Jerry Brown
Jerry Brown | |
---|---|
34th & 39th Governor of California | |
In office January 3, 2011 – January 7, 2019 | |
Lieutenant | Gavin Newsom |
Preceded by | Arnold Schwarzenegger |
Succeeded by | Gavin Newsom |
In office January 6, 1975 – January 3, 1983 | |
Lieutenant | |
Preceded by | Ronald Reagan |
Succeeded by | George Deukmejian |
31st Attorney General of California | |
In office January 8, 2007 – January 3, 2011 | |
Governor | Arnold Schwarzenegger |
Preceded by | Bill Lockyer |
Succeeded by | Kamala Harris |
47th Mayor of Oakland | |
In office January 4, 1999 – January 8, 2007 | |
Preceded by | Elihu Harris |
Succeeded by | Ron Dellums |
23rd Secretary of State of California | |
In office January 4, 1971 – January 6, 1975 | |
Governor | Ronald Reagan |
Preceded by | Frank M. Jordan |
Succeeded by | March Fong Eu |
Chairman of the California Democratic Party | |
In office February 11, 1989 – March 3, 1991 | |
Preceded by | Peter D. Kelly III |
Succeeded by | Phil Angelides |
Personal details | |
Born | Edmund Gerald Brown Jr. April 7, 1938 San Francisco, California, U.S. |
Political party | Democratic |
Spouse | |
Parent(s) | Pat Brown Bernice Layne Brown |
Relatives | Kathleen Brown (sister) |
Residence(s) | Colusa County, California, U.S. |
Education | Santa Clara University University of California, Berkeley (BA) Yale University (LLB) |
Signature | |
Edmund Gerald Brown Jr. (born April 7, 1938) is an American lawyer, author, and politician who served as the 34th and 39th governor of California from 1975 to 1983 and 2011 to 2019. A member of the Democratic Party, he was elected Secretary of State of California in 1970; Brown later served as Mayor of Oakland from 1999 to 2007 and Attorney General of California from 2007 to 2011. He was both the oldest and sixth-youngest governor of California due to the 28-year gap between his second and third terms. Upon completing his fourth term in office, Brown became the fourth longest-serving governor in U.S. history, serving 16 years and 5 days in office.[1]
Born in San Francisco, he is the son of Bernice Layne Brown and Pat Brown, who was the 32nd Governor of California (1959–1967). After graduating from the University of California, Berkeley, and Yale Law School, he practiced law and began his political career as a member of the Los Angeles Community College District Board of Trustees (1969–1971). He was elected to serve as the 23rd Secretary of State of California from 1971 to 1975. At 36, Brown was elected to his first term as governor in 1974, making him the youngest California Governor in 111 years. In 1978, he won his second term. During his governorship, Brown ran unsuccessfully as a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1976 and 1980. He declined to pursue a third term as governor in 1982, instead making an unsuccessful run for the United States Senate that same year, losing to San Diego Mayor and future Governor Pete Wilson.
After traveling abroad, he returned to California and served as the sixth Chairman of the California Democratic Party (1989–1991), attempting to run for U.S. president once more in 1992 but losing the Democratic primary to Bill Clinton. He then moved to Oakland, where he hosted a talk radio show; Brown soon returned to public life, serving as Mayor of Oakland (1999–2007) and Attorney General of California (2007–2011). He ran for his third and fourth terms as governor in 2010 and 2014, his eligibility to do so having stemmed from California's constitutional grandfather clause. On October 7, 2013, he became the longest-serving governor in the history of California, surpassing Earl Warren.
Early life, education, and private career
Brown was born in
Brown was a member of the
Returning to California, Brown took the state bar exam and passed on his second attempt.[12] He then settled in Los Angeles and joined the law firm of Tuttle & Taylor. In 1969, Brown ran for the newly created Los Angeles Community College Board of Trustees, which oversaw community colleges in the city; he placed first in a field of 124 and served until 1971.[13]
California Secretary of State (1971–1975)
In 1970, Brown was elected
34th Governor of California (1975–1983)
First term
In 1974, Brown ran in a highly contested Democratic primary for Governor of California against
After taking office, Brown gained a reputation as a
As governor, Brown held a strong interest in
In 1975, Brown opposed Vietnamese immigration to California, saying that the state had enough poor people. He added, “There is something a little strange about saying ‘Let's bring in 500,000 more people’ when we can't take care of the 1 million (Californians) out of work.”[26][27]
Brown strongly opposed the
Brown was both in favor of a
1976 presidential election
Brown began his first campaign for the Democratic nomination for president on March 16, 1976,[36] late in the primary season and over a year after some candidates had started campaigning. Brown declared: "The country is rich, but not so rich as we have been led to believe. The choice to do one thing may preclude another. In short, we are entering an era of limits."[37][38]
Brown's name began appearing on primary ballots in May and he won in
Second term
Brown won re-election in 1978 against Republican state Attorney General
Brown championed the Peripheral Canal project to transport water from near Sacramento around the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta into the Central Valley Project and export it to southern California. It was submitted to the voters for approval as a ballot proposition in 1982, but was turned down.[44]
In 1981, Brown, who had established a reputation as a strong environmentalist, was confronted with a serious
Ultimately, the infestation was eradicated, but both the Governor's delay and the scale of the action have remained controversial ever since. Some people claimed that malathion was toxic to humans, as well as insects. In response to such concerns, Brown's chief of staff, B. T. Collins, staged a news conference during which he publicly drank a glass of malathion. Many people complained that, while the malathion may not have been very toxic to humans, the aerosol spray containing it was corrosive to car paint.[45][46]
Brown proposed the establishment of a state space academy and the purchasing of a satellite that would be launched into orbit to provide emergency communications for the state—a proposal similar to one that was indeed eventually adopted. In 1979, an out-of-state columnist, Mike Royko, at the Chicago Sun-Times, picked up on the nickname from Brown's girlfriend at the time, Linda Ronstadt, who was quoted in a 1978 Rolling Stone magazine interview humorously calling him "Moonbeam".[47][48] A year later, Royko expressed his regret for publicizing the nickname,[49] and in 1991 Royko disavowed it entirely, proclaiming Brown to be just as serious as any other politician.[50][51]
Some notable figures were given priority correspondence access to him in either advisory or personal roles. These included
In 1978, San Francisco
Brown chose not to run for a third term in 1982, and instead ran for the United States Senate, but lost to San Diego Mayor Pete Wilson. He was succeeded as governor by George Deukmejian, then state attorney general, on January 3, 1983.
