Jericho
Jericho
أريحا ( Palestinian city | |
---|---|
Arabic transcription(s) | |
• DIN | Arīḥā |
Hebrew transcription(s) | |
• DIN | Yərīḥō |
City (from 1994) | |
• Head of Municipality | Salem Ghrouf[1][2] |
Area | |
• Total | 58,701 dunams (58.701 km2 or 22.665 sq mi) |
Elevation | −258 m (−846 ft) |
Population (2017)[3] | |
• Total | 20,907 |
• Density | 360/km2 (920/sq mi) |
History of Palestine |
---|
Jericho (
From the end of the era of Mandatory Palestine, the city was annexed and ruled by Jordan from 1949 to 1967 and, with the rest of the West Bank, has been subject to Israeli occupation since 1967; administrative control was handed over to the Palestinian Authority in 1994.[5][6]
Jericho is among the oldest cities in the world,[7][8][9] and it is also the city with the oldest known defensive wall.[10] Archaeologists have unearthed the remains of more than 20 successive settlements in Jericho, the first of which dates back 11,000 years (to 9000 BCE),[11][12] almost to the very beginning of the Holocene epoch of the Earth's history.[13][14] Copious springs in and around the city have attracted human habitation for thousands of years.[15] Jericho is described in the Bible as the "city of palm trees".[16]
In 2023, the archaeological site in the center of the city, known as Tell es-Sultan / Old Jericho, was inscribed in UNESCO's list as a World Heritage Site in the State of Palestine, and described as the "oldest fortified city in the world".[17][18]
Etymology
Jericho's name in
Jericho's Arabic name, Arīḥā, means 'fragrant' and also has its roots in Canaanite Reaẖ.[20][21][22]
History and archaeology
The first excavations of the site were made by Charles Warren in 1868. Ernst Sellin and Carl Watzinger excavated Tell es-Sultan and Tulul Abu el-'Alayiq between 1907 and 1909, and in 1911, and John Garstang excavated between 1930 and 1936. Extensive investigations using more modern techniques were made by Kathleen Kenyon between 1952 and 1958. Lorenzo Nigro and Nicolò Marchetti conducted excavations in 1997–2000. Since 2009 the Italian-Palestinian archaeological project of excavation and restoration was resumed by Rome "La Sapienza" University and Palestinian MOTA-DACH under the direction of Lorenzo Nigro and Hamdan Taha, and Jehad Yasine since 2015.[23] The Italian-Palestinian Expedition carried out 13 seasons in 20 years (1997–2017), with some major discoveries, like Tower A1 in the Middle Bronze Age southern Lower Town and Palace G on the eastern flanks of the Spring Hill overlooking the Spring of 'Ain es-Sultan dating from Early Bronze III.
Stone Age: Tell es-Sultan and spring
The earliest excavated settlement was located at the present-day
Natufian hunter-gatherers, c. 10,000 BCE
Jericho has evidence of settlement dating back to 10,000 BCE. During the
Pre-Pottery Neolithic, c. 9500–6500 BCE
The Pre-Pottery Neolithic at Jericho is divided in Pre-Pottery Neolithic A and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B.
Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)
This section needs additional citations for verification. (March 2022) |
The first permanent settlement on the site of Jericho developed near the Ein es-Sultan spring between 9,500 and 9000 BCE.[27][28] As the world warmed up, a new culture based on agriculture and sedentary dwelling emerged, which archaeologists have termed "Pre-Pottery Neolithic A" (abbreviated as PPNA). Its cultures lacked pottery, but featured the following:[citation needed]
- small circular dwellings
- burial of the dead under the floor of buildings
- reliance on hunting of wild game
- cultivation of wild or domestic cereals
At Jericho, circular dwellings were built of clay and straw bricks left to dry in the sun, which were plastered together with a mud mortar. Each house measured about 5 metres (16 ft) across, and was roofed with mud-smeared brush. Hearths were located within and outside the homes.[30]
The Pre-Sultan (c. 8350 – 7370 BCE)[
Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)
This section needs additional citations for verification. (March 2022) |
The Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) was a period of about 1.4 millennia, from 7220 to 5850 BCE[clarification needed] (though carbon-14-dates are few and early). The following are PPNB cultural features:[citation needed]
- Expanded range of domesticated plants
- Possible domestication of sheep
- Apparent cult involving the preservation of human skulls, with facial features reconstructed using plaster, and eyes set with shells in some cases
