Jerusalem

Coordinates: 31°46′44″N 35°13′32″E / 31.77889°N 35.22556°E / 31.77889; 35.22556

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

City in the Southern Levant

"Bayt al-Maqdis" and "Al-Quds" redirect here. For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation), Al-Quds (disambiguation), and Bayt al-Maqdis (disambiguation).

Metropolis in Israel and Palestine, Israel

Jerusalem יְרוּשָׁלַיִם‎ ( PDT)
Postal code	9XXXXXX
Area code	+972-2
Website	jerusalem.muni.il
Arab States
Endangered	1982–present

Part of a series on
Jerusalem
History Second Temple Period	538 BCE–70 CE
Aelia Capitolina	130–325 CE
Byzantine	325–638 CE
Early Muslim	638–1099
Crusader	1099–1187
Late Medieval	1187–1517
Ottoman	1517–1917
British Mandate	1917–1948
Modern period (Jordanian and Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem)	1948-

Jerusalem (

At present, the status of Jerusalem remains one of the core issues in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, West Jerusalem was among the areas incorporated into Israel, while East Jerusalem, including the Old City, was occupied and annexed by Jordan. Israel occupied East Jerusalem from Jordan during the 1967 Six-Day War and subsequently annexed it into the city's municipality, together with additional surrounding territory.^{[note 6]} One of Israel's Basic Laws, the 1980 Jerusalem Law, refers to Jerusalem as the country's undivided capital. All branches of the Israeli government are located in Jerusalem, including the Knesset (Israel's parliament), the residences of the Prime Minister and President, and the Supreme Court. The international community rejects the annexation as illegal and regards East Jerusalem as Palestinian territory occupied by Israel.^{[37][38][39][40]}

The name "Jerusalem" is variously etymologized to mean "foundation (Semitic yry' 'to found, to lay a cornerstone') of the pagan god Shalem";^[41][42] the god Shalem was thus the original tutelary deity of the Bronze Age city.^[43]

Shalim or Shalem was the name of the god of dusk in the

The ending -ayim indicates the dual, thus leading to the suggestion that the name Yerushalayim refers to the fact that the city initially sat on two hills.^[51][52]

The

The form Yerushalem or Yerushalayim first appears in the Bible, in the Book of Joshua. According to a Midrash, the name is a combination of two names united by God, Yireh ("the abiding place", the name given by Abraham to the place where he planned to sacrifice his son) and Shalem ("Place of Peace", the name given by high priest Shem).^[60]

One of the earliest extra-biblical Hebrew writing of the word Jerusalem is dated to the sixth or seventh century BCE^[61][62] and was discovered in Khirbet Beit Lei near Beit Guvrin in 1961. The inscription states: "I am Yahweh thy God, I will accept the cities of Judah and I will redeem Jerusalem",^[63][64][65] or as other scholars suggest: "Yahweh is the God of the whole earth. The mountains of Judah belong to him, to the God of Jerusalem".^[66][67] An older example on papyrus is known from the previous century.^[68]

In extra-biblical inscriptions, the earliest known example of the -ayim ending was discovered on a column about 3 km west of ancient Jerusalem, dated to the first century BCE.^[68]

An ancient settlement of Jerusalem, founded as early as the Bronze Age on the hill above the

In Greek and Latin, the city's name was transliterated Hierosolyma (Greek: Ἱεροσόλυμα; in Greek hieròs, ἱερός, means holy), although the city was renamed Aelia Capitolina for part of the Roman period of its history.

The

Originally titled Bayt al-Maqdis, today, Jerusalem is most commonly known in Arabic as القُدس, transliterated as al-Quds and meaning "the holy" or "the holy sanctuary",^[47][48] cognate with Hebrew: הקדש, romanized: ha-qodesh. The name is possibly a shortened form of مدينة القُدس Madīnat al-Quds "city of the holy sanctuary" after the Hebrew nickname with the same meaning, Ir ha-Qodesh (עיר הקדש). The ق (Q) is pronounced either with a voiceless uvular plosive (/q/), as in Classical Arabic, or with a glottal stop (ʔ) as in Levantine Arabic.^[7] Official Israeli government policy mandates that أُورُشَلِيمَ, transliterated as Ūrušalīm, which is the name frequently used in Christian translations of the Bible into Arabic,^[82][83] be used as the Arabic language name for the city in conjunction with القُدس, giving أُورُشَلِيمَ-القُدس, Ūrušalīm-al-Quds.^[84] Palestinian Arab families who hail from this city are often called "Qudsi" (قُدسي) or "Maqdasi" (مقدسي), while Palestinian Muslim Jerusalemites may use these terms as a demonym.^[85]

Jerusalem is one of the world's oldest cities, with a history spanning over 5,000 years. Its origins trace back to around 3000 BCE, with the first settlement near the

From 1923 until 1948, Jerusalem served as the administrative capital of Mandatory Palestine.^[86]

From 1949 until 1967, West Jerusalem served as Israel's capital, but was not recognized as such internationally because

President Mahmoud Abbas has said that any agreement that did not include East Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine would be unacceptable.^[92] Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has similarly stated that Jerusalem would remain the undivided capital of Israel. Due to its proximity to the city, especially the Temple Mount, Abu Dis, a Palestinian suburb of Jerusalem, has been proposed as the future capital of a Palestinian state by Israel. Israel has not incorporated Abu Dis within its security wall around Jerusalem. The Palestinian Authority has built a possible future parliament building for the Palestinian Legislative Council in the town, and its Jerusalem Affairs Offices are all located in Abu Dis.^[93]

While the international community regards East Jerusalem, including the entire Old City, as part of the

In 2010, Israel approved legislation giving Jerusalem the highest national priority status in Israel. The law prioritized construction throughout the city, and offered grants and tax benefits to residents to make housing, infrastructure, education, employment, business, tourism, and cultural events more affordable. Communications Minister Moshe Kahlon said that the bill sent "a clear, unequivocal political message that Jerusalem will not be divided", and that "all those within the Palestinian and international community who expect the current Israeli government to accept any demands regarding Israel's sovereignty over its capital are mistaken and misleading".^[99]

The status of the city, and especially its holy places, remains a core issue in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The Israeli government has approved building plans in the Muslim Quarter of the Old City^[100] in order to expand the Jewish presence in East Jerusalem, while some Islamic leaders have made claims that Jews have no historical connection to Jerusalem, alleging that the 2,500-year-old Western Wall was constructed as part of a mosque.^[101][102] Palestinians regard Jerusalem as the capital of the State of Palestine,^[103] and the city's borders have been the subject of bilateral talks. A team of experts assembled by the then Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak in 2000 concluded that the city must be divided, since Israel had failed to achieve any of its national aims there.^[104]

However, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said in 2014 that "Jerusalem will never be divided".^[105] A poll conducted in June 2013 found that 74% of Israeli Jews reject the idea of a Palestinian capital in any portion of Jerusalem, though 72% of the public regarded it as a divided city.^[106] A poll conducted by Palestinian Centre for Public Opinion and American Pechter Middle East Polls for the Council on Foreign Relations, among East Jerusalem Arab residents in 2011 revealed that 39% of East Jerusalem Arab residents would prefer Israeli citizenship contrary to 31% who opted for Palestinian citizenship. According to the poll, 40% of Palestinian residents would prefer to leave their neighbourhoods if they would be placed under Palestinian rule.^[107]

On 5 December 1949, Israel's first Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion, proclaimed Jerusalem as Israel's "eternal" and "sacred" capital, and eight days later specified that only the war had "compelled" the Israeli leadership "to establish the seat of Government in Tel Aviv", while "for the State of Israel there has always been and always will be one capital only – Jerusalem the Eternal", and that after the war, efforts had been ongoing for creating the conditions for "the Knesset... returning to Jerusalem."^[108] This indeed took place, and since the beginning of 1950 all branches of the Israeli government—legislative, judicial, and executive—have resided there, except for the Ministry of Defense, which is located at HaKirya in Tel Aviv.^[109][110] At the time of Ben Gurion's proclamations and the ensuing Knesset vote of 24 January 1950,^[110] Jerusalem was divided between Israel and Jordan, and thus the proclamation only applied to West Jerusalem.