1980 presidential election
In 1980, Brown challenged Carter for renomination. The press had anticipated his candidacy ever since he won re-election as governor in 1978 over the Republican
Three main planks of his platform were a call for a
Brown opposed Kennedy's call for universal national health insurance and opposed Carter's call for an employer mandate to provide catastrophic private health insurance labeling it socialist.[55] As an alternative, he suggested a program of tax credits for those who do not smoke or otherwise damage their health, saying: "Those who abuse their bodies should not abuse the rest of us by taking our tax dollars."[55] Brown also called for expanding the use of acupuncture and midwifery.[55]
As Brown's campaign began to attract more members of what some more conservative commentators described as "the fringe", including activists like
Senate defeat and public life
In 1982, Brown chose not to seek a third term as governor; instead, he ran for the United States Senate for the seat being vacated by Republican S. I. Hayakawa. He was defeated by Republican San Diego Mayor Pete Wilson by a margin of 52% to 47%. After his Senate defeat, Brown was left with few political options.[57] Republican George Deukmejian, a Brown critic, narrowly won the governorship in 1982, succeeding Brown, and was re-elected overwhelmingly in 1986. After his Senate defeat in 1982, many considered Brown's political career to be over.[57]
Brown traveled to Japan to study
Upon his return from abroad in 1988, Brown announced that he would stand as a candidate to become
1992 presidential election
When Brown announced his intention to run for president against President
As Brown campaigned in various primary states, he would eventually expand his platform beyond a policy of strict
Due to his limited budget, Brown began to use a mixture of alternative media and unusual fundraising techniques. Unable to pay for actual commercials, he frequently used cable television and talk radio interviews as a form of free media to get his message to voters. In order to raise funds, he purchased a toll-free telephone number, which adorned all of his campaign stances.[64] During the campaign, Brown's repetition of this number combined with the moralistic language used, led some to describe him as a "political televangelist" with an "anti-politics gospel".[65]
Despite poor showings in the
Although Brown continued to campaign in a number of states, he won no further primaries. Despite being overwhelmingly outspent, Brown won upset victories in seven states and his "votes won to the money raised ratio" was by far the best of any candidate in the race.[67] He still had a sizable number of delegates, and a big win in his home state of California would deprive Clinton of sufficient support to win the Democratic nomination, possibly bringing about a brokered convention. After nearly a month of intense campaigning and multiple debates between the two candidates, Clinton managed to defeat Brown in this final primary by a margin of 48% to 41%. Although Brown did not win the nomination, he was able to boast of one accomplishment: at the following month's Democratic National Convention, he received the votes of 596 delegates on the first ballot, more than any other candidate but Clinton. He spoke at the convention, and to the national viewing audience, yet without endorsing Clinton, through the device of seconding his own nomination. There was animosity between the Brown and Clinton campaigns, and Brown was the first political figure to criticize Bill Clinton over what became known as the Whitewater controversy.[64]
Move to Oakland
After his 1992 presidential bid, Brown had moved from the Pacific Heights neighborhood of San Francisco to the Jack London District neighborhood of Oakland, California,[68][69] an "overwhelmingly minority city of 400,000".[69] He constructed a multi-million dollar work-live complex, serving both as his residence and as a workspace. Among other features, it included a broadcast studio and a 400-seat auditorium.[58][68]
Brown launched a national talk radio show from his Oakland complex, which he would continue to produce until October 1997.[68]
In 1995, with Brown's political career at a low point, in the motion picture Jade, the fictional Governor of California tells an assistant district attorney to drop a case, "unless you want as much of a future in this state as Jerry Brown". The assistant DA responds, "Who's Jerry Brown?"[70]
In Oakland, Brown became involved as an activist in local political matters, including bay-front development and campaign finance reform.[68] In 1996, Brown unsuccessfully urged Oakland mayor Elihu Harris to appoint him to a seat on the Oakland Port Commission.[68]
Mayor of Oakland (1999–2007)
After Oakland mayor Elihu Harris decided against seeking reelection,[68] Brown ran in the city's 1998 mayoral election as an independent "having left the Democratic Party, blasting what he called the 'deeply corrupted' two-party system".[69] He won with 59% of the vote in a field of ten candidates.[69]
Prior to taking office, Brown campaigned to get the approval of the electorate to convert Oakland's
The political left had hoped for some of the more progressive politics from Brown's earlier governorship, but found Brown, as mayor, to be "more pragmatic than progressive, more interested in downtown redevelopment and economic growth than political ideology".