After a few centuries, the first settlement was abandoned. After the PPNA settlement phase, there was a settlement hiatus of several centuries, then the PPNB settlement was founded on the eroded surface of the tell. This second settlement, established in 6800 BCE, perhaps represents the work of an invading people who absorbed the original inhabitants into their dominant culture. Artifacts dating from this period include ten plastered human skulls, painted so as to reconstitute the individuals' features.[20] These represent either teraphim or the first example of portraiture in art history,[dubious ] and it is thought that they were kept in people's homes while the bodies were buried.[9][39]
The architecture consisted of rectilinear buildings made of mudbricks on stone foundations. The mudbricks were loaf-shaped with deep thumb prints to facilitate bonding. No building has been excavated in its entirety. Normally, several rooms cluster around a central courtyard. There is one big room (6.5 m × 4 m (21.3 ft × 13.1 ft)[dubious ] and 7 m × 3 m (23.0 ft × 9.8 ft))[dubious ] with internal divisions; the rest are small, presumably used for storage. The rooms have red or pinkish terrazzo-floors made of lime. Some impressions of mats made of reeds or rushes have been preserved. The courtyards have clay floors.[citation needed]
Kathleen Kenyon interpreted one building as a shrine. It contained a niche in the wall. A chipped pillar of volcanic stone that was found nearby might have fitted into this niche.[citation needed]
The dead were buried under the floors or in the rubble fill of abandoned buildings. There are several collective burials. Not all the skeletons are completely articulated, which may point to a time of exposure before burial. A
Other finds included flints, such as arrowheads (tanged or side-notched), finely denticulated sickle-blades, burins, scrapers, a few tranchet axes, obsidian, and green obsidian from an unknown source. There were also querns, hammerstones, and a few ground-stone axes made of greenstone. Other items discovered included dishes and bowls carved from soft limestone, spindle whorls made of stone and possible loom weights, spatulae and drills, stylised anthropomorphic plaster figures, almost life-size, anthropomorphic and theriomorphic clay figurines, as well as shell and malachite beads. [40]
In the late 4th millennium BCE, Jericho was occupied during Neolithic 2[dubious ] and the general character of the remains on the site link it culturally with Neolithic 2 (or PPNB) sites in the West Syrian and Middle Euphrates groups. This link is established by the presence of rectilinear mud-brick buildings and plaster floors that are characteristic of the age.[citation needed]
Bronze Age
A succession of settlements followed from 4500 BCE onward.[citation needed]
Early Bronze Age
In the Early Bronze IIIA (c. 2700 – 2500/2450 BCE; Sultan IIIC1), the settlement reached its largest extent around 2600 BCE.[20]
During Early Bronze IIIB (c. 2500/2450–2350 BCE; Sultan IIIC2) there was a Palace G on Spring Hill and city walls.[citation needed]
Middle Bronze Age
Jericho was continually occupied into the Middle Bronze Age; it was destroyed in the Late Bronze Age, after which it no longer served as an urban centre. The city was surrounded by extensive defensive walls strengthened with rectangular towers, and possessed an extensive cemetery with vertical shaft-tombs and underground burial chambers; the elaborate funeral offerings in some of these may reflect the emergence of local kings.[41]
During the Middle Bronze Age, Jericho was a small prominent city of the Canaan region, reaching its greatest Bronze Age extent in the period from 1700 to 1550 BCE. It seems to have reflected the greater urbanization in the area at that time, and has been linked to the rise of the Maryannu, a class of chariot-using aristocrats linked to the rise of the Mitannite state to the north. Kathleen Kenyon reported "the Middle Bronze Age is perhaps the most prosperous in the whole history of Kna'an. ... The defenses ... belong to a fairly advanced date in that period" and there was "a massive stone revetment ... part of a complex system" of defenses.[42] Bronze Age Jericho fell in the 16th century at the end of the Middle Bronze Age, the calibrated carbon remains from its City-IV destruction layer dating to 1617–1530 BCE. Carbon dating c. 1573 BCE confirmed the accuracy of the stratigraphical dating c. 1550.[citation needed]
Late Bronze Age
There was evidence of a small settlement in the Late Bronze Age (c. 1400s BCE) on the site, but erosion and destruction from previous excavations have erased significant parts of this layer.[43][44]
- Hebrew Bible narrative
The Hebrew Bible tells the story of the Battle of Jericho led by Joshua, leading to the fall of the Canaanite city, the first one captured by the Israelites in the Promised Land. Archaeological excavations have failed to find traces of a fortified city at the site during the relevant time, the 13th century BCE at the end of the Bronze Age.[45] In fact, the current consensus among scholars is that Jericho was unoccupied from the late 15th century until the 10th/9th centuries BCE,[46] although this has been questioned by recent excavations.[47]