In July 1980, Israel passed the Jerusalem Law as Basic Law. The law declared Jerusalem the "complete and united" capital of Israel.^[111] The Jerusalem Law was condemned by the international community, which did not recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel. The United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 478 on 20 August 1980, which declared that the Jerusalem Law is "a violation of international law", is "null and void and must be rescinded forthwith". Member states were called upon to withdraw their diplomatic representation from Jerusalem.^[112]

Following the resolution, 22 of the 24 countries that previously had their embassy in (West) Jerusalem relocated them in Tel Aviv, where many embassies already resided prior to Resolution 478. Costa Rica and El Salvador followed in 2006.^[113] There are five embassies—United States, Guatemala, Honduras, Papua-New Guinea and Kosovo —and two consulates located within the city limits of Jerusalem, and two

In 1995, the United States Congress passed the

In April 2017, the Russian Foreign Ministry announced it viewed Western Jerusalem as Israel's capital in the context of UN-approved principles which include the status of East Jerusalem as the capital of the future Palestinian state.[131]^[132][133] On 15 December 2018, Australia officially recognized West Jerusalem as Israel's capital, but said their embassy in Tel Aviv would stay until a two-state resolution was settled.^[134] The decision was reversed in October 2022.^[135]

The

).

Israeli settlements

See also:

Israeli settlements

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2023)

Since its capture in 1967, the Israeli government has built 12

The

Some states, such as Russia^[142] and China,^[143] recognize the Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 58/292 affirmed that the Palestinian people have the right to sovereignty over East Jerusalem.^[144]

Government offices are located outside the Israeli municipal limits include the

Apart from the mayor and his deputies, City Council members receive no salaries and work on a voluntary basis. The longest-serving Jerusalem mayor was Teddy Kollek, who spent 28 years—six consecutive terms—in office. Most of the meetings of the Jerusalem City Council are private, but each month, it holds a session that is open to the public.^[149] Within the city council, religious political parties form an especially powerful faction, accounting for the majority of its seats.^[151]

The headquarters of the Jerusalem Municipality and the mayor's office are at

A panorama of the Temple Mount (Haram al-Sharif or Al-Aqsa compound), including Al-Aqsa Mosque, and Dome of the Rock, from the Mount of Olives

Jerusalem is situated on the southern spur of a plateau in the Judaean Mountains, which include the Mount of Olives (East) and Mount Scopus (North East). The elevation of the Old City is approximately 760 m (2,490 ft).^[159] The whole of Jerusalem is surrounded by valleys and dry riverbeds (wadis). The Kidron, Hinnom, and Tyropoeon Valleys intersect in an area just south of the Old City of Jerusalem.^[160] The Kidron Valley runs to the east of the Old City and separates the Mount of Olives from the city proper. Along the southern side of old Jerusalem is the Valley of Hinnom, a steep ravine associated in biblical eschatology with the concept of Gehenna or Hell.^[161]

The Tyropoeon Valley commenced in the northwest near the Damascus Gate, ran south-southeasterly through the centre of the Old City down to the Pool of Siloam, and divided the lower part into two hills, the Temple Mount to the east, and the rest of the city to the west, the lower and the upper cities described by Josephus. Today, this valley is hidden by debris that has accumulated over the centuries.^[160] In biblical times, Jerusalem was surrounded by forests of almond, olive and pine trees. Over centuries of warfare and neglect, these forests were destroyed. Farmers in the Jerusalem region built stone terraces along the slopes to hold back the soil, a feature still very much in evidence in the Jerusalem landscape.^{[citation needed]}

Water supply has always been a major problem in Jerusalem, as attested to by the intricate network of ancient

Jerusalem is 60 km (37 mi)[163] east of Tel Aviv and the Mediterranean Sea. On the opposite side of the city, approximately 35 km (22 mi)^[164] away, is the Dead Sea, the lowest body of water on Earth. Neighbouring cities and towns include Bethlehem and Beit Jala to the south, Abu Dis and Ma'ale Adumim to the east, Mevaseret Zion to the west, and Ramallah and Giv'at Ze'ev to the north.^{[165][166][167]}

Mount Herzl, at the western side of the city near the Jerusalem Forest, serves as the national cemetery of Israel.

• 
  Astronauts' view of Jerusalem
• 
  Sunset aerial photograph of the Mount of Olives

The city is characterized by a

January is the coldest month of the year, with an average temperature of 9.1 °C (48.4 °F); July and August are the hottest months, with an average temperature of 24.2 °C (75.6 °F), and the summer months are usually rainless. The average annual precipitation is around 537 mm (21 in), with rain occurring almost entirely between October and May.^[168] Snowfall is rare, and large snowfalls are even more rare.^[169][170] Jerusalem received over 30 cm (12 in) of snow on 13 December 2013, which nearly paralyzed the city.^[169][170] A day in Jerusalem has on average, 9.3 sunshine hours. With summers averaging similar temperatures as the coastline, the maritime influence from the Mediterranean Sea is strong, in particular given that Jerusalem is located on a similar latitude as scorching hot deserts not far to its east.

The highest recorded temperature in Jerusalem was 44.4 °C (111.9 °F) on 28 and 30 August 1881, and the lowest temperature recorded was −6.7 °C (19.9 °F) on 25 January 1907.

Most of the air pollution in Jerusalem comes from vehicular traffic.^[171] Many main streets in Jerusalem were not built to accommodate such a large volume of traffic, leading to traffic congestion and more carbon monoxide released into the air. Industrial pollution inside the city is sparse, but emissions from factories on the Israeli Mediterranean coast can travel eastward and settle over the city.^[171][172]

Jerusalem's population size and composition has shifted many times over its 5,000-year history. Since the 19th century, the

Most population data before 1905 is based on estimates, often from foreign travellers or organisations, since previous census data usually covered wider areas such as the Jerusalem District.^[178] These estimates suggest that since the end of the Crusades, Muslims formed the largest group in Jerusalem until the mid-nineteenth century.

Between 1838 and 1876, a number of estimates exist which conflict as to whether Jews or Muslims were the largest group during this period, and between 1882 and 1922 estimates conflict as to exactly when Jews became an absolute majority of the population.

In December 2007, Jerusalem had a population of 747,600—63.7% were Jewish, 33.1% Muslim, and 2% Christian.^[180]

According to a study published in 2000, the percentage of Jews in the city's population had been decreasing; this was attributed to a higher Muslim birth rate, and Jewish residents leaving. The study also found that about nine percent of the Old City's 32,488 people were Jews.^[181] Of the Jewish population, 200,000 live in East Jerusalem settlements which are considered illegal under international law.^[182]

In 2005, 2,850 new immigrants settled in Jerusalem, mostly from the United States, France and the former

In 2005, the total population grew by 13,000 (1.8%)—similar to the Israeli national average, but the religious and ethnic composition is shifting. While 31% of the Jewish population is made up of children below the age fifteen, the figure for the Arab population is 42%.[183]

In 1967, Jews accounted for 74 percent of the population, while the figure for 2006 is down nine percent.^[184] Possible factors are the high cost of housing, fewer job opportunities and the increasingly religious character of the city, although proportionally, young Haredim are leaving in higher numbers.^{[citation needed]} The percentage of secular Jews, or those who 'wear their faith lightly' is dropping, with some 20,000 leaving the city over the past seven years (2012). They now number 31% of the population, the same percentage as the rising Haredi population.