The city was rapidly losing residents and businesses, and Brown is credited with starting the revitalization of the city using his connections and experience to lessen the economic downturn while attracting $1 billion of investments, including refurbishing the
Brown had campaigned on fixing Oakland's schools, but "bureaucratic battles" dampened his efforts. He concedes he never had control of the schools, and his reform efforts were "largely a bust".[69] He focused instead on the creation of two charter schools, the Oakland School for the Arts and the Oakland Military Institute.[69] Defending his support of a military charter school in Oakland, Brown once told KQED reporter Stephen Talbot, "I believe that had I been sent to the military academy, as my mother and father threatened, I would have been president a long time ago."[77]
Brown sponsored nearly two dozen crime initiatives to reduce the crime rate,[78] although crime decreased by 13 percent overall, the city still suffered a "57 percent spike in homicides his final year in office, to 148 overall".[69]
Brown's largely successful first term as mayor of Oakland was documented in a one-hour KQED documentary, "The Celebrity and the City" (2001) that evaluated his record in dealing with his four stated goals: reducing crime, improving education, attracting 10,000 new residents to a resurgent downtown, and encouraging the arts.[79]
Brown was reelected as mayor in 2002.
Attorney General of California (2007–2011)
In 2004, Brown expressed interest to be a candidate for the Democratic nomination for
Death penalty
As attorney general, Brown represented the state in fighting death-penalty appeals and stated that he would follow the law, regardless of his personal beliefs against
Mortgage fraud lawsuit
In June 2008, Brown filed a fraud lawsuit claiming mortgage lender
Proposition 8
39th Governor of California (2011–2019)
Third term
Brown announced his candidacy for governor on March 2, 2010.[95] First indicating his interest in early 2008, Brown formed an exploratory committee in order to seek a third term as governor in 2010, following the expiration of Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger's term.[96][97]
Brown's Republican opponent in the election was former
Both Whitman and Brown were criticized for
The Los Angeles Times reported that nearly $250 million was spent on the Governor's race.[105] At least two spending records were broken during the campaign. Whitman broke personal spending records by spending $140 million of her own money on the campaign,[106] and independent expenditures exceeded $31.7 million, with almost $25 million of that spent in support of Brown.[107] Despite being significantly outspent by Whitman, Brown won the gubernatorial race 53.8% to Whitman's 40.9%.
Brown was sworn in for his third term as governor on January 3, 2011, succeeding Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger who had been term-limited. Brown was working on a budget that would shift many government programs from the state to the local level, a reversal of trends from his first tenure as governor.[108]
On June 28, 2012, Brown signed a budget that made deep cuts to social services with the assumption that voters would pass $8 billion in tax increases in November 2012 to close California's $15.7-billion budget deficit. Brown stated: "We need budget cuts. We need the continued growth of the economy for a long period of time. We're suffering from the mortgage meltdown that killed 600,000 jobs in the construction industry. ... We're recovering from a national recession slowly—over 300,000 jobs [gained] since the recession. We've got a million to go. That needs to continue, but that depends not only on Barack Obama and the Congress and the Federal Reserve, but also on [German Chancellor Angela] Merkel, China, the European Union, and the self-organizing quality of the world economy."[109]
In September 2012, Brown signed legislation sponsored by California State Senator Ted Lieu that prohibits protesters at funerals within 300 feet, with convicted violators punishable with fines and jail time; the legislation was in response to protests conducted by the Westboro Baptist Church.[110]
In the November 2012 general elections, voters approved Brown's proposed tax increases in the form of
In 2013, Brown proposed a large, $25 billion Bay Delta Conservation Plan
In July 2014, Brown traveled to Mexico to hold meetings with Mexican President
On September 16, 2014, Gov. Brown signed a historic package of groundwater legislation. The plan will regulate local agencies and also implement management plans to achieve water sustainability within 20 years.[116]
Fourth term
Brown announced his bid for re-election on February 27, 2014. On June 3, he came in first in the primary election by over 1.5 million votes. He received 54.3% of the vote and advanced to the general election with Republican Neel Kashkari, who took 19.38% of the vote.
There was only one gubernatorial debate. When asked to schedule another, Brown declined.