Iron Age
Tell es-Sultan remained unoccupied from the end of the 15th to the 10th–9th centuries BCE, when the city was rebuilt.[48][44][49] Of this new city not much more remains than a four-room house on the eastern slope.[50] By the 7th century, Jericho had become an extensive town, but this settlement was destroyed in the Babylonian conquest of Judah in the late 6th century.[48]
Persian and Early Hellenistic periods
After the destruction of the Judahite city by the Babylonians in the late 6th century,[48] whatever was rebuilt in the Persian period as part of the Restoration after the Babylonian captivity, left only very few remains.[50] The tell was abandoned as a place of settlement not long after this period.[50] During the Persian through Hellenistic periods, there is little in terms of occupation attested throughout the region.[48]
Jericho went from being an administrative centre of
Hasmonean and Herodian periods
After the abandonment of the Tell es-Sultan location, the new Jericho of the Late Hellenistic or
The rock-cut tombs of a Herodian- and Hasmonean-era cemetery lie in the lowest part of the cliffs between Nuseib al-Aweishireh and Mount of Temptation. They date between 100 BCE and 68 CE.[52]
Herodian period
Herod had to lease back the royal estate at Jericho from
The murder of
Herod was succeeded in
First-century Jericho is described in Strabo's Geography as follows:
Jericho is a plain surrounded by a kind of mountainous country, which in a way, slopes toward it like a theatre. Here is the Phoenicon, which is mixed also with all kinds of cultivated and fruitful trees, though it consists mostly of palm trees. It is 100 stadia in length and is everywhere watered with streams. Here also are the Palace and the Balsam Park.[52]
In the New Testament
The Christian
John Wesley, in his New Testament Notes on this section of Luke's Gospel, claimed that "about twelve thousand priests and Levites dwelt there, who all attended the service of the temple".[57]
Smith's Bible Names Dictionary suggests that "Jericho was once more 'a city of palms' when our Lord visited it. Here he restored sight to the blind (Matthew 20:30; Mark 10:46; Luke 18:35). Here the descendant of Rahab did not disdain the hospitality of Zacchaeus the publican. Finally, between Jerusalem and Jericho was laid the scene of his story of the good Samaritan."[58]
Roman province
After the fall of Jerusalem to Vespasian's armies in the Great Revolt of Judea in 70 CE, Jericho declined rapidly, and by 100 CE it was but a small Roman garrison town.
Byzantine period
Accounts of Jericho by a Christian pilgrim are given in 333. Shortly thereafter the built-up area of the town was abandoned and a Byzantine Jericho, Ericha, was built 1600 metres (1 mi) to the east, on which the modern town is centered.[59] Christianity took hold in the city during the Byzantine era and the area was heavily populated. A number of monasteries and churches were built, including the Monastery of Saint George of Choziba in 340 CE and a domed church dedicated to Saint Eliseus.[55] At least two synagogues were also built in the 6th century CE.[52] The monasteries were abandoned after the Sasanian invasion of 614.[20]
The Jericho synagogue in the Royal Maccabean winter palace at Jericho dates from 70 to 50 BCE. A synagogue dating to the late 6th or early 7th century CE was discovered in Jericho in 1936, and was named Shalom Al Yisrael Synagogue, or "peace unto Israel", after the central Hebrew motto in its mosaic floor. It was controlled by Israel after the Six Day War, but after the handover to Palestinian Authority control per the Oslo Accords, it has been a source of conflict. On the night of 12 October 2000, the synagogue was vandalized by Palestinians who burned holy books and relics and damaged the mosaic.[60][61]
The Na'aran synagogue, another Byzantine era construction, was discovered on the northern outskirts of Jericho in 1918. While less is known of it than Shalom Al Yisrael, it has a larger mosaic and is in similar condition.[61]
Early Muslim period
Jericho, by then named "Ariha" in Arabic variation, became part of
By 659, that district had come under the control of
A palatial complex long attributed to the tenth Umayyad caliph,
Umayyad rule ended in 750 and was followed by the
Crusader period
In 1179, the Crusaders rebuilt the Monastery of St. George of Koziba, at its original site 10 kilometres (6 mi) from the center of town. They also built another two churches and a monastery dedicated to
Ayyubid and Mamluk periods
In 1226, Arab geographer
Ottoman period
16th century