In 2010, 61% of all Jewish children in Jerusalem studied in Haredi (Ultra-Orthodox) schools. This correlates with the high number of children in Haredi families.^[185]

While some secular Jews leave Jerusalem for its relative lack of development and religious and political tensions, Jerusalem-born Palestinians cannot leave Jerusalem, or they lose their right to live in the city. Palestinians with a "Jerusalem resident status" are entitled to the subsidized healthcare and social security benefits Israel provides to its citizens, and have the right to vote in municipal elections, but not to be voted in municipal elections, or to vote in national elections. Arabs in Jerusalem can send their children to Israeli-run schools, although not every neighbourhood has one, and universities. Israeli doctors and highly regarded hospitals such as Hadassah Medical Centre are available to residents.^[186]

Demographics and the Jewish-Arab population divide play a major role in the dispute over Jerusalem. In 1998, the Jerusalem Development Authority expanded city limits to the west to include more areas heavily populated with Jews.^[16]

Within the past few years, there has been a steady increase in the Jewish birthrate and a steady decrease in the Arab birthrate. In May 2012, it was reported that the Jewish birthrate had overtaken the Arab birthrate. The city's birthrate stands about 4.2 children per Jewish family and 3.9 children per Arab family.

French Hill neighbourhood, Palestinians today constitute one-sixth of the overall population.^[189]

At the end of 2008, the population of East Jerusalem was 456,300, comprising 60% of Jerusalem's residents. Of these, 195,500 (43%) were Jews, (comprising 40% of the Jewish population of Jerusalem as a whole), and 260,800 (57%) were Muslim (comprising 98% of the Muslim population of Jerusalem).^[190] In 2008, the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics reported the number of Palestinians living in East Jerusalem was 208,000 according to a recently completed census.^[191]

Jerusalem's Jewish population is overwhelmingly religious. Only 18% of Jewish residents are secular. In addition, Haredi Jews comprise 35% of the city's adult Jewish population. In a phenomenon seen rarely around the world, the percentage of Jewish women who work, 81%, exceeds the percentage of Jewish men who work, 70%.^[192]

Jerusalem had a population of 804,400 in 2011, of which Jews comprised 499,400 (62.1%), Muslims 281,100 (34.9%), Christians 14,700 (1.8%), and 9,000 (1.1%) were not classified by religion.^[17]

Jerusalem had a population of 882,700 in 2016, of which Jews comprised 536,600 (60.8%), Muslims 319,800 (36.2%), Christians 15,800 (1.8%), and 10,300 unclassified (1.2%).^[17]

Jerusalem had a population of 951,100 in 2020, of which Jews comprised 570,100 (59.9%), Muslims 353.800 (37.2%), Christians 16.300 (1.7%), and 10,800 unclassified (1.1%).^[17]

According to Peace Now, approvals for building in Israeli settlements in East Jerusalem have expanded by 60% under Donald Trump's term as U.S. president.^[193] Since 1991, Palestinians, who make up the majority of the residents in East Jerusalem, have only received 30% of the building permits.^[194]

Critics of efforts to promote a Jewish majority in Jerusalem say that government planning policies are motivated by demographic considerations and seek to limit Arab construction while promoting Jewish construction.^[195] According to a World Bank report, the number of recorded building violations between 1996 and 2000 was four and half times higher in Jewish neighbourhoods but four times fewer demolition orders were issued in West Jerusalem than in East Jerusalem; Arabs in Jerusalem were less likely to receive construction permits than Jews, and "the authorities are much more likely to take action against Palestinian violators" than Jewish violators of the permit process.^[196] In recent years, private Jewish foundations have received permission from the government to develop projects on disputed lands, such as the City of David archaeological site in the 60% Arab neighbourhood of Silwan (adjacent to the Old City),^[197] and the Museum of Tolerance on Mamilla Cemetery (adjacent to Zion Square).^[196][198]

Jerusalem has been the holiest city in Judaism and the ancestral and spiritual homeland of the Jewish people since King David proclaimed it his capital in the 10th century BCE.^{[note 5][21]} Without counting its other names, Jerusalem appears in the Hebrew Bible 669 times.^[200] The first section, the Torah (Pentateuch), only mentions Moriah, but in later parts of the Bible, the city is mentioned explicitly.^[201] The Temple Mount, which was the site of Solomon's Temple and the Second Temple, is the holiest site in Judaism and the place Jews turn towards during prayer.^[202][203] The Western Wall, a remnant of the wall surrounding the Second Temple, is the holiest place where Jews are permitted to pray.^[204] Synagogues around the world are traditionally built with the Holy Ark facing Jerusalem,^[205] and Arks within Jerusalem face the Holy of Holies.^[206] As prescribed in the Mishna and codified in the Shulchan Aruch, daily prayers are recited while facing towards Jerusalem and the Temple Mount. Many Jews have "Mizrach" plaques hung on a wall of their homes to indicate the direction of prayer.^[206][207] The Western Wall is a remnant of the Second Temple and the holiest place where Jews are permitted to pray.

Jerusalem is generally considered the cradle of Christianity.^[208] Christianity reveres Jerusalem for its Old Testament history, and also for its significance in the life of Jesus. According to the New Testament, Jesus was brought to Jerusalem soon after his birth^[209] and later in his life cleansed the Second Temple.^[210] The Cenacle, believed to be the site of Jesus' Last Supper, is located on Mount Zion in the same building that houses the Tomb of King David.^[211][212] Another prominent Christian site in Jerusalem is Golgotha, the site of the crucifixion. The Gospel of John describes it as being located outside Jerusalem,^[213] but recent archaeological evidence suggests Golgotha is a short distance from the Old City walls, within the present-day confines of the city.^[214] The land occupied by the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is considered one of the top candidates for Golgotha and thus has been a Christian pilgrimage site for the past 2000 years.^{[214][215][216]} The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is generally considered the most important church in Christendom.^[217] It contains the two holiest sites in Christianity: the site where Jesus was crucified, and Jesus's empty tomb, where he is believed by Christians to have been buried and resurrected.

Jerusalem is the third-holiest city in

Historically, Jerusalem's economy was supported almost exclusively by religious pilgrims, as it was far from the major ports of

Since the establishment of the State of Israel, the national government has remained a major player in Jerusalem's economy. The government, centred in Jerusalem, generates a large number of jobs, and offers subsidies and incentives for new business initiatives and start-ups.

Higher than average percentages are employed in education (17.9% vs. 12.7%); health and welfare (12.6% vs. 10.7%); community and social services (6.4% vs. 4.7%); hotels and restaurants (6.1% vs. 4.7%); and public administration (8.2% vs. 4.7%).^[236] During the British Mandate, a law was passed requiring all buildings to be constructed of Jerusalem stone in order to preserve the unique historic and aesthetic character of the city.^[237] Complementing this building code, which is still in force, is the discouragement of heavy industry in Jerusalem; only about 2.2% of Jerusalem's land is zoned for "industry and infrastructure". By comparison, the percentage of land in Tel Aviv zoned for industry and infrastructure is twice as high, and in Haifa, seven times as high.^[183] Only 8.5% of the Jerusalem District work force is employed in the manufacturing sector, which is half the national average (15.8%).