Brown said that if he were elected to a fourth and final term, he would continue transferring power to local authorities, particularly over education and criminal justice policy, and would resist fellow Democrats' "gold rush for new programs and spending".[35]
In the general election, Brown was re-elected with 4,388,368 votes (60.0%) to Kashkari’s 3,645,835. His stated goals for his unprecedented fourth term in office were to construct the
In October 2015, Brown signed off the California End of Life Option Act allowing residents of California who fulfilled strict criteria to exercise the right to die by accessing medical aid in dying. During the sign off he took the unusual step of adding a personal message indicating his dilemma regarding the consideration of the ethical issues involved and stating that he felt unable to deny the right of choice to others.[121][122]
On December 18, 2015, Brown moved into the Historic Governor's Mansion, now part of Governor's Mansion State Historic Park.
In 2016, Brown vetoed a bill to exempt
In the 2018–2019 budget plan that Brown released on January 10, 2018, the Governor proposed spending $120 million to establish California's first fully online community college by fall 2019.[124]
Legislative accomplishments in Brown's final term include passing
Brown has been criticized for his links to the oil and gas industry, notably for contributions from, and his family ties to,
By September 2018, Brown had granted more than 1,100 pardons since returning to office in 2011; more pardons than any California governor in recent history.[128][129] Brown commuted more than 82 sentences, the highest number since at least the 1940s.[129]
Electoral history
Post-public office
Following the conclusion of his career in public office, Brown has become increasingly involved with climate cooperation between United States non-state entities (including Michael Bloomberg and the Bloomberg Foundation) and China.[130]: 108 Brown has also worked with former Chinese climate minister Xie Zhenhua to establish a new center for California-China climate cooperation at University of California, Berkeley.[130]: 108
Brown lives on a mountain ranch in California that he allows researchers including the
Personal life
A bachelor in his first term as governor and as mayor of Oakland, Brown attracted attention for dating famous women, the most notable of whom was singer
Beginning in 1995, Brown hosted a daily call-in talk show on the local
The official gubernatorial portrait of Jerry Brown, commemorating his first period as Governor of California, was painted by Don Bachardy and unveiled in 1984. The painting has long been controversial due to its departure from the traditional norms of portraiture.[140]
Brown has a long-term friendship with his aide Jacques Barzaghi, whom he met in the early 1970s and put on his payroll. Author Roger Rapaport wrote in his 1982 Brown biography California Dreaming: The Political Odyssey of Pat & Jerry Brown, "This combination clerk, chauffeur, fashion consultant, decorator, and trusted friend had no discernible powers. Yet, late at night, after everyone had gone home to their families and TV consoles, it was Jacques who lingered in the Secretary (of state's) office." Barzaghi and his sixth spouse Aisha lived with Brown in the warehouse in Jack London Square; Barzaghi was brought into Oakland city government upon Brown's election as mayor, where Barzaghi first acted as the mayor's armed bodyguard. Barzaghi left Brown's staff in July 2004, six days after police had responded to his residence over a complaint of domestic violence, and later moved to Morocco and then Normandy. Barzaghi died in 2021.[141][142]
In April 2011, Brown had surgery to remove a basal-cell carcinoma from the right side of his nose.[143] In December 2012, media outlets reported that Brown was being treated for early stage (the precise stage and grade was not stated) localized prostate cancer with a very good prognosis.[144]
In 2011, Jerry and Anne Gust Brown acquired a
In 2019, Brown was appointed to be a visiting professor at
Brown's accent has been described as reminiscent of the "Mission Brogue", particularly with his non-rhoticity.[151]
References
- ^ Ostermeier, Eric (May 29, 2017). "The Top 50 Longest Serving Governors in US History (Updated)".
- ^ ISBN 978-0-87586-739-7.
- ^ Rarick 2006, pp. 8, 30
- ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
- ^ "Cadets attend Governor's Inauguration | Riverside Preparatory School". www.riversideprep.net. Archived from the original on January 4, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
- ^ "Jerry Brown: Latin Scholar and One-Time Almost Priest". The Atlantic. 17 December 2013. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
- ^ a b "Office of Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. - About". Gov.ca.gov. Archived from the original on July 3, 2014. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
- ISBN 978-0-8128-2437-7. "A story appeared in the New York Times on May 16, 1976, reporting that Brown 'now admits he is no longer a practicing Roman Catholic.' The Times story prompted a member of the staff of The Monitor, the newspaper of the archdiocese of San Francisco, to query Brown, whose answer was, "I was born a Catholic. I was raised a Catholic. I am a Catholic."
- ^ Schell 1978, p. 57
- ^ Schell 1978, pp. 60–61
- ^ "Probe Shows Politicians' Kids Received Scholarships". The Desert Sun. United Press International. July 22, 1970. p. 3.
- ^ Dolan, Maura (February 21, 2006). "A High Bar for Lawyers". Los Angeles Times. p. 3. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ a b c d "Edmund G. Brown Jr". California Office of the Attorney General. Archived from the original on November 19, 2009. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ^ Kotkin, Joel (December 30, 2010). "California's Third Brown Era – Joel Kotkin – New Geographer". Forbes. Retrieved January 21, 2011.
- ^ Shoemaker, Dick (August 23, 1975). "Gov. Brown, California". ABC News.
- American Conservative.
- ^ San Jose Mercury News. Associated Press.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Bachelis 1986, p. 68
- ^ Schell 1978, pp. 80–81
- ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer (December 5, 2009). "4 Ex-Governors Craving Jobs of Yore". The New York Times. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- ^ "Jerry Brown Meets Sgt. York & Flavor Flav". CalBuzz. December 10, 2009. Archived from the original on January 9, 2010. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- ^ Schell 1978, p. 82
- ^ Davis, Gray (2020-01-23). "Governor Gray Davis on Governor Jerry Brown". Retrieved 2020-10-20.
