's "vision of our shared digital future". The authors also alleged that Sachs has ties to a number of Chinese state bodies and the private energy corporation CEFC China Energy for which he has spoken.[83]

During a January 2021 interview, despite the interviewer's repeated prompting, Sachs evaded questions about China's repression of Uyghur people and referred to "huge human rights abuses committed by the U.S."[84] Subsequently, 19 advocacy and rights groups jointly wrote a letter to Columbia University questioning Sachs' comments.[84][85] The letter's signatories wrote that Sachs took the same stance as China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, a digression to the history of U.S. rights violations as a way to avoid discussions of China's mistreatment of Uyghurs. The rights groups went on to say that Sachs "betrayed his institution's mission" by trivializing the perspective of those who were oppressed by the Chinese government.[84][85] Stephan Richter, editor-in-chief at The Globalist, and J.D. Bindenagel, a former U.S. ambassador, wrote that Sachs was "actively agitating(!) for a classic Communist propaganda ploy".[86]

War in Ukraine

Sachs's views on Russia's invasion of Ukraine in late February 2022 – and specifically his belief that NATO contributed to it – has been criticized as poorly informed by James Kirchick in The Atlantic[87]. In March 2023 a group of 340 economists published an open letter, criticising his point of view.[88][14]

Personal life

Sachs lives in New York City with his wife Sonia Ehrlich Sachs, a pediatrician. They have three children.[89][90][91]

2020 United States presidential election

Sachs endorsed Bernie Sanders in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries and has provided advice to Sanders.[92]

Awards and honors

In 2004 and 2005, Sachs was named one of the 100 Most Influential People in the World by Time. He was also named one of the "500 Most Influential People in the Field of Foreign Policy" by the World Affairs Councils of America.[93]

In 1993, the

New York Times called Sachs "probably the most important economist in the world."[31]
In 2005, Sachs received the
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences for his contributions to society.[36]

In 2007, Sachs received the S. Roger Horchow Award for Greatest Public Service by a Private Citizen, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards.[95]

From 2000 to 2001, Sachs was chairman of the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health

Universidad del Pacifico in Peru. He has lectured at the London School of Economics, the University of Oxford and Yale University and in Tel Aviv and Jakarta.[36]

In September 2008,

James Madison Award for Distinguished Public Service.[98]

In 2016, Sachs became president of the Eastern Economic Association, succeeding Janet Currie.[99]

In 2017, Sachs and his wife were the joint recipients of the first World Sustainability Award.[100] In 2015, Sachs was awarded the Blue Planet Prize for his contributions to solving global environmental problems.[101]

In May 2017 Sachs was awarded the Boris Mints Institute Prize for Research of Strategic Policy Solutions to Global Challenges.[102]

In 2022 Sachs was awarded the Tang Prize in the category of sustainable development.[103]

Publications

Sachs writes a monthly foreign affairs column for

The Huffington Post.[citation needed
]

Selected works

References

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  2. ^ "Sachs's CV" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
  3. ^ Burda, Michael C. "CV" (PDF). Humboldt University of Berlin. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 4, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
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  5. ^ Jacobson, Lindsey (August 24, 2020). "Economists offer bleak view of President Trump's first term, citing deglobalization trends and 'protectionism'". CNBC. Archived from the original on September 18, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
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  7. ^ "Buenos Aires Times | Jeffrey Sachs: 'This is not a game for BlackRock to get an extra percentage point – that's absurd'". www.batimes.com.ar. Archived from the original on February 22, 2022. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
  8. ^ "SDSN Association Board of Directors". Sustainable Development Solutions Network. September 16, 2020. Retrieved September 16, 2020. [dead link]
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  28. ^ Sachs, Jeffrey D. (2005). Economic Possibilities for Our Time: The End of Poverty. New York: Penguin. pp. 90–93.
  29. ^ Conaghan and Malloy (1994). Unsettling Statecraft: Democracy and Neoliberalism in the Central Andes. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 198.
  30. ^ Bridges, Tyler (June 29, 1987). "Dallas Morning News". Bolivia Turns to Free Enterprise Among Hard Times.
  31. ^ a b c Passell, Peter (June 27, 1993). "Dr. Jeffrey Sachs, Shock Therapist". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 25, 2020. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  32. doi:10.3386/w25523. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help
    )
  33. ^ Hardy, Jane (2009). Poland's New Capitalism. London: Pluto Press.
  34. ^ Doug Henwood. "Left Business Observer #111, August 2005". Leftbusinessobserver.com. Archived from the original on August 14, 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2014.
  35. ^ Jeffrey Sachs and David Lipton (June 1, 1990). "Lipton, David and Sachs, Jeffrey. Foreign Affairs, 1990". Foreignaffairs.org. Archived from the original on January 6, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2014.
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