Although many statistics indicate economic growth in the city, since 1967, East Jerusalem has lagged behind the development of West Jerusalem.

High-tech industry is emerged among Palestinian society of Jerusalem.[247]^[248] In 2023, Israel opened a technology park in East Jerusalem, known as EasTech. Local Palestinian engineers are employed in the complex by multinational companies, some of which includes AT&T, Natural Intelligence, Nvidia, Unity and Synamedia. Station J, an innovation hub is located in Sheikh Jarrah, which is yet another tech hub for Palestinians in the city. Hani Alami, a Jerusalem-based Palestinian entrepreneur has set up a start-+up accelerator.^[249] As a part of Israeli–Palestinian economic peace efforts, interaction between Israeli and Palestinian business community, also contributes in growth of Palestinian IT sector in the city.^[250][251]

Jerusalem has traditionally had a low-rise skyline. About 18 tall buildings were built at different times in the downtown area when there was no clear policy over the matter. One of them, Holyland Tower 1, Jerusalem's tallest building, is a skyscraper by international standards, rising 32 stories. Holyland Tower 2, which has been approved for construction, will reach the same height.^[252][253]

A new master plan for the city will see many high-rise buildings, including skyscrapers, built in certain, designated areas of downtown Jerusalem. Under the plan, towers will line

Jerusalem is served by highly developed communication infrastructures, making it a leading logistics hub for Israel.

The

The Jerusalem Light Rail initiated service in August 2011. According to plans, the first rail line will be capable of transporting an estimated 200,000 people daily, and has 23 stops. The route is from Pisgat Ze'ev in the north via the Old City and city centre to Mt. Herzl in the south.

A

Australian businessman Kevin Bermeister proposed a masterplan of Jerusalem, which also includes the development of an airport for Jerusalem in the Jordan Valley, near Jericho.^[272] The airport is sought to be a joint Israeli-Palestinian airport. Palestinian Prime Minister Mohammad Shtayyeh have also appealed to Israeli authorities to redevelop the airport.^[273] In 2021, the Israeli government planned to redevelop Atarot Airport as a joint Israeli–Palestinian airport.^[274] The new Atarot Airport will include two separate Israeli and Palestinian terminals.

Jerusalem is home to several prestigious universities offering courses in

Founded in 1925, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem has been ranked among the top 100 schools in the world.^[275] The Board of Governors has included such prominent Jewish intellectuals as Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud.^[276] The university has produced several Nobel laureates; recent winners associated with Hebrew University include Avram Hershko,^[277] David Gross,^[278] and Daniel Kahneman.^[279] One of the university's major assets is the Jewish National and University Library, which houses over five million books.^[280] The library opened in 1892, over three decades before the university was established, and is one of the world's largest repositories of books on Jewish subjects. Today it is both the central library of the university and the national library of Israel.^[281] The Hebrew University operates three campuses in Jerusalem, on Mount Scopus, on Giv'at Ram and a medical campus at the Hadassah Ein Kerem hospital. The Academy of the Hebrew Language are located in the Hebrew university in Givat Ram and the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities located near the Presidents House.

The

Other institutions of higher learning in Jerusalem are the Jerusalem Academy of Music and Dance^[291] and Bezalel Academy of Art and Design,^[292][293] whose buildings are located on the campuses of the Hebrew University.

Bagrut matriculation exams, so that much of their curriculum parallels that of other Israeli high schools and includes certain Jewish subjects.^[294]

Culture

Although Jerusalem is known primarily for its

Dead Sea scrolls, discovered in the mid-20th century in the Qumran Caves near the Dead Sea, are housed in the Museum's Shrine of the Book.^[299] The Youth Wing, which mounts changing exhibits and runs an extensive art education programme, is visited by 100,000 children a year. The museum has a large outdoor sculpture garden and includes the Holyland Model of Jerusalem, a scale-model of the city during the late Second Temple period.^[298] The Ticho House in downtown Jerusalem houses the paintings of Anna Ticho and the Judaica collections of her husband, an ophthalmologist who opened Jerusalem's first eye clinic in this building in 1912.^[300]

Next to the Israel Museum is the

Righteous among the Nations.^[306]

The

Valley of Hinnom

and the Old City.

Jerusalem was declared the

Palestine National Authority.^[313] In 2009, a four-day culture festival was held in the Beit 'Anan suburb of Jerusalem, attended by more than 15,000 people^[320]

Palestinian government has control.^[325] So far, the organization have restored a number of sites across neighborhoods of Kafr 'Aqab, Al Jib, Jaba and Qalandia.^[326] Those restored structures serves as local community centers, cultural sites and headquarters of several NGOs and cultural groups.^[326] Yabous Cultural Center is the largest cultural center in the city, opened by Palestinian groups in 1997.^[327] Edward Said National Conservatory of Music

have a branch in Jerusalem.

Hadassah Medical Center and the Hebrew University have unveiled a "Tree of Peace" statue at the Al Quds University School of Dental Medicine.^[328] The Museum on the Seam, which explores issues of coexistence through art, is situated on the road dividing eastern and western Jerusalem.^[329] The Abraham Fund and the Jerusalem Intercultural Centre (JICC) promote joint Jewish-Palestinian cultural projects. The Jerusalem Centre for Middle Eastern Music and Dance^[330] is open to Arabs and Jews and offers workshops on Jewish-Arab dialogue through the arts.^[331] The Jewish-Arab Youth Orchestra performs both European classical and Middle Eastern music.^[332] In 2008, the Tolerance Monument, an outdoor sculpture by Czesław Dźwigaj, was erected on a hill between Jewish Armon HaNetziv and Arab Jebl Mukaber as a symbol of Jerusalem's quest for peace.^[333]

Media

Jerusalem is the state broadcasting centre of Israel. The

God TV, an international Christian television network is also based in the city. PYALARA, an organization based in Jerusalem, have transformed Jaba into a digital hub, which is first Middle East's first digital village and is also home to first Media Interactive Learning Center in the Middle East.^[334]

Sports

See also: Beitar Jerusalem F.C., Hapoel Jerusalem B.C., and Jerusalem Marathon

The two most popular sports are football (soccer) and basketball.^[335] Beitar Jerusalem Football Club is one of the most well known in Israel. Fans include political figures who often attend its games.^[336] Jerusalem's other major football team, and one of Beitar's top rivals, is Hapoel Jerusalem F.C. Whereas Beitar has been Israel State Cup champion seven times,^[337] Hapoel has won the Cup only once. Beitar has won the top league six times, while Hapoel has never succeeded. Beitar plays in the more prestigious Ligat HaAl, while Hapoel is in the second division Liga Leumit. Since its opening in 1992, Teddy Stadium has been Jerusalem's primary football stadium, with a capacity of 31,733^[338]

The most popular Palestinian football club is

West Bank Barrier.^[339][340]

In basketball,

top division. The club has won Israel's championship in 2015, the State Cup four times, and the ULEB Cup in 2004.^[341]

The Jerusalem Marathon, established in 2011, is an international marathon race held annually in Jerusalem in the month of March. The full 42-kilometre race begins at the Knesset, passes through Mount Scopus and the Old City's Armenian Quarter, and concludes at Sacher Park. In 2012, the Jerusalem Marathon drew 15,000 runners, including 1,500 from fifty countries outside Israel.^{[342][343][344][345][346]}

A popular non-competitive sports event is the Jerusalem March, held annually during the Sukkot festival.