Jericho was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine, and in 1545 a revenue of 19,000 Akçe was recorded, destined for the new Waqf for the Haseki Sultan Imaret of Jerusalem.[71] The villagers processed indigo as one source of revenue, using a cauldron specifically for this purpose that was loaned to them by the Ottoman authorities in Jerusalem.[72] Later that century, the Jericho revenues no longer went to the Haseki Sultan Imaret.[73]
In 1596 Jericho appeared in the
17th century
The French traveller Laurent d'Arvieux described the city in 1659 as "now desolate, and consists only of about fifty poor houses, in bad condition ... The plain around is extremely fertile; the soil is middling fat; but it is watered by several rivulets, which flow into the Jordan. Notwithstanding these advantages only the gardens adjacent to the town are cultivated."[75]
19th century
In the 19th century, European scholars, archaeologists and missionaries visited often.[20] At the time it was an oasis in a poor state, similar to other regions in the plains and deserts.[76] Edward Robinson (1838) reported 50 families, which were about 200 people,[77] Titus Tobler (1854) reported some 30 poor huts, whose residents paid a total of 3611 kuruş in tax.[78] Abraham Samuel Herschberg (1858–1943) also reported after his 1899–1900 travels in the region[79] of some 30 poor huts and 300 residents.[80] At that time, Jericho was the residence of the region's Turkish governor. The main water sources for the village were a spring called Ein al-Sultan, lit. "Sultan's Spring", in Arabic and Ein Elisha, lit. "Elisha Spring", in Hebrew, and springs in Wadi Qelt.[76]
J. S. Buckingham (1786–1855) describes in his 1822 book how the male villagers of er-Riha, although nominally sedentary, engaged in Bedouin-style raiding, or ghazzu: the little land cultivation he observed was done by women and children, while men spent most of their time riding through the plains and engaging in "robbery and plunder", their main and most profitable activity.[81]
An Ottoman village list from around 1870 showed that Riha, Jericho, had 36 houses and a population of 105, though the population count included men only.[82][83]
The first
20th century
The
British Mandate period
After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I, Jericho came under British rule, as part of Mandatory Palestine.
According to the
In 1927, an earthquake struck and affected Jericho and other cities. Around 300 people died,[86] but by the 1931 census the population had increased to 1,693 inhabitants (1,512 Muslims, 170 Christians, seven Druze, and four Jews), in 347 houses.[87]
In the 1938 statistics, Jericho lists a population of 1,996 people (including five Jews).[88]
In the 1945 statistics, Jericho's population was 3,010 (2,570 Muslims, 260 Christians, 170 Jews, and 10 "other"[89]) and it had jurisdiction over 37,481 dunams of land.[90] Of this, 948 dunams were used for citrus and bananas, 5,873 dunams were for plantations and irrigable land, 9,141 for cereals,[91] while a total of 38 dunams were urban, built-up areas.[92]
During World War II The British built fortresses in Jericho with the help of the Jewish company Solel Boneh, and bridges were rigged with explosives in preparation for a possible invasion by German allied forces.[93]
Jordanian period
Jericho came under
In 1961, the population of Jericho was 10,166,[95] of whom 935 were Christian, and the rest were Muslim.[96]
1967 and aftermath
Jericho has been occupied by Israel since the Six-Day War of 1967 along with the rest of the West Bank. It was the first city handed over to Palestinian Authority control in accordance with the Oslo Accords.[97] The limited Palestinian self-rule of Jericho was agreed on in the Gaza–Jericho Agreement of 4 May 1994. Part of the agreement was a "Protocol on Economic Relations", signed on 29 April 1994.[98] The city is in an enclave of the Jordan Valley that is in Area A of the West Bank, while the surrounding area is designated as being in Area C under full Israeli military control. Four roadblocks encircle the enclave, restricting Jericho's Palestinian population's movement through the West Bank.[99]
In response to the 2001
On 14 March 2006, the
After Hamas assaulted a neighborhood in Gaza mostly populated by the Fatah-aligned Hilles clan, in response to their attack that killed six Hamas members, the Hilles clan was relocated to Jericho on 4 August 2008.[102]
In 2009, Palestinian Authority Prime Minister
Geography and environment
Jericho is located 258 metres (846 ft) below
Important Bird Area
A 3,500 ha (8,600-acre) site encompassing the city of Jericho and its immediate surrounds has been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports populations of black francolins, lanner falcons, lesser kestrels, and Dead Sea sparrows.[106]
Climate
Annual rainfall is 204 mm (8.0 in), mostly concentrated in the winter months and into early spring.