Another example of the governor's frugality occurred about three months into his administration. We were just finishing our morning meeting, when I mentioned to the governor that I had asked General Services to come over and not replace, but repair a 10-inch hole in the rug adjacent to his desk. "Why would you do that?" he asked. "Because it's unseemly to have a hole in the governor's rug." The Governor answered: "That hole will save the state at least $500 million, because legislators cannot come down and pound on my desk demanding lots of money for their pet programs while looking at a hole in my rug!"
- ^ a b COLIN SULLIVAN of Greenwire (October 8, 2010). "Jerry Brown's Environmental Record Runs Deep". The New York Times. Retrieved October 13, 2010.
- ^ The decisive vote against the allowance was cast in the California State Senate by the usually pro-business Republican Senator Robert S. Stevens. Shell claimed that Stevens had promised him that he would support keeping the allowance: "He had shaken my hand and told me he was with me." Brown later rewarded Stevens with a judicial appointment, but Stevens was driven from the bench for making salacious telephone calls.Walters, Dan (April 8, 2008). "For Joe Shell, character trumped ideology in California politics". The Sacramento Bee. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008.
- ^ D’Hippolito, Joseph (9 March 2018). "When Jerry Brown Tried to Keep Immigrants Out of California". The Wall Street Journal.
- ^ "Williams: Why Dems changed course on illegal immigration". January 17, 2019.
- ^ Schell 1978, pp. 232, 248–249
- ^ "California Supreme Court History" (PDF). California Supreme Court Historical Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-05. Retrieved 2018-12-16.
- ^ Redmond, Tim (March 2, 2010). "Jerry Brown and the Rose Bird factor". San Francisco Bay Guardian.
- ^ Zamora, Jim Herron (June 2, 2006). "Brown's rivals question commitment to death penalty". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on June 23, 2006. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
- ^ Lewis, Anthony (August 20, 1989). "He Was Their Last Resort". The New York Times. Retrieved November 19, 2009.
- ^ a b c Skelton, George (March 4, 2010). "The parable of 'Jerry Jarvis'". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ McKinley, Jesse (March 13, 2010). "A Candidate Finds Much Changed, and Little". The New York Times.
- ^ a b "An experienced Jerry Brown vows to build on what he's already done". Los Angeles Times. October 19, 2014. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
- ^ Schell 1978, p. 3
- ^ Nolte, Carl (May 30, 1999). "California rides the wave". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on November 28, 2002. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
- ^ Schmalz, Jeffrey (March 30, 1992). "THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: Candidate's Record; Brown Firm on What He Believes, But What He Believes Often Shifts". The New York Times. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
- ^ View archival news footage of Brown's campaign speech in Union Square, San Francisco on May 25, 1976: "Jerry Brown Presidential Campaign in Union Square - Bay Area Television Archive". Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-08..
- ^ ISBN 978-0-684-81091-1.
- The Advocate(August 23, 1994).
- ^ Tracy Wilkinson, Municipal Court Judge Faces Challenge of AIDS – Disease Archived August 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Los Angeles Times (November 25, 1991).
- ^ Myrna Oliver, Judge Jerold Krieger, 58; Activist Helped Open Gay-Lesbian Temple Archived March 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Los Angeles Times (February 20, 2002).
- ^ Gwynn, Douglas (February 1983). "The California Peripheral Canal: who backed it, who fought it" (PDF). California Agriculture. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-04.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-09-07.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-09-07.
- The Huffington Post. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
- ^ Royko, Mike (April 23, 1979). "Our Latest Export: Gov. Moonbeam--er, Brown". Los Angeles Times. p. C11. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved July 6, 2017. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
- ^ Royko, Mike (August 17, 1980). "Gov. Moonbeam Has Landed". Los Angeles Times. p. E5. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved July 6, 2017. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
- ^ McKinley, Jesse (March 7, 2010). "How Jerry Brown Became 'Governor Moonbeam'". The New York Times. p. WK5. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
- ^ Royko, Mike (September 10, 1991). "Time to eclipse the 'moonbeam' label". Chicago Tribune.
By now, the label had surely faded away, especially since Brown is obviously a serious man and every bit as normal as the next candidate, if not more so.
- ^ a b Davis, Chase (October 10, 2010). "List reveals who had Jerry Brown's ear in '79". San Francisco Chronicle. California Watch. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
- ^ Ruskin, John (2002). "Nardwuar the Human Serviette vs Jello Biafra". Nardwuar. Archived from the original on September 11, 2017. Retrieved April 21, 2009.
- ^ Rood, W.B. (September 26, 1979). "Brown proposes $2 billion revival of space program". Los Angeles Times. p. B9. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017.
He called it the 'first step in bringing us toward a solar-powered space satellite to provide solar energy for this planet.'
- ^ a b c Kempster, Norman (November 11, 1979). "Brown calls opponents' health insurance programs part of a 'medical arms race'". Los Angeles Times. p. A4.