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Israel and Palestine

Jerusalem is twinned with:

• Niterói, Brazil^[347]
• Rio de Janeiro, Brazil^[348]
• Salvador, Brazil^[349]
• Cairo, Egypt^[350]
• Jakarta, Indonesia^[351]
• Tehran, Iran^[352]
• Ayabe, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan^[353]
• Nouakchott, Mauritania^[354]
• Fez, Morocco^[355]
• Oujda, Morocco^[356]
• Cusco, Peru^[357]
• Jersey City, New Jersey, United States^[358]
• New York City, New York, United States^[359]

See also

• Greater Jerusalem
• List of people from Jerusalem
• List of places in Jerusalem
• List of songs about Jerusalem

Notes

1. PLO's Negotiations Affairs Department (NAD) often refer to East Jerusalem (rather than the whole of Jerusalem) as a future capital, and sometimes as the current capital. One of its 2010 documents, described as "for discussion purposes only", says that Palestine has a '"vision"' for a future in which "East Jerusalem ... shall be the capital of Palestine, and West Jerusalem shall be the capital of Israel",^[2][3] and one of its 2013 documents refers to "Palestine's capital, East Jerusalem", and states that "Occupied East Jerusalem is the natural socio-economic and political center for the future Palestinian state", while also stating that "Jerusalem has always been and remains the political, administrative and spiritual heart of Palestine" and that "The Palestinian acceptance of the 1967 border, which includes East Jerusalem, is a painful compromise".^[4]
2. romanized: Hierousalḗm/Hierosóluma; Armenian: Երուսաղեմ, romanized
   : Erusałēm.
3. ^ Jerusalem is the capital under Israeli law. The presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament (Knesset) are there. The State of Palestine (according to the Basic Law of Palestine, Title One: Article 3) regards Jerusalem as its capital.^[1] The UN and most countries do not recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital, taking the position that the final status of Jerusalem is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. Most countries maintain their embassies in Tel Aviv and its suburbs or suburbs of Jerusalem, such as Mevaseret Zion (see CIA Factbook and "Map of Israel" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 June 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2017. (319 KB)) See Status of Jerusalem for more information.
4. Israeli West Bank barrier,^[16]
   but their legal statuses have not been reverted.
5. ^ ^{a b} Much of the information regarding King David's conquest of Jerusalem comes from Biblical accounts, but some modern-day historians have begun to give them credit due to a 1993 excavation.^[18]
6. ^ West Jerusalem comprises approximately one third of the municipal area of Jerusalem, with East Jerusalem comprising approximately two-thirds. On the annexation of East Jerusalem, Israel also incorporated an area of the West Bank into the Jerusalem municipal area which represented more than ten times the area of East Jerusalem under Jordanian rule.^[34][35][36]

