Jeremiah 39

Jeremiah 39
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A high resolution scan of the Aleppo Codex showing the Book of Jeremiah (the sixth book in Nevi'im).
Book	Book of Jeremiah
Hebrew Bible part	Nevi'im
Order in the Hebrew part	6
Category	Latter Prophets
Christian Bible part	Old Testament
Order in the Christian part	24

Jeremiah 39 is the thirty-ninth

The original text was written in Hebrew. This chapter is divided into 18 verses.

Verse numbering

The order of chapters and verses of the Book of Jeremiah in the English Bibles, Masoretic Text (Hebrew), and Vulgate (Latin), in some places differs from that in the Septuagint (LXX, the Greek Bible used in the Eastern Orthodox Church and others) according to Rahlfs or Brenton. The following table is taken with minor adjustments from Brenton's Septuagint, page 971.^[3]

The order of Computer Assisted Tools for Septuagint/Scriptural Study (CATSS) based on Alfred Rahlfs' Septuaginta (1935), differs in some details from Joseph Ziegler's critical edition (1957) in Göttingen LXX. Swete's Introduction mostly agrees with Rahlfs' edition (=CATSS).^[3]

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008).^[4]

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (with a different chapter and verse numbering), made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^Q; 6th century).^[5] The Septuagint version does not contain the part what is generally known to be verses 4–13 in Christian Bibles.^[3]

Parashot

The parashah sections listed here are based on the Aleppo Codex.^[6] Jeremiah 39 is a part of the "Fifteenth prophecy (Jeremiah 36-39)" in the section of Prophecies interwoven with narratives about the prophet's life (Jeremiah 26-45). {P}: open parashah; {S}: closed parashah.

[{S} 38:28b] 39:1-14 והיה כאשר {S} 39:15-18 {P}

Old Testament references

• Jeremiah 39:1–10: 2 Kings 25:1–12; Jeremiah 52:4–16^[7][8]

Analysis

Chronologically and thematically this chapter is a continuation of the

Verses 1–3 detail the events of the Babylonian invasion to Jerusalem from the ninth to the eleventh year of Zedekiah when finally the city was captured, occupied and destroyed by the Babylonian army. Verses 4–5 focus on Zedekiah's failed effort to escape and the fulfillment of the prophecy that Zedekiah's offspring were killed in front of him before he himself was blinded and taken to captivity. The houses of Jerusalem were burned and people were exiled, except the poor ones who remained and given their land back by Nebuzaradan, the Babylonian captain of the guard (verses 8–10).^[9]

Verse 1

In the ninth year of Zedekiah king of Judah, in the tenth month, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon and all his army came against Jerusalem, and besieged it.^[12]

Cross reference: 2 Kings 25:1; Jeremiah 52:1–4; Ezekiel 24:1–2

"The ninth year of Zedekiah king of Judah, in the tenth month" refers to January 587 BCE.

And in the eleventh year of Zedekiah, in the fourth month, the ninth day of the month, the city was broken up.[15]

Cross reference: 2 Kings 25:2–4; Jeremiah 52:5–7

• "The city was broken up" (KJV); "the city was penetrated" (NKJV): An alternative translation would be "... the city wall was breached".^[16] "The eleventh year of Zedekiah, in the fourth month" refers to July 586 BCE: the wall of Jerusalem "was broken through" after 18 months of siege,^[13][14] and the city fell after completely devoid of food. Cannibalism became prevalent (Jeremiah 52:4–6; Lamentations 4:10).^[14]

Verse 3

All the officials of the king of Babylon entered and sat at the Middle Gate: Nergal-sharezer, Samgar, Nebusarsechim the Rab-saris, Nergal-sharezer the Rab-mag, and all the rest of the officials of Babylon’s king.^[17]

The

The

Various language versions have rendered the list of names differently:[20]

• "Nebusarsechim Rab-saris" (Hebrew: נבו שר־סכים רב־סריס): David Vanderhooft reported, "A certain Nabû-šarrūssu-ukīn held the office of rēš šarri under Amel-Marduk in 561 B.C.E."^[21] A tablet was unearthed in the ancient city of Sippar in the 1870s and acquired by the British Museum in 1920, but only being discovered by Michael Jursa of University of Vienna in 2000s, to contain both the name and the title Nabu-sharrussu-ukin rab ša-rēši closely matched of this person.^[22] As the tablet is dated just eight years before the events described here, Jursa wrote that the rarity of the Babylonian name, the high rank of the rab ša-rēši and the close proximity in time make it almost certain that the person mentioned on the tablet is identical with the biblical figure.^[23]
• "Samgar" or "Simmagir"; "Rab-saris"; and "Rab-mag" are "titles of Babylonian officials" according to the New Oxford Annotated Bible.^[13]

Verse 4

So it was, when Zedekiah the king of Judah and all the men of war saw them, that they fled and went out of the city by night, by way of the king's garden, by the gate between the two walls. And he went out by way of the plain.^[24]

• Cross references:
  Ezekiel 12:12
• "The king’s garden": mentioned in
  City of David', which point to the southern part of the city near the Tyropoeon Valley. The location supports the reference to the "two walls," which were likely 'the walls on the eastern and western hills'.^[25]
• "The plain": or "Arabah; the Jordan valley",[26] which is the 'rift valley' (עֲרָבָה, ʿaravah) extending from Galilee along the Jordan River then descending to the Gulf of Aqaba. The king and his men might try to escape across the Jordan river to Moab or Ammon, because from Jeremiah 40:14 and 41:15 it is known that the Ammonites were harboring fugitives from the Babylonians.^[27]

Verse 5

′'But the army of the Chaldeans pursued them and overtook Zedekiah in the plains of Jericho. And when they had taken him, they brought him up to Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, at Riblah, in the land of Hamath; and he passed sentence on him.^[28]

• Cross reference:
  Jeremiah 52:8
• "Plains": from the plural form of Hebrew word עֲרָבָה, ʿaravah, "rift valley"; here refers to 'the sloping plains of the rift valley basin north of the
  Numbers 21:1).^[29]
• "
  2 Kings 23:33) prior to taking him captive to Egypt. Now Nebuchadnezzar made it his base camp for his campaigns against the Palestinian states and his seat of judgment on prisoners brought to him there,^[30]

Moreover he put out Zedekiah’s eyes, and bound him with bronze fetters to carry him off to Babylon.[31]

Cross references:

• Huey notes the fulfillment of two prophecies in this verse:^[7]
  1. Jeremiah 34:3
     )
  2. Zedekiah would die in Babylon without being able to see that country (the prophecy recorded in
     Ezekiel 12:13
     )

Jeremiah and Ebed-melech went free (39:11–18)

Jeremiah survived because of his trust to YHWH and together with other people who were left behind by the Babylonians, he could go to his own home (verses 11–14), under the protection of Gedaliah.^[10] Ebed-melech, the Ethiopian who had rescued Jeremiah also survived (verses 15–18), because he trusted in YHWH.^[11] The many topics of these narratives converge to a single persuasion effort that the exiles should submit to Babylon as the only way of life forward.^[11]

Verse 13

So Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard sent Nebushasban, Rabsaris, Nergal-Sharezer, Rabmag, and all the king of Babylon’s chief officers;^[32]

"Rabsaris"; and "Rabmag" are "titles of Babylonian officials" according to the New Oxford Annotated Bible.^[13]

Verse 14

then they sent someone to take Jeremiah from the court of the prison, and committed him to Gedaliah the son of Ahikam, the son of Shaphan, that he should take him home. So he dwelt among the people.^[33]

According to

References