Climate data for Jericho | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 19.0 (66.2) |
20.6 (69.1) |
24.4 (75.9) |
29.5 (85.1) |
34.4 (93.9) |
37.0 (98.6) |
38.6 (101.5) |
37.9 (100.2) |
35.8 (96.4) |
32.7 (90.9) |
28.1 (82.6) |
21.4 (70.5) |
30.0 (86.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 10.7 (51.3) |
12.6 (54.7) |
16.3 (61.3) |
22.4 (72.3) |
26.6 (79.9) |
30.4 (86.7) |
30.9 (87.6) |
30.4 (86.7) |
28.6 (83.5) |
25.8 (78.4) |
22.8 (73.0) |
16.9 (62.4) |
22.9 (73.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 4.4 (39.9) |
5.9 (42.6) |
9.6 (49.3) |
13.6 (56.5) |
18.2 (64.8) |
20.2 (68.4) |
21.9 (71.4) |
21.1 (70.0) |
20.5 (68.9) |
17.6 (63.7) |
16.6 (61.9) |
11.6 (52.9) |
15.1 (59.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 59 (2.3) |
44 (1.7) |
20 (0.8) |
4 (0.2) |
1 (0.0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1 (0.0) |
2 (0.1) |
3 (0.1) |
5 (0.2) |
65 (2.6) |
204 (8.0) |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
77 | 81 | 74 | 62 | 49 | 50 | 51 | 57 | 52 | 56 | 54 | 74 | 61 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 189.1 | 186.5 | 244.9 | 288.0 | 362.7 | 393.0 | 418.5 | 396.8 | 336.0 | 294.5 | 249.0 | 207.7 | 3,566.7 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 6.1 | 6.6 | 7.9 | 9.6 | 11.7 | 13.1 | 13.5 | 12.8 | 11.2 | 9.5 | 8.3 | 6.7 | 9.8 |
Source: Arab Meteorology Book[107] |
Demographics
In the first census carried out by the
Demographics have varied widely depending on the dominant ethnic group and rule in the region over the past three thousand years. In a 1945 land and population survey by
Economy
In 1994, Israel and Palestine signed an economic accord that enabled Palestinians in Jericho to open banks, collect taxes and engage in export and import in preparation for self-rule.[114] Agriculture is another source of income, with banana groves ringing the city.[5]
The Jericho Agro-Industrial Park is a public-private enterprise being developed in the Jericho area. Agricultural processing companies are being offered financial concessions to lease plots of land in the park in a bid to boost Jericho's economy.[115]
Tourism
In 1998, a $150 million casino-hotel was built in Jericho with the backing of Yasser Arafat.[116] The casino is now closed, though the hotel on the premises is open for guests.
In 2010, Jericho, with its proximity to the Dead Sea, was declared the most popular destination among Palestinian tourists.[117]
Biblical and Christian landmarks
Christian tourism is one of Jericho's primary sources of income. There are several major Christian pilgrimage sites in and around Jericho.
- Ein es-Sultan, known as the Spring of Elisha to Jews and Christians;
- Qasr al-Yahud on the Jordan River, across from Bethany beyond the Jordan, traditionally identified as the location of the baptism of Jesus;
- Temptation of Jesus;
- The Greek Orthodox Monastery of the Temptation halfway up the mountain, beside a cave said to be the location where Jesus fasted for 40 days. It is connected to Jericho by a cable car;[5]
- 2 sycamore trees separately mentioned as the one mentioned in relation to Zacchaeus;
- Deir Hajla, the monastery of St. Gerasimos in the Jordan Valley near Jericho;
- Saint George Monastery in Wadi Qeltabove Jericho.
Archaeological landmarks
- Stone, Bronze and Iron Age cities at Tell es-Sultan;
- Hasmonean and Herodian winter palaces at Tulul Abu el-'Alayiq;
- Byzantine-period synagogues at Jericho (Shalom Al Yisrael Synagogue) and Na'aran;
- Umayyad palace at Khirbet al-Mafjar known as Hisham's Palace;
- Crusader sugar production facility at Tawahin es-Sukkar (lit. "sugar mills");
- Nabi Musa, the Mamluk and Ottoman shrine claimed to be the resting place of Moses ("Prophet Musa" to the Muslims)
Schools and religious institutions
In 1925, Christian friars opened a school for 100 pupils that became the Terra Santa School. The city has 22 state schools and a number of private schools.[113]
Health care
In April 2010, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) held a groundbreaking ceremony for the renovation of the Jericho Governmental Hospital. USAID is providing $2.5 million in funding for this project.[118]
Sports
The sports team Hilal Areeha plays association football in the West Bank First Division. They play home games in the 15,000-spectator Jericho International Stadium.[119]
Twin towns – sister cities
- Alessandria, Italy (2004)
- Campinas, Brazil (2001)
- Eger, Hungary (2013)
- Estación Central, Chile (2007)
- Fez, Morocco (2014)
- Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil (2012)
- Iași, Romania (2003)
- Ilion, Greece (1999)
- Kragujevac, Serbia (2011)
- Lærdal, Norway (1998)
- Pisa, Italy (2000)
- San Giovanni Valdarno, Italy (2004)
- Santa Bárbara, Brazil (1998)
- Al-Shuna al-Shamalyah, Jordan (2016)
Notable people
See also
- Ancient underground quarry, Jordan Valley, some 5 km (3 mi) north of Jericho
- al-Auja, Jericho, a Palestinian village north of Jericho
- Battle of Jericho, biblical story
- Cities in the Book of Joshua
- Hasmonean royal winter palaces, actually Hasmonean and Herodian, at Tulul Abu al-'Alayiq south of Jericho proper
- History of pottery in Palestine
- Jawa, Jordan, the oldest proto-urban settlement from Jordan (late 4th millennium BC – Early Bronze Age)
- Mevo'ot Yericho, Israeli settlement just north of Jericho
- Tower of Jericho, the Neolithic stone tower, c. 10,000 years old, excavated at Tell es-Sultan
- Wall of Jericho, the Neolithic stone wall, c. 10,000 years old, excavated at Tell es-Sultan
Citations
- ^ Retrieved 31 May 2022.
