Jerez de la Frontera

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Jerez de la Frontera
Municipality
Postal code		11401 – 11409
Website	www.jerez.es

Jerez de la Frontera (Spanish pronunciation:

As of 2020[update], with 213,105 inhabitants, Jerez is the most-populated municipality in the province of Cádiz. Its municipality covers an area of 1,188.14 km² (458.74 sq mi) and includes Los Alcornocales Natural Park.

Since 1987, Grand Prix motorcycle racing has been held at the Circuito de Jerez in early May. The circuit has also hosted several Formula One Grands Prix, including the 1997 final race of the season, which was notable for a controversial championship-deciding incident. Other popular festivals in the city are the Feria de Jerez and the Holy Week.

Etymology

The classical Latin name of Asta Regia, unrelated to the present name, referred to an ancient city now found within Mesas de Asta, a rural district approximately 11 km (6.84 mi) from the center of Jerez.

The current Spanish-language name came by way of the Arabic-language name شريش Sherīsh,^[5] used during the Muslim period in Iberia. The placename was rendered as Xerez or Xerés (Old Spanish pronunciation: [/ʃeˈɾes̪/]) in old Romance sources. The name of the famous fortified wine, sherry, represents an adaptation of the city's Arabic name, Sherish.^{[citation needed]} Frontera is the Spanish-language cognate of 'frontier', owing to being located on the border between the Moorish and Christian regions on the Iberian Peninsula during the 13th century.^{[citation needed]} Upon the Modern-era readjustment and simplification of Spanish-language sibilant phonemes (including /ʃ/ changed into /x/) the spelling of the placename ended up being changed accordingly.

The old spelling "Xerez" as the name given to the city survived in several foreign languages until very recently, and today continues to influence the name given to sherry: Portuguese Xerez [ʃɨˈɾɛʃ], Catalan Xerès [ʃəˈɾɛs], English sherry /ˈʃɛri/, French Xérès [ɡzeʁɛs]. The city's main football team continues to use the old spelling, Xerez.

History

Prehistory and Ancient history

Traces of human presence in the area date from the upper Neolithic, and humans have inhabited Jerez de la Frontera since at least the

In 1231 the Battle of Jerez took place within Jerez. Christian troops under the command of Álvaro Pérez de Castro, lord of the House of Castro and grandson of Alfonso VII, king of Castile and León, defeated the troops of the Emir Ibn Hud, despite the numerical superiority of the latter. After a month-long siege in 1261, the city surrendered to Castile, but its Muslim population remained. It rebelled and was finally defeated in 1264.

Due to its agriculture-based economy and demographics, Jerez was already a major city of the Lower Andalusia towards the end of the Middle Ages.^[7]

Early modern period

The

Despite the social, economic and political decadence that occurred in the seventeenth century, towards the end of the Habsburg rule, the city managed to maintain a reasonable^{[citation needed]} pace of development, becoming world-famous for its wine industry.

Late modern period

In January 1892, a peasant uprising took place in Jerez and its violent repression lead to a series of protests and revenge bombings in the next decade.^[11]

Government

The city of Jerez is governed by the ayuntamiento (municipality) of Jerez, whose representatives, as in other towns in Spain, are elected every four years by universal suffrage for all citizens older than 18 years of age. The body is chaired by the mayor of Jerez. Currently, the mayor is María del Carmen Sánchez Díaz, a member of Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, who won the municipal election in 2015, by the aid of Ganemos Jerez and IULV-CA.

Economy

The economy of Jerez has traditionally been centred on the wine industry, with exports of sherry worldwide. Because it lacks the civil service that other cities enjoy, Jerez has based its economy on industry. The cultivation of fruits, grains, and vegetables and horse and cattle husbandry has also been important to the local economy. It is the home base for the Spanish Military Stud farm, the Yeguada Militar de Jerez de la Frontera.

After the wine crisis in the 1990s, the city is now seeking to expand its industrial base. Tourism has been successfully promoted. The city's strong identity as a center for wine, flamenco, and horses, its popular festivals,

The city is the home of Jerez Airport and has also been positioning itself as a logistics hub for western Andalusia, through the integration between the airport, the rail system and nearby ports.

Geography

Location

Jerez de la Frontera is located in the region of Campiña de Jerez, which includes the municipalities of Jerez de la Frontera and San José del Valle. The territory of the region corresponds to the previous municipality of the city of Jerez, before the disintegration of San José del Valle in 1995. The municipality of Jerez is the largest in the province of Cadiz and the sixth in Spain with 1188 square kilometers.