As an alternative, the governor suggested a program of tax credits as a 'wellness incentive' for people who do not smoke or otherwise damage their own health. He admitted that he had not worked out all of the details of such a plan, but he promised to offer the specifics later. Arguing that most illness is caused by occupational hazards, environmental pollution, and bad habits, Brown said 'Those who abuse their bodies should not abuse the rest of us by taking our tax dollars.'
[permanent dead link]
Claffey, Charles E. (November 11, 1979). "Brown's health plan outlined at Harvard". The Boston Globe. p. 1.He also would expand such unorthodox medical procedures as acupuncture and midwifery.
[permanent dead link] - ^ "Jerry Brown Francis Ford Coppola Comercial" (Search Result). Retrieved November 18, 2010.
- ^ a b "Brown beaten in Senate bid". Eugene Register-Guard. Associated Press. November 2, 1982. Retrieved October 6, 2010.
- ^ a b c West, Paul (28 May 1998). "Jerry Brown as Oakland's mayor? Champion: The idealistic former governor and presidential hopeful has found a city where he can make a difference -- small enough to get things done, big enough to be a national model". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f Branfman, Fred (June 3, 1996). "The SALON Interview: Jerry Brown". Salon. Archived from the original on July 8, 2001. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
- ^ "Jerry Brown: On a quest for change". The Times-News. Associated Press. March 6, 1992. Retrieved October 6, 2010.
- ^ "JERRY BROWN WINS STATE PARTY POST". The New York Times. February 13, 1989. Retrieved October 6, 2010.
- ^ The CQ guide to current American government, Volume 49. October 13, 2008. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
- ^ Walker, Jesse (November 1, 2009) Five Faces of Jerry Brown Archived June 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, The American Conservative
- ^ a b Bradley, William (May 25, 2008). "The OTHER Big Problem With Hillary's Notorious Remarks". The Huffington Post. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Brown Enters Race as Leader Against 'Corrupt Politics'", Associated Press, October 22, 1991. Page A3.
- ^ a b Dowd, Maureen (April 3, 1992). "THE 1992 CAMPAIGN – Brown – Candidate Is Tripped Up Over Alliance With Jackson". The New York Times. New York State. Retrieved October 13, 2010.
- ^ "Mike Lux: A Modern Populist Movement". The Huffington Post. July 8, 2010. Retrieved October 13, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f Barabak, Mark Z.; La Ganga, Maria L. (29 October 1997). "Jerry Brown Enters Race for Oakland Mayor". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Jerry Brown's years as Oakland mayor set stage for political comeback". San Jose Mercury News. August 29, 2010. Retrieved October 13, 2010.
- ^ Stein, Joel (April 25, 2013). "How Jerry Brown Scared California Straight". Bloomberg Business.
- ^ DelVecchio, Rick; Holtz, Debra Levi (4 November 1998). "Measure X Victory for Jerry Brown / Strong-mayor initiative OKd by Oakland voters". SFGate. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-58901-620-0. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- ^ Johnson, Chip (October 7, 2005). "City awaits word from Dellums". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
- ^ Lee, Henry K.; Hamburg, Laura (March 16, 1999). "War Games Come Ashore In East Bay / Chanting protesters greet Marines and helicopters". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
- ^ a b Heredia, Christopher (February 19, 2006). "CAMPAIGN 2006: Oakland Mayor / Candidates agree on increasing housing / They differ on how to assist middle-, low-income families". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
- ^ Robert Gammon (January 3, 2007). "Inflating the Numbers, The Brown administration came very close on the 10K Plan. So why the grade inflation?". East Bay Express. Archived from the original on December 30, 2008.
- ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Educating Oakland: Jerry Brown Re-Invents Himself as Mayor of Oakland" – via www.youtube.com.
- ^ Johnson, Chip (March 9, 2010). "Jerry Brown is ex-mayor, not Gov. Moonbeam". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
- ^ Talbot, Stephen. "The Celebrity and the City". KQED. Archived from the original on January 22, 2016.
- ^ McPherson, Bruce. ""Statement of Vote", 2006" (PDF). Elections & Voter Information. California Secretary of State's Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 7, 2007. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
- ^ "Editorial: GOP Volunteers Disgrace Party by Opposition to Kennard, Suit Against Brown". Metropolitan News-Enterprise. October 23, 2006. p. 6. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
- ^ Richman, Josh (February 10, 2007). "Judge dismisses suit against Brown". Oakland Tribune. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
- ^ Williams, Carol J. (September 22, 2010). "Clock is ticking on first execution at San Quentin's revamped death chamber". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
- ^ "Brown Wants Executions To Resume In California". CBS News. Associated Press. September 22, 2010. Retrieved September 27, 2010.
- ^ Elias, Paul (September 25, 2010). "Timing of Calif. Execution Questioned". Time. Associated Press. Archived from the original on September 27, 2010. Retrieved September 27, 2010.