References

1. ^ ^{a b} 2003 Amended Basic Law Archived 11 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Basic Law of Palestine. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
2. ^ "Jerusalem Non-Paper" (PDF). PLO-NAD. June 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
3. ^ "Statements and Speeches". nad-plo.org. p. 2. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2014. This paper is for discussion purposes only. Nothing is agreed until everything is agreed. Palestinian vision for Jerusalem...Pursuant to our vision, East Jerusalem, as defined by its pre-1967 occupation municipal borders, shall be the capital of Palestine, and West Jerusalem shall be the capital of Israel, with each state enjoying full sovereignty over its respective part of the city.
4. ^ "East Jerusalem today – Palestine's Capital: The 1967 border in Jerusalem and Israel's illegal policies on the ground" (PDF). PLO-Negotiations Affairs Department (NAD). August 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
5. ^ A-Z Guide to the Qur'an: A Must-have Reference to Understanding the Contents of the Islamic Holy Book by Mokhtar Stork (1999): "JERUSALEM: Referred to in Arabic as Baitul Muqaddas (The Holy House) or Baitul Maqdis (The House of the Sanctuary)".
6. ^ Pan-Islamism in India & Bengal by Mohammad Shah (2002), p. 63: "... protector of Mecca, Medina and Baitul Muqaddas, the sacred places of pilgrimage of the Muslim world"
7. ^
   OCLC 783142368
   .
8. ^ Smith, William (6 December 2017). "Donald Trump confirms US will recognise Jerusalem as capital of Israel". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
9. ^ "Do We Divide the Holiest Holy City?". Moment Magazine. Archived from the original on 3 June 2008. Retrieved 5 March 2008. According to Eric H. Cline's tally in Jerusalem Besieged.
10. ^ Greenberg, Raphael; Mizrachi, Yonathan (10 September 2013). "From Shiloah to Silwan – A Visitor's Guide". Emek Shaveh. Archived from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
11. ISBN 978-1-62837-345-5. Archived
    from the original on 24 October 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
12. ISBN 978-0-312-44187-6
    .
13. ^
    ISBN 978-1-78283-904-0. Archived from the original on 9 June 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023. What wasn't corrected, though - and what, in retrospect, should have raised much more controversy than it did (it seems to have passed completely unremarked for the last 170-odd years) – was [Aldrich and Symonds's] map's
    labelling. Because here, newly arcing across the familiar quadrilateral of Jerusalem, are four double labels in bold capitals. At top left Haret En-Nassara and, beneath it, Christian Quarter; at bottom left Haret El-Arman and Armenian Quarter; at bottom centre Haret El-Yehud and Jews' Quarter; and at top right – the big innovation, covering perhaps half the city – Haret El-Muslimin and Mohammedan Quarter, had shown this before. Every map has shown it since. The idea, in 1841, of a Mohammedan (that is, Muslim) quarter of Jerusalem is bizarre. It's like a Catholic quarter of Rome. A Hindu quarter of Delhi. Nobody living there would conceive of the city in such a way. At that time, and for centuries before and decades after, Jerusalem was, if the term means anything at all, a Muslim city. Many people identified in other ways, but large numbers of Jerusalemites were Muslim and they lived all over the city. A Muslim quarter could only have been dreamt up by outsiders, searching for a handle on a place they barely understood, intent on asserting their own legitimacy among a hostile population, seeing what they wanted to see. Its only purpose could be to draw attention to what it excludes.
14. ^ "Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls". UNESCO World Heritage Convention. Archived from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
15. ^ "Selected Data on the Occasion of Jerusalem Day, 2022". cbs.gov.il. 26 May 2022. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
16. ^ ^{a b} Laub, Karin (2 December 2006). "Jerusalem Barrier Causes Major Upheaval". The Washington Post. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
17. ^ ^{a b c d} "Table III/9 – Population in Israel and in Jerusalem, by Religion, 1988 – 2020" (PDF). jerusaleminstitute.org.il. 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
18. ISBN 978-0-380-72633-2
    . [see footnote]
19. ^ Tubb (1998), pp. 13–14.
20. ^ Mark Smith in "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" states "Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points between Israelites and Canaanites in the Iron I period (c. 1200–1000 BCE). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period." (pp. 6–7). Smith, Mark (2002) "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" (Eerdman's)
21. ^ ^{a b} Since the 10th century BCE:
    • "Israel was first forged into a unified nation from Jerusalem some 3,000 years ago, when
      ISBN 978-0-520-22092-8
    • "The centrality of Jerusalem to Judaism is so strong that even secular Jews express their devotion and attachment to the city, and cannot conceive of a modern State of Israel without it.... For Jews Jerusalem is sacred simply because it exists... Though Jerusalem's sacred character goes back three millennia...". Leslie J. Hoppe. The Holy City: Jerusalem in the theology of the Old Testament, Liturgical Press, 2000, p. 6.
      ISBN 978-0-8146-5081-3
    • "Ever since King David made Jerusalem the capital of Israel 3,000 years ago, the city has played a central role in Jewish existence." Mitchell Geoffrey Bard, The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Middle East Conflict, Alpha Books, 2002, p. 330.
      ISBN 978-0-02-864410-3
    • "Jerusalem became the center of the Jewish people some 3,000 years ago" Moshe Maoz, Sari Nusseibeh, Jerusalem: Points of Friction – And Beyond, Brill Academic Publishers, 2000, p. 1.
      ISBN 978-90-411-8843-4
22. ^ "Basic Facts you should know: Jerusalem". Anti-Defamation League. 2007. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2007. The Jewish people are inextricably bound to the city of Jerusalem. No other city has played such a dominant role in the history, politics, culture, religion, national life and consciousness of a people as has Jerusalem in the life of Jewry and Judaism. Since King David established the city as the capital of the Jewish state circa 1000 BCE, it has served as the symbol and most profound expression of the Jewish people's identity as a nation."
23. ^ Reinoud Oosting, The Role of Zion/Jerusalem in Isaiah 40–55: A Corpus-Linguistic Approach, p. 117, at Google Books Brill 2012 pp. 117–18. Isaiah 48:2; 51:1; Nehemiah 11:1, 18; cf. Joel 4:17: Daniel 5:24. The Isaiah section where they occur belong to deutero-Isaiah.
24. ^ Shalom M. Paul, Isaiah 40–66, p. 306, at Google Books The 'holiness' (qodesh) arises from the temple in its midst, the root q-d-š referring to a sanctuary. The concept is attested in Mesopotamian literature, and the epithet may serve to distinguish Babylon, the city of exiles, from the city of the Temple, to where they are enjoined to return.
25. ^ Golb, Norman (1997). "Karen Armstrong's Jerusalem – One City, Three Faiths". The Bible and Interpretation. Archived from the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013. The available texts of antiquity indicate that the concept was created by one or more personalities among the Jewish spiritual leadership, and that this occurred no later than the 6th century B.C.
26. ^ Isaiah 52:1 πόλις ἡ ἁγία.
27. ^ Joseph T. Lienhard, The Bible, the Church, and Authority: The Canon of the Christian Bible in History and Theology, Liturgical Press, 1995 pp. 65–66: 'The Septuagint is a Jewish translation and was also used in the synagogue. But at the end of the first century C.E. many Jews ceased to use the Septuagint because the early Christians had adopted it as their own translation, and it began to be considered a Christian translation.'
28. ^ ^{a b} Third-holiest city in Islam:
    • ISBN 978-0-19-515713-0
      . The Night Journey made Jerusalem the third holiest city in Islam
    • Brown, Leon Carl (2000). "Setting the Stage: Islam and Muslims". Religion and State: The Muslim Approach to Politics. Columbia University Press. p. 11.
      ISBN 978-0-231-12038-8
      . The third holiest city of Islam—Jerusalem—is also very much in the center...
    • Hoppe, Leslie J. (2000). The Holy City: Jerusalem in the Theology of the Old Testament. Michael Glazier Books. p. 14.
      ISBN 978-0-8146-5081-3
      . Jerusalem has always enjoyed a prominent place in Islam. Jerusalem is often referred to as the third holiest city in Islam...
29. ^ Middle East peace plans by Willard A. Beling: "The Aqsa Mosque on the Temple Mount is the third holiest site in Sunni Islam after Mecca and Medina".
30. ^ Lewis, Bernard; Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann, eds. (1986). Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge University Press.
31. ^ Quran 17:1–3
32. ISBN 978-0-521-52575-6
    . Retrieved 9 June 2008.
33. ^ Kollek, Teddy (1977). "Afterword". In John Phillips (ed.). A Will to Survive – Israel: the Faces of the Terror 1948-the Faces of Hope Today. Dial Press/James Wade. about 91 hectares (225 acres)
34. ^ Walid Khalidi (1996) Islam, the West and Jerusalem. Center for Contemporary Arab Studies & Center for Muslim–Christian Understanding, Georgetown University, quotes the breakdown as follows: West Jerusalem in 1948: 16,261 dunums (14%); West Jerusalem added in 1967: 23,000 dunums (20%); East Jerusalem under Jordanian rule: 6,000 dunums (5%); West Bank area annexed and incorporated into East Jerusalem by Israel: 67,000 dunums (61%)
35. JSTOR 2538120
    . West Jerusalem: 35%; East Jerusalem under Jordanian rule: 4%; West Bank area annexed and incorporated into East Jerusalem by Israel: 59%
36. ISBN 978-0-7837-2978-7
    . East Jerusalem under Jordanian rule: 6,000 dunums; West Bank area annexed and incorporated into East Jerusalem by Israel: 67,000
37. ^ "Resolution 298 September 25, 1971". United Nations. 25 September 1971. Archived from the original on 19 August 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2018. Recalling its resolutions... concerning measures and actions by Israel designed to change the status of the Israeli-occupied section of Jerusalem,...
38. ^ "The status of Jerusalem" (PDF). The Question of Palestine & the United Nations. United Nations Department of Public Information. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2019. East Jerusalem has been considered, by both the General Assembly and the Security Council, as part of the occupied Palestinian territory.
39. ^ "Israeli authorities back 600 new East Jerusalem homes". BBC News. 26 February 2010. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
40. ^ "Israel plans 1,300 East Jerusalem Jewish settler homes". BBC News. 9 November 2010. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018. East Jerusalem is regarded as occupied Palestinian territory by the international community, but Israel says it is part of its territory.
41. ^ Meir Ben-Dov, Historical Atlas of Jerusalem, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2002, p. 23.
42. ^
    ISBN 978-1-58595-365-3
    . Retrieved 17 December 2011.
43. ^ G. Johannes Bottereck, Helmer Ringgren, Heinz-Josef Fabry, (eds.) Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, tr. David E. Green, vol. XV, pp. 48–49 William B. Eeerdmanns Co. Grand Rapids, Michigan/Cambridge UK 2006, pp. 45–46
44. ISBN 978-0-00-637531-9. Archived from the original
    on 10 March 2003. Retrieved 26 April 2007. The epithet may have originated in the ancient name of Jerusalem–Salem (after the pagan deity of the city), which is etymologically connected in the Semitic languages with the words for peace (shalom in Hebrew, salam in Arabic).
45. ^ Ringgren, H., Die Religionen des Alten Orients (Göttingen, 1979), 212.
46. ISBN 978-1-4102-1725-7
    . Retrieved 17 December 2011.
47. ^
    ISBN 978-90-04-15388-2. Archived
    from the original on 18 February 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
48. ^ ^{a b} Denise DeGarmo (9 September 2011). "Abode of Peace?". Wandering Thoughts. Center for Conflict Studies. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
49. ^ Marten H. Wouldstra, The Book of Joshua, William B. Eerdmanns Co. Grand Rapids, Michigan (1981) 1995, p. 169 n.2
50. ASIN B0000CO4LE
    . Retrieved 17 December 2011.
51. ISBN 978-0-405-10298-1
    . A similar view was held by those who give the Hebrew dual to the word
52. ISBN 978-0-7905-2935-6. The termination -aim or -ayim used to be taken as the ordinary termination of the dual of nouns, and was explained as signifying the upper and lower cities (see Jerusalem: The Topography, Economics and History from the Earliest Times to A.D. 70, Volume 1, p. 251, at Google Books
    )
53. ^ Sethe, Kurt (1926) "Die Ächtung feindlicher Fürsten, Völker und Dinge auf altägyptischen Tongefäßscherben des Mittleren Reiches nach den Originalen im Berliner Museum herausgegeben und erklärt" in Abhandlungen der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1926 issue, philosophisch-historische Klasse, number 5, page 53
54. ^ Hoch, James E (1994). Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
55. ISBN 978-0-8028-2400-4. Archived
    from the original on 18 February 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