- ^ "Foreign Minister of Japan, Palestinian Minister of National Economy and UNDP Open PalPro Centre at the Jericho Agro-industrial Park | United Nations Development Programme". www.undp.org. Retrieved 31 May 2022.[title missing]
- ^ a b Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 (PDF). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) (Report). State of Palestine. February 2018. pp. 64–82. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
- ^ Kershner, Isabel (6 August 2007). "Abbas hosts meeting with Olmert in West Bank city of Jericho". The New York Times. United States. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
- ^ a b c Balint, Judy Lash (21 January 2012). "The lost Jewish presence in Jericho". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- ^ "Palestinian farmers ordered to leave lands". Al Jazeera. 29 August 2012.
- ISBN 0-415-01895-1.
Jericho, in the Jordan River Valley in the West Bank, inhabited from ca. 9000 BC to the present day, offers important evidence for the earliest permanent settlements in the Near East.
- ^ a b Murphy-O'Connor, 1998, p. 288.
- ^ a b c Freedman et al., 2000, p. 689–671.
- ^ Michal Strutin, Discovering Natural Israel (2001), p. 4.
- ^ Pillalamarri, Akhilesh (18 April 2015). "Exploring the Indus Valley's Secrets". The diplomat. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
- ^ a b Kenyon, Kathleen Mary. "Jericho, Town, West Bank". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- ^ "What is the oldest city in the world?". The Guardian. 16 February 2015.
- ^ "The world's 20 oldest cities". The Telegraph. 4 February 2016. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
- ^ Bromiley, 1995, p. 715
- ^ Deuteronomy 34:3
- ^ Nobani, Ayman (18 September 2023). "Jericho's Tell es-Sultan added to UNESCO World Heritage list". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
- ^ "Ancient Jericho/Tell es-Sultan". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
- ^ Schreiber, 2003, p. 141.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Ring et al., 1994, p. 367–370.
- ^ Bromiley, 1995, p. 1136.
- ^ "The Creation Account in Genesis 1:1–3" (PDF). Bibliotheca Sacra. 132: 327–42. 1975. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
- ^ "Tell es-Sultan/Jericho". lasapienzatojericho.it. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
- PMID 24806472.
- )
- ISBN 0-674-01999-7.
- ^ "Prehistoric Cultures". Museum of Ancient and Modern Art. 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
- ^ "Ancient Jericho: Tell es-Sultan". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
- ISBN 9781317349815.
- ISBN 0-674-01999-7.
- ISBN 0-674-01999-7.
- ^ S2CID 161987206.
- ^ Ślązak, Anna (21 June 2007). "Yet another sensational discovery by Polish archaeologists in Syria". Science in Poland service, Polish Press Agency. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
- Warsaw University. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
- ^ ISBN 978-0521796668.
- ^ O'Sullivan, Arieh (14 February 2011). "World's first skyscraper sought to intimidate masses". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
- ISBN 978-0-9500542-3-0.
- ^ "Old Testament Jericho". 20 February 2008. Archived from the original on 20 February 2008. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
- ^ Janson and Janson, 2003.
- ISBN 978-0-19-973578-5.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link - ^ Kuijt 2012, p. 167.
- ISBN 978-0510033118. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
- ISBN 978-1315430676.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-310-59062-0.
The current scholarly consensus follows the conclusion of Kenyon: Except for a small, short-lived settlement (ca. 1400 B.C.), Jericho was completely uninhabited c. 1550 – 1100 B.C.
- ISBN 978-0-664-21262-9.
- ^ Jacobs 2000.
- ^ Nigro 2020, pp. 202–204.
- ^ a b c d e Jacobs 2000, p. 691.