- ^ "State's suit to target mortgage lender for unfair practices". Chicago Tribune. June 25, 2008. Retrieved June 25, 2008.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Illinois AG sues Countrywide over lending practices". Chicago Tribune. Associated Press. June 25, 2008. Archived from the original on June 28, 2008. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
- ^ "California sues Countrywide". CNN Money.com. June 25, 2008. Retrieved June 25, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "BofA to pay $8 billion over subprime suit". NBC News. October 6, 2008. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
- ^ "Calif. Sup. Ct. arguments on Prop. 8, at a glance". Associated Press. March 1, 2009. Retrieved August 6, 2010.
- ^ "California high court upholds same-sex marriage ban". CNN. May 26, 2009. Retrieved May 26, 2009.
- ^ "N:\Katharine Van Dusen\Civil\Perry v Schwarzenegger 09-2292\Findings\FF & CL FINAL.wpd" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 16, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
- ^ Willon, Phil (6 October 2010). "Attorney general candidates offer differing visions of post". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
- ^ "Court: Calif. need not defend Prop 8". United Press International. September 3, 2010. Retrieved October 13, 2010.
- ^ Kernis, Jay (March 2, 2010). "Intriguing people for March 2, 2010". CNN. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
- ^ "The Anti-Governor: Jerry Brown wants to be governor of California again". The Economist. June 12, 2008.
- ^ Jerry Brown for governor Archived November 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, editorial, Los Angeles Times, October 3, 2010
- ^ Endorsements: Jerry Brown best pick for governor Archived October 4, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, editorial, The Sacramento Bee, October 3, 2010
- ^ "Chronicle Recommends Jerry Brown for Governor; A vote for experience over a big leap of faith". San Francisco Chronicle. October 3, 2010. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011.
- San Jose Mercury News. October 10, 2010. Archived from the originalon August 24, 2013.
- ^ "Rebuild California: SEIU Voter Guide". Draft.seiuca.org. Archived from the original on July 9, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
- ^ a b Whitman, Brown In The Hot Seat Over Negative Ads by Ina Jaffe.
- ^ Brown, Whitman Challenged to Pull Negative Ads in California Governor Race Archived 2014-01-18 at the Wayback Machine PBS Newshour, David Chalian and Terrance Burlij, October 27, 2010.
- ^ "PolitiCal". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ "How Jerry Brown got back in the governor's saddle" Archived 2017-01-16 at the Wayback Machine, Ashley Fantz, CNN, November 3, 2010. Fetched from URL on November 3, 2010.
- ^ "PolitiCal". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ Jesse McKinley. "The New York Times".01/10/2011. "McKinley, Jesse (January 11, 2011). "Deep Social Services Cuts Outlined in California". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 6, 2014. Retrieved 2011-01-17.". January 16, 2011.
- ^ "The Governor's Last Stand". Pacific Standard. August 12, 2012.
- ^ "Calif. law distances protesters from funerals". Army Times. Associated Press. September 17, 2013. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
- ^ Abdollah, Tami (November 7, 2012). "Prop. 30 winning; what's next for schools, taxes". KPCC. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
- ^ "Bay Delta Conservation Plan - Water Education Foundation". www.watereducation.org. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
- ^ Siders, David (February 23, 2015). "Field Poll: Jerry Brown riding high, but not his big projects". Sacramento Bee. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
- ^ "DRAFT Design & Construction Enterprise (DCE) Agreement and Exhibits" (PDF). Department of Water Resources and the Conveyance Project Coordination Agency. September 23, 2015. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
- ^ "Jerry Brown to meet with Mexican president". Politico. July 27, 2014. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
- ^ Orr, Katie. "Brown Signs Historic Groundwater Legislation". Retrieved September 16, 2014.
- ^ Nagourney, Adam (6 September 2014). "In California Governor's Race, the Risks of Running a Low-Risk Campaign" (web). The New York Times. Retrieved September 27, 2014.
- ^ Williams, Juliet. "Brown, Kashkari clash over education, business climate in only California governor's debate". Associated Press. Retrieved September 10, 2014.
- ^ "In California Governor's Race, the Risks of Running a Low-Risk Campaign". The New York Times. September 6, 2014. Retrieved September 27, 2014.
- ^ "Jerry Brown Sets California on a Course of Public Works". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg. November 10, 2014. Retrieved November 11, 2014.
- ^ Lovett, Ian; Perez-Pena, Richard (5 October 2015). "California Governor Signs Assisted Suicide Bill Into Law". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
- ^ Brown, Edmund G. "Letter to the members of the California State Assembly" (PDF). Office of Governor Edmund G. Brown. State of California. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
- ^ Bernstein, Sharon (2016-09-13). "California governor vetoes bill to repeal tampon tax". Reuters. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
- ^ Teresa, Wantanabe (10 January 2018). "Gov. Brown proposes California's first fully online public community college". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
- ^ McGreevy, Patrick (26 June 2018). "California ballot will include gas tax repeal in November". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2018-07-06.
- ^ McGreevy, Patrick. "Gov. Jerry Brown rallies Democrats to elect Gavin Newsom as his successor". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2018-07-09.
- ^ McDonald, Jeff. "Consumer report alleges conflicts of interest between Gov. Brown and Sempra". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 2018-09-27.
- ^ "Jerry Brown has pardoned more felons than any governor in recent state history". The Mercury News. 2016-12-30. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
- ^ a b "In commuting 20 murder convicts' sentences, California governor draws praise, condemnation". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-262-54482-5.