56. ^ G. Johannes Botterweck, Helmer Ringgren (eds.) Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, (tr. David E. Green) William B. Eerdmann, Grand Rapids Michigan, Cambridge, UK 1990, Vol. VI, p. 348
57. ISBN 978-1-58983-066-0. Archived
    from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
58. ^ Shalem, Yisrael (3 March 1997). "History of Jerusalem from its Beginning to David". Jerusalem: Life Throughout the Ages in a Holy City. Bar-Ilan University, Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies. Archived from the original on 17 January 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2007.
59. ^ "The El Amarna Letters from Canaan". TAU.ac.il. Archived from the original on 14 February 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
60. ^ Ginzberg, Louis (1909). The Legends of the Jews Volume I: The Akedah Archived 13 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine (Translated by Henrietta Szold) Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society.
61. ^ Writing, Literacy, and Textual Transmission: The Production of Literary by Jessica N. Whisenant p. 323
62. ^ King Manasseh and Child Sacrifice: Biblical Distortions of Historical Realities by Francesca Stavrakopoulou p. 98
63. ^ Oral World and Written Word: Ancient Israelite Literature by Susan Niditch p. 48
64. ^ The Mountain of the Lord by Benyamin Mazar p. 60
65. ^ Blessing and Curse in Syro-Palestinian Inscriptions by T. G Crawford p. 137
66. ^ Joseph Naveh (2001). "Hebrew Graffiti from the First Temple Period". Israel Exploration Journal. 51 (2): 194–207.
67. ^ Discovering the World of the Bible by LaMar C. Berrett p. 178
68. ^
    S2CID 219879544
    .
69. ^ Judges 19:10: יְב֔וּס הִ֖יא יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑ם: "Jebus, it [is] Jerusalem"
70. ^ "Bible, King James Version". umich.edu. Archived from the original on 11 December 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
71. ^ The Oxford encyclopedia of ancient Greece and Rome, Volume 1, p. 113, at Google Books, p. 113
72. ISBN 978-1-58983-277-0. Archived
    from the original on 6 July 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
73. ISBN 978-0-521-01683-4
    .
74. ISBN 978-965-90299-1-4
    .
75. ^ Genesis 14:18
76. ^ For example:
    • Book of Jubilees 30:1.
      • (See: The text translated by R.H. Charles, with introduction and notes – The book of Jubilees, or The little Genesis. London: A. & C. Black. 1902. p. 178: Chapter 30, verse 1.
    • the Septuagint version of Jer 48:5 (as Συχὲμ Sukhèm)
    • and possibly the Masoretic text of Genesis 33:18 (see KJV and the margin translation of the Revised Version).
77. Ænon, thought to be in the valley of Mount Ebal
    , one of two mountains in the vicinity of Nablus.
78. Pseudo-Jonathan and Neofiti I
    . Emerton, p. 45.
79. ^ Genesis 12:6–7 (where Abram built an altar), Genesis 33:18–20, Deuteronomy 11:29 & 28:11, Joshua 8:33, 1 Kings 12. Emerton, p. 63.
80. ^ Paul Winter, "Note on Salem – Jerusalem", Novum Testamentum, vol. 2, pp. 151–152 (1957).
81. ^ Raymond Hayward. "Melchizedek as Priest of the Jerusalem Temple in Talmud, Midrash, and Targum" (PDF). The Temple Studies Group. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
82. ^ "Bible Gateway passage: ﻳﺸﻮﻉ 10:1 - Ketab El Hayat". Bible Gateway. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
83. ^ أعمال الرسل 12:1 فرَجَعَ الرّسُلُ إلى أُورُشليمَ مِنَ الجبَلِ الذي يُقالُ لَه جبَلُ الزّيتونِ، وهوَ قَريبٌ مِنْ أُورُشليمَ على مَسيرةِ سَبتٍ مِنها. | الترجمة العربية المشتركة (المشتركة) | Download The Bible App Now (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
84. ^ "The Official Website of Jerusalem". Municipality of Jerusalem. 19 September 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2007.
85. ^ Sonbol, Amira (1996). Women, the Family, and Divorce Laws in Islamic History. p. 133.
86. ^ Jerusalem as administrative capital of the British Mandate:
    • Orfali, Jacob G. (1995). Everywhere You Go, People Are the Same. Ronin Publishing. p. 25.
      ISBN 978-0-914171-75-1
      . In the year 1923, [Jerusalem] became the capital of the British Mandate in Palestine
    • Oren-Nordheim, Michael; Ruth Kark (2001). Ruth Kark. Wayne State University Press. p. 36.
      ISBN 978-0-8143-2909-2. Archived from the original on 16 December 2007. Retrieved 17 April 2007. The three decades of British rule in Palestine (1917/18–1948) were a highly significant phase in the development, with indelible effects on the urban planning and development of the capital – Jerusalem. is a professor in the Department of Geography at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
      .
    • Dumper, Michael (1996). The Politics of Jerusalem Since 1967. Columbia University Press. p. 59.
      ISBN 978-0-231-10640-5
      . the city that was to become the administrative capital of Mandate Palestine...
87. ^ Dore Gold. "Jerusalem in International Diplomacy". Archived from the original on 28 October 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2008.
88. ^ "The New Orient House: A History of Palestinian Hospitality". jerusalemites.org. Archived from the original on 17 December 2010. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
89. ISBN 978-0-8147-4754-4
    .
90. ^ Segal, Jerome M. (Fall 1997). "Negotiating Jerusalem". The University of Maryland School of Public Policy. Archived from the original on 14 May 2006. Retrieved 25 February 2007.
91. ^ Møller, Bjørn (November 2002). "A Cooperative Structure for Israeli–Palestinian Relations: Working Paper No. 1". Centre for European Policy Studies. Archived from the original on 6 January 2004. Retrieved 16 April 2007.
92. ^ "No agreement without a Palestinian capital in Jerusalem: Mahmoud Abbas". The Times of India. 10 June 2010. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
93. ^ Bard, Mitchell G. Will Israel Survive?
94. ^ The Controversial Sovereignty over the City of Jerusalem (22 June 2015, The National Catholic Reporter) Archived 21 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine "No U.S. president has ever officially acknowledged Israeli sovereignty over any part of Jerusalem (...) The refusal to recognize Jerusalem as Israeli territory is a near universal policy among Western nations."
95. ^ Jerusalem: Opposition to mooted Trump Israel announcement grows Archived 6 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine"Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem has never been recognised internationally"
96. ^ Whither Jerusalem (Lapidot) page 17: "Israeli control in west Jerusalem since 1948 was illegal and most states have not recognized its sovereignty there"
97. ^ The Jerusalem Law states that "Jerusalem, complete and united, is the capital of Israel" and the city serves as the seat of the government, home to the President's residence, government offices, supreme court, and parliament. United Nations Security Council Resolution 478 (20 August 1980; 14–0, U.S. abstaining) declared the Jerusalem Law "null and void" and called on member states to withdraw their diplomatic missions from Jerusalem (see Kellerman 1993, p. 140). See Status of Jerusalem for more information.
98. ^ "UN General Assembly Resolution 181 recommended the creation of an international zonea, or corpus separatum, in Jerusalem to be administered by the UN for a 10-year period, after which there would be referendum to determine its future. This approach applies equally to West and East Jerusalem and is not affected by the occupation of East jerusalem in 1967. To a large extent it is this approach that still guides the diplomatic behaviour of states and thus has greater force in international law" (Susan M. Akram, Michael Dumper, Michael Lynk, Iain Scobbie (eds.), International Law and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: A Rights-Based Approach to Middle East Peace, Routledge, 2010 p.119. )
99. ^ Tzippe Barrow (25 October 2010). "Bill to Grant Jerusalem Priority Status – Inside Israel – CBN News – Christian News 24–7". CBN.com. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
100. ^ "Jewish Inroads in Muslim Quarter: Settlers' Project to Alter Skyline of Jerusalem's Old City" Archived 2 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine The Washington Post Foreign Service, 11 February 2007; p. A01
101. ^ Seid, Mike (25 October 2007). "Western Wall was never part of temple". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
102. ^ "Camp David: An Exchange". The New York Review of Books. 20 September 2001. Archived from the original on 30 September 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
103. ^ ^{a b} In the Palestine Liberation Organization's Palestinian Declaration of Independence of 1988, Jerusalem is stated to be the capital of the State of Palestine. In 1997, the Palestinian Legislative Council passed the Palestinian Basic Law (ratified by Chairman Yasser Arafat in 2002), designating the city as such. Article 3: "Jerusalem is the capital of Palestine."
     See 2003 Amended Basic Law Archived 11 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2 June 2013; Arafat Signs Law Making Jerusalem Palestinian Capital Archived 30 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine, People's Daily, published 6 October 2002; Arafat names Jerusalem as capital Archived 16 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, published 6 October 2002.
104. ISBN 978-1-84519-347-8
     . Retrieved 3 June 2014.
105. ^ Lazaroff, Tovah (28 May 2014). "Netanyahu: 'Jerusalem is the heart of the nation. We'll never divide our heart.'". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
106. ^ Poll: 72% of Jewish Israelis view J'lem as divided Archived 16 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Jerusalem Post 5 June 2013
107. ^ Benhorin, Yitzhak (20 June 1995). "Poll: Jerusalem Arabs prefer Israel". Ynetnews. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
108. ^ Ben-Gurion, David (5 December 1949). "Statements of the Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion Regarding Moving the Capital of Israel to Jerusalem". The Knesset. Archived from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2007.
109. ^ "Jerusalem and Berlin Embassy Relocation Act of 1998". The Library of Congress. 25 June 1998. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2007.
110. ^ ^{a b} "Knesset Proclaims Jerusalem As Israel's Capital; Mapam and Herut Abstain from Voting". 25 January 1950. Archived from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
111. ^ "Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 30 July 1980. Archived from the original on 8 February 2007. Retrieved 2 April 2007.
112. ^ "Resolution 478 (1980)" (PDF). United Nations. 1980. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 30 July 2008.
113. ^ Mosheh ʻAmirav, Jerusalem Syndrome: The Palestinian-Israeli Battle for the Holy City, Sussex University Press, 2009 p. 27: 'In the summer of 2006, these two countries also announced the adoption of a new policy whereby they would no longer recognize Israel's sovereignty in Jerusalem, and transferred their embassies out of the city'.
114. ^ "Embassies and Consulates in Israel". Israel Science and Technology Homepage. Archived from the original on 24 July 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
115. ^ "Guatemala embassy in Israel opens in Jerusalem". Middle East Monitor. 3 May 2018. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
116. ^ "Kosovo opens embassy in Jerusalem after Israel recognises its independence". The Guardian. 14 March 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
117. ^ "Papua-New Guinea opens Israel embassy in West Jerusalem". Al Jazeera. 5 September 2023. Archived from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
118. ^ "Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995". U.S. Government Printing Office. 8 November 1995. Archived from the original on 17 June 2010. Retrieved 15 February 2007.
119. ^ "President Donald J. Trump's Proclamation on Jerusalem as the Capital of the State of Israel". White House. 6 December 2017. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
120. ^ "Trump Declares Jerusalem as Israel's Capital". News.com.au. 7 December 2017. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
121. ^ Arabs, Europe, U.N. reject Trump's recognition of Jerusalem as Israeli capital Archived 22 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Mark Heinrich, Reuters
122. ^ US forced to veto UN resolution condemning Trump's decision on Jerusalem Archived 10 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine, The Daily Telegraph
123. ^ "UN rejects Trump's Jerusalem declaration". BBC News. 21 December 2017. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
124. ^ "UN General Assembly rejects Trump's Jerusalem move". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
125. ^ Gladstone, Rick (21 December 2017). "Defying Trump, U.N. General Assembly Condemns U.S. Decree on Jerusalem". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022.
126. ^ "United Nations Official Document". United Nations. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
127. ^ Tapsfield, James (18 February 2010). "Israel must co-operate over fake passports, says David Miliband". The Independent. UK. Archived from the original on 20 August 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
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Bibliography