- ISBN 0-295-97261-0. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
(Of course, for some, that only made the Biblical story more miraculous than ever—Joshua destroyed a city that wasn't even there!)
- ^ ISBN 0-8264-1316-1. Retrieved 26 July 2021. (Snippet view).
- ^ 1 Maccabees 9:50
- ^ a b c d e Murphy-O'Connor, 1998, pp. 289–291.
- ISBN 9780671240103.
- ^ a b Jericho – (Ariha) Archived 7 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Studium Biblicum Franciscum – Jerusalem.
- ^ "The Parable of the Good Samaritan Luke 10:25". Biblegateway.com. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
- ^ Wesley, J., Notes on The Gospel According to St Luke
- ^ Smith's Bible Names Dictionary: Jericho. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
- ^ a b Losch, 2005, p. 117–118.
- ^ "The Palestinian Authority and the Jewish Holy Sites". JCPA. Archived from the original on 21 June 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
- ^ a b "Jewish life in Jericho". Jewishjericho.org.il. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
- ^ Several hadith collections: e.g. Bukhari, Sahih as translated Muḥammad Muḥsin Khân, The Translation of the Meanings of Sahih al-Bukhari (India: Kitab Bhavan, 1987) 3.39.531 and 4.53.380, and Muslim Sahih trans. Abdul Hamid Siddiqui (Lahore: Kazi Publications, 1976) 10.3763.
- ^ The Maronite Chronicle, written during Mu'awiya's caliphate. For propaganda reasons it dates the earthquake to the wrong year: Andrew Palmer, The Seventh Century in the West-Syrian Chronicles (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1993), 30, 31, 32.
- ^ "The Pilgrimage of Arculf in the Holy Land", De Locis Sanctis as translated by Rev. James Rose MacPherson (W. London: BD. 24, Hanover Square, 1895), ch. I.11.
- ^ Jerome Murphy-O'Connor, The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700, Oxford University Press 2008, pp. 342–344.
- ^ Shahin, 2005, p. 285.
- ^ Shahin, 2005, p. 283.
- ^ al-Muqaddasi quoted in Le Strange, 1890, p. 39
- ^ Hull, 1855.
- ^ al-Hamawi and Abu-l Fida quoted in Le Strange, 1890, p. 397
- ^ Singer, 2002, pp. 50, 52
- ^ Singer, 2002, p. 120
- ^ Singer, 2002, p. 126
- ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 114
- ^ Graham, 1836, p. 122
- ^ a b Ben-Arieh, Yehoshua. "The Sanjak of Jerusalem in the 1870s". In Cathedra, 36. Jerusalem: Yad Yitzhak Ben Zvi. 1985. pp. 80–82
- ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 2, p. 280
- ^ Titus Tobler, Topographie von Jerusalem und seinen Umgebungen, Berlin, 1853–1854, p. 642
- ISBN 978-0-02-865930-5. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
- ^ Hershberg, A. S. (1899). In the Land of the East. Vilna. p. 469.
- ISBN 9781317543473.
- ^ Socin, 1879, p. 159
- ^ Hartmann, 1883, p. 124, noted 34 houses
- ^ Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jericho, p. 19
- ^ Barron, 1923, Table XIV, p. 45
- ^ "Israel hit by fifth minor quake in a week". Ya Libnan. 22 October 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
- ^ Mills, 1932, p.45
- ^ "Village statistics, February 1938". rosetta.nli.org.il. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
- ^ Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 24
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 57
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 102
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 153
- ^ Friling and Cummings, 2005, p. 65.
- ^ Benvenisti, 1998, pp. 27–28.
- ^ Government of Jordan, 1964, p. 13
- ^ Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, pp. 115–116
- ^ a b Prusher, Ilene R. (14 September 2004). "At 10th anniversary, a far poorer Palestinian Authority". The Christian Science Monitor.
- ^ Simons, Marlise (30 April 1994). "Gaza-Jericho Economic Accord Signed by Israel and Palestinians". The New York Times. Jericho (West Bank); Middle East; Gaza Strip. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
- ISBN 9780253354273
- ^ ARIJ & LRC, 20 March 2001, The Tightening of the Siege on Jericho: Israel Employs a New Policy of Trench Digging Archived 13 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Israel holds militant after siege 14 March 2006 BBC News
- ^ Jerusalem Post Archived 11 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine 4 August 2008 IDF: Hilles clan won't boost terrorism Yaacov Katz And Khaled Abu Toameh
- ^ "Training Center for Palestinian Authority Security Forces Opens in Jericho". Archived from the original on 17 February 2013.
- ^ Greyman-Kennard, Danielle. "West Bank city names street after self-immolating US soldier Aaron Bushnell". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ ISBN 1586402765.