The region of the Campiña de Jerez is crossed by the Guadalete River. There are several wetlands in its territory, such as the lagoons of Medina and Torrox. There are also the Montes de Propio de Jerez, included in the Natural Park of Los Alcornocales. Its agriculture is known for the designation of origin of its wine, sherry, grown in the triangle formed between Jerez de la Frontera, Sanlúcar de Barrameda and El Puerto de Santa María.

Jerez de la Frontera is located 6 km (3.7 mi) from El Puerto de Santa Maria, 12 km (7.5 mi) from the Atlantic Ocean and 85 km (53 mi) from the Strait of Gibraltar. The city is one of the six municipalities that make up the Metropolitan Area of the Bay of Cadiz-Jerez, a polynuclear urban agglomeration formed by the municipalities of Cadiz, Chiclana de la Frontera, Jerez de la Frontera, Puerto Real, El Puerto de Santa Maria and San Fernando located in the Bay of Cadiz.

Climate

Jerez de la Frontera and the rest of the

• The Cathedral
• Church of San Miguel (15th century), in Gothic–Baroque style
• Church of San Mateo, in Gothic style, the oldest in the city
• The
  Charterhouse
• Church of Santiago, dating to the time of Alfonso X of Castile (reigned 1252–1284)
• Church of San Juan de los Caballeros, created after Alfonso X's conquest of the city in 1264
• Church of San Marcos
  (13th century)
• Church of San Dionisio
  (13th century), built around 1457
• Church of San Lucas, built over an old mosque
• Church of San Francisco, containing the grave of Queen Blanca de Borbón (died 1361)
• Church of San Pedro
• Chapel of San Juan de Letrán
• Calvary Chapel
• Chapel of Los Desamparados
• Convent of San José
• Convent of Santa María de Gracia
• Convento of Espíritu Santo
• Hermitage of San Isidro Labrador
• Hermitage of San Telmo
• Church of Santo Domingo
• Church of Los Descalzos
• Convent of Las Reparadoras
• Church of La Victoria
• Hermitage of La Ina
• Basílica del Carmen de Jerez

Palaces and manors

• Casa-palacio de la calle Lealas, número 20
• Casa-palacio de los Ponce de León
• Casa de los Basurto
• Casa Petra de la Riva
• Palace of Marqués de Montana
• Palacio Dávila
• Palacio de Bertemati
• Palacio de Campo Real
• Palacio de Riquelme
• Palacio de los Condes de Montegil
• Palacio de los Condes de Puerto Hermoso
• Palacio de los Morla y Melgarejo
• Palacio de Luna
• Palacio de Mirabal
• Palacio de Villapanés
• Palacio de Villavicencio
• Palacio del Barón de Algar del Campo
• Palacio del Conde de los Andes
• Palacio del Marqués de Villamarta
• Palacio Duque de Abrantes
• Palacio Pemartín
• Palacio San Blas

Museums

• Archaeological Museum
• Bullfighting Museum
• Nativity scene Museum
• Museos de la Atalaya
• Pinacoteca Rivero
• Museo del Traje Andaluz
• Museo de Tecnología Agraria Antonio Cabral
• Museo del Enganche

Other monuments

• Old City Hall of Jerez de la Frontera, built in 1575
• Alcazar of Jerez de la Frontera
  , a Moorish fortress, dating to the 11th century
• Zoo and Botanical Garden of Jerez.
• Villamarta Theatre
• Gallo Azul, built in 1927
• Walls of Jerez de la Frontera

Main factories

• González Byass
• Domecq
• Grupo Estévez
• Grupo Garvey
• Williams & Humbert
• Bodegas de Pilar Plá
• Bodegas Tradición
• Sánchez Romate
• Bodegas Lustau

Other infrastructure

• Crocodile Farm Kariba, unique in Spain.
• Circuit of Jerez
• Jerez Airport
• Fair Institution of Cádiz
• Chapín Stadium
• Walk of Fame Jerez de la Frontera
• Military Stud of de Jerez de la Frontera
• Jerez Bullring
• Roundabout of Minotaur
• Playground "Children's City"
• Water Tower of Jerez
• Old fish market
• Sala Compañía
• Centro Andaluz de Flamenco
• Zoco de Artesanía de Jerez
• Children's Traffic Park