- ^ Insect infamy: rare beetle named for former California governor The Guardian
- ^ "Jerry Brown and Linda Ronstadt". Ronstadt-linda.com. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ "Brown, Linda Ronstadt Book Flight to Liberia". Los Angeles Times. April 6, 1979. p. A1. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved July 6, 2017. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
- ^ Goldman, John J. (April 7, 1979). "Board Plane for Africa". Los Angeles Times. p. A1. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
Gov. Brown left quickly and quietly from New York Friday with rock singer Linda Ronstadt to celebrate his 41st birthday in Africa.
Alternate Link via ProQuest. - ^ "Visits Tribesmen". Los Angeles Times. April 12, 1979. p. B3. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
Rock star Linda Ronstadt Wednesday visited Kenyan tribesmen who she said looked "like something out of National Geographic" and for the first time firmly denied she will marry California Gov. Brown during their African safari.
Alternate Link via ProQuest. - ^ Martinez, Al & Sweeney, Joan (April 17, 1979). "Brown's Back, Unmarried and Hot at the Press". Los Angeles Times. p. B3. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
Gov. Brown arrived at Los Angeles International Airport Monday with still-unmarried rock singer Linda Ronstadt, a large rolled-up map of the world and some harsh comments on how the press treated him and the singer during their 10-day African tour.
Alternate Link via ProQuest. - ^ Garchik, Leah (June 19, 2005). "Oakland's royal wedding: Nearly 600 attend Jerry Brown's nuptials". San Francisco Chronicle. San Francisco, CA. Archived from the original on December 10, 2005. Retrieved November 3, 2010.
- ^ Young, Samantha (June 22, 2010) "Jerry Brown House, Worth $1.8 Million, Doesn't Fit California Governor Candidate's Tale Of Frugality" Archived January 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The Huffington Post. Retrieved September 13, 2010.
- ^ Marcum, Diana (February 11, 2019). "Colusa didn't always embrace Jerry Brown, but new neighbors just may give him a chance". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
- ^ William Kloss; Diane K. Skvarla; Jane R. McGoldrick (2002). United States Senate Catalogue of Fine Art. Government Printing Office. p. xxviii. N6505 .U479 2002. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
- ^ Steve Rubenstein; Janine DeFeo (July 20, 2004). "Barzaghi Departs Jerry Brown Staff". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-02-06.
- ^ "PolitiCal". Los Angeles Times. April 30, 2011.
- ^ "Calif. governor being treated for early stage prostate cancer". MSN. Archived from the original on May 29, 2014. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
- ^ Judy Lin, California gov's newest ally? A 'fur ball' with charm Archived October 12, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Associated Press (February 18, 2011).
- ^ Nick Miller, How Sutter Brown saved California Archived July 15, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Sacramento News & Review, September 26, 2013.
- ^ "First Dog, Sutter Brown". State of California. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
- ^ David Siders, California's 'first dog' falls critically ill Archived October 12, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Politico (October 11, 2016).
- ^ "Sutter Brown, Gov. Jerry Brown's famous dog, has died". Los Angeles Times. 2016-12-31. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
- ^ Manke, Kara (September 23, 2019). "UC Berkeley, former Gov. Jerry Brown partner with China to spur climate action". Berkeley News. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
- ^ Veltman, Chloe (January 24, 2019). "Why the Myth of the 'San Francisco Accent' Persists". KQED.
Further reading
- Bollens, John C. and G. Robert Williams. Jerry Brown: In a Plain Brown Wrapper (Pacific Palisades, California: Palisades Publishers, 1978). ISBN 0-913530-12-3
- Brown, Jerry. Thoughts (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1976)
- Brown, Jerry. Dialogues (Berkeley, California: Berkeley Hills Books, 1998). ISBN 0-9653774-9-0
- Bachelis, Faren Maree (1986). The Pelican Guide to Sacramento and the Gold Country. Pelican. ISBN 0-88289-497-8.
- Lorenz, J. D. Jerry Brown: The Man on the White Horse (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co, 1978). ISBN 0-395-25767-0
- McFadden, Chuck and Joe Barrett. Trailblazer: A Biography of Jerry Brown (2013) scholarly biography
- Newton, Jim. Man of Tomorrow: The Relentless Life of Jerry Brown (2020) 448pp excerpt
- Pack, Robert. Jerry Brown, The Philosopher-Prince (New York: Stein and Day, 1978). ISBN 0-8128-2437-7
- Pawel, Miriam. The Browns of California: The Family Dynasty That Transformed a State and Shaped a Nation (New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018). ISBN 9781632867339
- Rapoport, Roger. California Dreaming: The Political Odyssey of Pat & Jerry Brown (Berkeley, CA: Nolo Press, 1982) ISBN 0-917316-48-7
- Rarick, Ethan (2006). California Rising: The Life and Times of Pat Brown. ISBN 978-0-520-24828-1.
- Rarick, Ethan. "The Brown Dynasty." in Modern American Political Dynasties: A Study of Power, Family, and Political Influence ed by Kathleen Gronnerud and Scott J. Spitzer. (2018): 211–30.
- Schell, Orville (1978), Brown, New York: Random House, ISBN 0394410432