• Gilbert, Martin (1978). Jerusalem: Illustrated History Atlas. New York: Macmillan Publishing.
• Kellerman, Aharon (1993). Society and Settlement: Jewish Land of Israel in the Twentieth Century. State University of New York Press.
  ISBN 978-0-7914-1295-4
  .

Further reading

• Cheshin, Amir S.; Bill Hutman and Avi Melamed (1999). Separate and Unequal: the Inside Story of Israeli Rule in East Jerusalem.
  ISBN 978-0-674-80136-3
  .
• Cline, Eric (2004). Jerusalem Besieged: From Ancient Canaan to Modern Israel. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  ISBN 978-0-472-11313-2
  .
• Collins, Larry, and La Pierre, Dominique (1988). O Jerusalem!. New York: Simon & Schuster
  ISBN 978-0-671-66241-7
  .
• Gold, Dore (2007) The Fight for Jerusalem: Radical Islam, The West, and the Future of the Holy City. International Publishing Company J-M, Ltd.
  ISBN 978-1-59698-029-7
  .
• ISBN 978-3-7003-0278-0
  .
• The Holy Cities: Jerusalem produced by Danae Film Production, distributed by HDH Communications; 2006
• Wasserstein, Bernard (2002) Divided Jerusalem: The Struggle for the Holy City New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
  ISBN 978-0-300-09730-6
  .
• "Keys to Jerusalem: A Brief Overview Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine", The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Center, Amman, Jordan, 2010.
• ISBN 978-0-297-85265-0
  .
• Young, Robb A (2012) Hezekiah in History and Tradition Brill Global Oriental Hotei Publishing, Netherlands.
• Klein, Konstantin M.: Wienand, Johannes (2022) (eds.): City of Caesar, City of God: Constantinople and Jerusalem in Late Antiquity. De Gruyter, Berlin 2022,
  doi:10.1515/9783110718447
  .
• John D. Hosler, _Jerusalem Falls: Seven Centuries of War and Peace_ (London and New Haven: Yale University Press, 2022),
  ISBN 978-0-300-25514-0

External links

• Official website of the Jerusalem Municipality
• What makes Jerusalem so holy? Archived 31 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine BBC
• The Status of Jerusalem Archived 26 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine. United Nations document related to the dispute over the city
• Jerusalem Virtual Library, joint project by Al-Quds University and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
• Official website Archived 6 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, the city's foremost institution of higher education
• Official website Archived 6 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine of Al-Quds University, the only Palestinian university in Jerusalem
• Geographic data related to Jerusalem at OpenStreetMap
• Jerusalem at
  Curlie