Culture

Wine

Jerez is the world capital of sherry, a fortified wine made from white grapes grown near the city of Jerez. Jerez has been a centre of viniculture since the Phoenicians introduced winemaking to Spain in 1100 BC.^{[citation needed]} The Romans continued the practice after they took control of Iberia around 200 BC. The Moors conquered the region in AD 711 and introduced distillation, which led to the development of brandy and fortified wine. Because sherry was a major wine export to the United Kingdom, British families founded many of the Jerez cellars. The city has many bodegas (wineries), many of which are of British origin. The most important include:

• González Byass: Manuel María González Angel founded this bodega in 1835, and his English agent, Robert Blake Byass subsequently joined in. The firm produces the fino sherry Tío Pepe.
• Williams & Humbert: This is a winery located in Jerez de la Frontera dedicated to the production of sherry wines and brandies and other liqueurs. Sir Alexander Williams and Arthur Humbert founded it in 1877.
• Grupo Garvey: founded in 1780 by William Garvey Power.
• Grupo Estévez: owns the Marqués del Real Tesoro and
  Valdespin bodegas. With origins dating from 1430, Valdespino is one of the oldest bodegas in the area.^{[citation needed}
  ]
• Domecq: is a winemaking company founded by Álvaro Domecq Díez's father.

Brandy de Jerez is a brandy exclusively produced within the "Sherry Triangle" (which is bounded by Jerez de la Frontera, El Puerto de Santa María and Sanlúcar de Barrameda, all in the province of Cádiz). Brandy de Jerez is used in Spanish cuisine, especially with meats.^{[citation needed]}

Carthusian breed of horses

Jerez is the original home of the Carthusian sub-strain of the

Jerez is the home of the Royal Andalusian School of Equestrian Art, a riding school comparable to the famous Spanish Riding School of Vienna.

Another famous equine institution headquartered in Jerez is the Yeguada Militar de Jerez de la Frontera (known outside Spain as the Yeguada Militar), the Spanish military stud farm dedicated to the breeding of purebred Andalusian and Arabian horses. Founded in 1847, it became the official stud farm of the Spanish military in 1893.

The 2002 FEI World Equestrian Games were held in Jerez at the Estadio Municipal de Chapín, which was remodeled for the event, from September 10 to September 22, 2002. This was the 4th edition of the games, which are held every four years and run by the FEI.

Flamenco

Jerez is proud of its Andalusian Centre of Flamenco, which was founded in 1993 to safeguard and promote the values and standards of flamenco. It is devoted to the investigation, recovery, and collection of flamenco-related historical documents, whether they are in audio, visual, or journalistic form. It also has a collection of flamenco artifacts, including musical instruments, costumes, promotional posters, sheet music, and postcards. The centre operates a museum and library to help educate the public and serve as a resource for scholars. Many of the most famous personalities of the city are or were involved in the performance of flamenco, including La Paquera de Jerez, Lola Flores and José Mercé.

Festivals

Since 1987 the Grand Prix motorcycle racing has been held at the Circuito de Jerez in early May. Thousands of motorbikers from around the world come to the city this week to watch the MotoGP race held in Jerez annually. The race is one of the most watched races in Europe.

Another popular festival is the Feria del Caballo (declared a festival of international tourist interest), one of the most famous Spanish fairs, and the most important fair in the province of Cádiz. It is celebrated annually in the Parque González Hontoria for one week in May, occurring always after the Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix. The a fair dedicated mainly to the horse. All booths (casetas) at the fair are open to the public, so that attendees may walk into any one of them and enjoy the food, drinks, and dancing. This is one of the main features that differentiates the Feria de Jerez from the rest of the Andalusian Fairs, such as the Seville Fair, where most of the casetas are private and only card-holding members are allowed in.

• Flamenco festival de Jerez
• Carnival of Jerez
• Fiestas de la Vendimia (Declared a festival of international tourist interest)

Other institutions

The old quarter of Jerez, dating from medieval times, has been named an "Artistic Historic Complex". The Easter week celebrations in Jerez are of "National Touristic Interest", and its remarkable Feria del Caballo in May is an event of "International Touristic Interest".

The Andalusian Flamenco Centre is located in the Pemartín Palace (Palacio de Pemartín) and offers a library, displays, video films and live demonstrations of the art of flamenco dancing.

Sport

Circuito de Jerez

The city of Jerez is the first motorcycling world capital.