- ^ "Jericho". BirdLife Data Zone. BirdLife International. 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
- ^ a b "Appendix I: Meteorological Data" (PDF). Springer. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
- ^ Palestinian Population by Locality and Refugee Status Archived 18 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS).
- ^ Palestinian Population by Locality, Sex and Age Groups in Years Archived 14 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine (PCBS).
- ^ 2007 PCBS Census Archived 10 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS).
- ^ Hadawi, 1970, p.57
- ^ a b Fisher, Dan (2 February 1987), "World's Oldest City Retains Lure : Biblical Jericho: Winter Oasis for the West Bank", Los Angeles Times
- ^ a b "HOLY LAND/ Jericho: A small Christian community and their school". Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
- ^ Simons, Marlise (30 April 1994). "Gaza-Jericho Economic Accord Signed by Israel and Palestinians". The New York Times.
- ^ Ford, Liz (18 June 2012). "Jericho business park aims to inch Palestine towards sustainability". The Guardian.
- ^ "Walls going up in Jericho – construction of casino-hotel Palestinians, Israelis have role in project". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
- ^ Rabinowitz, Gavin (11 February 2010). "Palestinians aim to push tourism beyond Bethlehem". Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
- ^ "USAID to Renovate the Jericho Governmental Hospital". Archived from the original on 18 March 2011.
- ^ "World Stadiums – Stadiums in Palestine". worldstadiums.com. Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
- ^ "العلاقات التي تربط مدينة أريحا بالمدن الأجنبية". jericho-city.ps (in Arabic). Jericho. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
General and cited references
- Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
- ISBN 978-0-520-20768-4.
- ISBN 978-0-8028-3782-0.
- Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1883). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 3. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. pp. 173, 174, 181, 183, 231, 507;
- ISBN 0-860549-05-4.
- Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine.
- ISBN 0-684-86913-6.
- ISBN 978-0-8028-2400-4.
- ISBN 978-0-299-17550-4.
- Gates, Charles (2003). Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome.
- Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics (1964). First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population (PDF).
- Graham, Peter (1836). A topographical dictionary of Palestine. London.
- Guérin, V. (1874). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 2: Samarie, pt. 1. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale. (p. 46 ff)
- Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
- Hartmann, M. (1883). "Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871)". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 6: 102–149.
- ISBN 9781402189852.
- Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.
- Jacobs, Paul F. (2000). "Jericho". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9789053565032.
- ISBN 0-13-182895-9.
- Kenyon, K. (1957). Digging Up Jericho.
- Kuijt, Ian (2012). The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. Oup USA. ISBN 9780199735785.
- Le Strange, G. (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Losch, Richard R. (2005). The Uttermost Part of the Earth: A Guide to Places in the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-2805-7.
- ISBN 978-0-19-288013-0.
- Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
- Nigro, Lorenzo (2020). "The Italian-Palestinian Expedition to Tell es-Sultan, Ancient Jericho (1997–2015)". In Sparks, Rachel T.; Finlayson, Bill; Wagemakers, Bart; SJ, Josef Mario Briffa (eds.). Digging Up Jericho: Past, Present and Future. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1789693522.
- Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; Berney, K. A.; Schellinger, Paul E. (1994). International Dictionary of Historic Places. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-884964-03-9.
- Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1856). Biblical Researches in Palestine and adjacent regions: A Journal of Travels in the years 1838 and 1852, 2nd edition. Vol. 2. London: John Murray.
- Scheller, William (1994). Amazing Archaeologists and Their Finds. The Oliver Press, Inc. ISBN 978-1-881508-17-5.
- Schick, C. (1896). "Zur Einwohnerzahl des Bezirks Jerusalem". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 19: 120–127.
- ISBN 978-1-887563-77-2.
- Shahin, Mariam (2005). Palestine: A Guide. Interlink Books. ISBN 978-1-56656-557-8.
- ISBN 0-7914-5352-9.
- Socin, A. (1879). "Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 2: 135–163.
- Stacey, D. 'Hedonists or pragmatic agriculturalists? Reassessing Hasmonean Jericho', Levant, 38 (2006), 191–202.
External links
- Welcome to Jericho
- Jericho City (Fact Sheet), Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem, Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem (ARIJ)
- Jericho City Profile, ARIJ
- Jericho aerial photo, ARIJ
- Locality Development Priorities and Needs in Jericho City, ARIJ
- Jericho Municipality Official Website
- Survey of Western Palestine, Map 18: IAA, Wikimedia commons
- Jericho Municipality Official Website Historical site
- Jericho Cable Car
- Resources on Biblical Archaeology
- Jericho: Tel es-Sultan Archived 13 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- The walls of Jericho fell in 1550 BCE