The race course is also a prime destination for Formula One teams wishing to perform off-season testing. In the past it has hosted the F1 race itself, namely the Spanish Grand Prix between 1986 and 1990, before the race moved permanently to the Catalunya Circuit near Barcelona. Since then Jerez has hosted Formula One races a few times, with the designation of the European Grand Prix in 1994 and the controversial race in 1997.

Complejo Municipal de Chapín

The Complejo Municipal de Chapín is a complex of sports facilities that includes a football stadium and field, a baseball field, equestrian facilities and a Sports Hall, as well as a futsal field and basketball and volleyball courts.

The Estadio Municipal de Chapín, a multi-purpose stadium, was built in 1988 and seats 20,523 spectators. In 2002 the stadium was remodeled to hold the 2002 FEI World Equestrian Games. The whole grandstand was covered with a roof, and a hotel and spa-gym were added. It was historically the home of Xerez CD, the city's club founded in 1947 and known simply as Xerez, which played in the top division in the 2009–2010 season. Currently, the stadium is the home of Xerez Deportivo FC, founded in 2013 to replace the old Xerez club.

The stadium, which has a running track, was designated as an

Canasta Unibasket Jerez and DKV Jerez are the city's basketball teams; they play in Palacio Municipal de Deportes de Chapín.

Venenciadores de Jerez, the city's baseball team, is currently without a home field and awaits completion of one in the Complejo Municipal de Chapín.

The main futsal team in Jerez is Xerez Deportivo FC (also known as Xerez Toyota Nimauto for sponsorship reasons). It was founded in 2014 and currently plays in the Ruiz Mateos Sports Center and the Palacio Municipal de Deportes de Chapín in Segunda Andaluza.

The most important rugby club is Club Rugby Xerez, which trains at the Pradera Hípica in Chapín.

Domecq Stadium

The Domecq Stadium was the first football stadium in Jerez de la Frontera. It was the home of Xerez CD and Jerez Industrial CF before its demolition. The Stadium del Parque (Park Stadium) was built in 1923 and remodeled (with the name of Domecq Stadium) in 1932 by the architect Francisco Hernández Rubio. It held 20,523 and it was demolished in 1988.

Juventud Stadium

Currently, the Juventud Stadium is the oldest stadium in the city. It holds 5,000 and is the home of Jerez Industrial CF, founded in 1951, the main rival of Xerez.

Formerly, the football field belonged to the youth hostel which is located in the vicinity thereof, hence its name.

Antonio Fernández Marchán Stadium

It is the CD Guadalcacín stadium, which plays in the Tercera Division. It is placed in Guadalcacín, a neighborhood northern Jerez.

Other sports complexes

• Complejo Deportivo de La Granja
• Campo de fútbol de La Canaleja
• Campo de Fútbol Manuel Millán
• Campo de fútbol Juan Fernández Simón
• Campo de fútbol de Picadueña
• Polideportivo Ruiz-Mateos

Other sports

The 2014 Vuelta a España cycle race began in Jerez de la Frontera on 23 August, with a 12.6 km (7.8 mi) team time trial. The race followed a 21-stage route, finishing in Santiago de Compostela on 14 September.

Club Natación Jerez, is the main Swimming Club in Jerez. It has won the "Campeonato de España Master" ("Championship of Spain Master") many times.

Education

There are 76 elementary schools, 41 secondary schools, 12 adult education centres and 10 public libraries in the city of Jerez.^{[citation needed]}

University of Cádiz

The University of Cádiz, the provincial university, has a campus in Jerez. It specializes in socio-political studies.

The city is also home to a member of the Official School of Languages (Escuela Oficial de Idiomas) and a centre of the National Distance Education University (Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED).

Transportation

Airport

Jerez Airport, also known as Aeropuerto de La Parra, is the main airport in the province of Cádiz. It is located 8 km (5 mi) north of the city centre and is connected to the city by train and bus.

It was built in 1937, during the Spanish Civil War by the Nationalists in order to transport soldiers from Africa to Spain. The airport was open to civil traffic in 1992. It is the third most important airport in Andalucia after Malaga and Seville.

Train

Jerez has had a railway line since 1854, which was one of the first in Spain, the Alcázar de San Juan–Cádiz railway. The line went between Jerez and El Puerto de Santa María and transported wine barrels for export. Jerez de la Frontera railway station is used by more passengers than Cádiz and is the fourth busiest in Andalucia.

Next to the Aeropuerto de Jerez, there is a new train station which connects the airport through the

According to official population data from INE, the municipality of Jerez had 213,105[18] inhabitants as of January 1, 2020. This makes Jerez the most populous city in the province, fifth in Andalusia, and 25th in Spain.

Growth

Growth of the population of Jerez de la Frontera from 1842

Fuente:

INE^[19]

Population distribution

Population centre names	Kind	Population 2012	Distance from city centre
Cuartillos	Rural neighbourhood	1,300 inhabitants	11 km (6.8 mi) east
El Mojo-Baldío de Gallardo	Rural neighbourhood	400 inhabitants	16 km (9.9 mi) southeast
El Portal	Rural neighbourhood	700 inhabitants	6 km (3.7 mi) south
Estella del Marqués	Village	1,650 inhabitants	5.5 km (3.4 mi) east
El Torno	Village	1,300 inhabitants	20 km (12 mi) east
Gibalbín	Rural neighbourhood	550 inhabitants	30 km (19 mi) northeast
Guadalcacín	Village	5,500 inhabitants	5 km (3.1 mi) northeast
Jerez de la Frontera (city)	City	190,000 inhabitants
La Barca de la Florida	Village	4,353 inhabitants	20 km (12 mi) east
La Corta	Rural neighbourhood	550 inhabitants	3.8 km (2.4 mi) south
La Ina	Rural neighbourhood	800 inhabitants	10 km (6.2 mi) southeast
Las Pachecas	Rural neighbourhood	430 inhabitants	8 km (5.0 mi) southeast
Las Tablas, Polila y Añina	Rural neighbourhood	400 inhabitants	6 km (3.7 mi) west
Lomopardo	Rural neighbourhood	283 inhabitants	5 km (3.1 mi) southeast
Los Albarizones	Rural neighbourhood	420 inhabitants	3.5 km (2.2 mi) southeast
Majarromaque	Rural neighbourhood	500 inhabitants	26 km (16 mi) east
Mesas de Asta	Rural neighbourhood	600 inhabitants	11 km (6.8 mi) east
Mesas de Santa Rosa	Rural neighbourhood	300 inhabitants	5 km (3.1 mi) north
Nueva Jarilla	Village	1,600 inhabitants	15 km (9.3 mi) northeast
Puente de la Guareña	Rural neighbourhood	500 inhabitants	16 km (9.9 mi) east
Rajamancera	Rural neighbourhood	485 inhabitants	8 km (5.0 mi) southeast
San Isidro del Guadalete	Village	650 inhabitants	15 km (9.3 mi) southeast
Torrecera	Village	1,280 inhabitants	20 km (12 mi) southeast
Torremelgarejo	Rural neighbourhood	730 inhabitants	10 km (6.2 mi) east

Immigration

Immigrant Population in Jerez (2011)[20]
Country / Area	Men	Women	Total	% Pop.
European Union	929	913	1842	0,87%
Germany	109	107	216	0,10%
Portugal	60	61	121	0,06%
France	103	124	227	0,11%
Italy	124	95	219	0,10%
United Kingdom	193	135	328	0,15%
Romania	196	227	423	0,20%
Non-EU Countries	71	187	258	0,12%
Russia	7	61	68	0,03%
Ukraine	29	91	120	0,06%
AFRICA	608	380	988	0,46%
Morocco	335	244	579	0,27%
AMERICAS	841	1344	2185	1,03%
Argentina	67	92	159	0,07%
Bolivia	225	396	621	0,29%
Colombia	116	196	312	0,15%
Ecuador	57	73	130	0,06%
Peru	38	49	87	0,04%
ASIA	165	160	325	0,15%
China	126	112	238	0,11%
OTHERS	2	0	2	0,001%
TOTAL	2606	2975	5581	2,62%

People

• Dolores Agujetas
• Manuel Alejandro
• Mercedes Chilla
• Daniel Güiza
• Kiko
• Lola Flores
• José Mercé
• Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
• Gerardo Núñez
• Juan José Palomino Jiménez
• Miguel Primo de Rivera
• Mala Rodriguez
• Luis Coloma, creator of Ratoncito Pérez
• José Manuel Caballero Bonald
• Juan José Padilla
• Rafael de Paula
• Pilar Paz Pasamar
• Marina Garcia Herrera
• Carlos González Ragel

International relations

Twin towns – Sister cities

Jerez de la Frontera is

See also

• List of mayors of Jerez de la Frontera
• Monument to Primo de Rivera (Jerez)

References