Jesus (name)
Pronunciation | Yeshua , Yashu, Jezús, Jézus. |
---|
Jesus (
The vocative form Jesu, from Latin Iesu, was commonly used in religious texts and prayers during the Middle Ages, particularly in England, but gradually declined in usage as English language evolved.
Jesus is usually not used as a given name in the English-speaking world, while its counterparts have had longstanding popularity among people with other language backgrounds, such as the Spanish Jesús.
Etymology
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Linguistic analysis
There have been various proposals as to the literal etymological meaning of the name Yəhôšuaʿ (Joshua, Hebrew: יְהוֹשֻׁעַ), including Yahweh/Yehowah saves, (is) salvation, (is) a saving-cry, (is) a cry-for-saving, (is) a cry-for-help, (is) my help.[4][5][6][7] A recent study proposes that the name should be understood as "Yahweh is lordly".[8]
Yehoshua–Yeshua–Iēsous–IESVS–Iesu–Jesus
This early biblical Hebrew name יְהוֹשֻׁעַ (Yehoshuaʿ ) underwent a shortening into later biblical יֵשׁוּעַ (Yeshuaʿ ), as found in the Hebrew text of verses
This historical change may have been due to a phonological shift whereby guttural
During the post-biblical period the further shortened form Yeshu was adopted by Hebrew speaking Jews to refer to the Christian Jesus, however Yehoshua continued to be used for the other figures called Jesus.[10] However, both the Western and Eastern Syriac Christian traditions use the Aramaic name ܝܫܘܥ (in Hebrew script: ישוע) Yeshuʿ and Yishoʿ, respectively, including the ʿayin.[11]
The name Jesus is derived from the Hebrew name Yeshua, which is based on the
By the time the
From Greek, Ἰησοῦς (Iēsous) moved into
.From the Latin, the English language takes the forms Jesus (from the nominative form), and Jesu (from the vocative and oblique forms). Jesus is the predominantly used form, while Jesu lingers in some more archaic religious texts.
Declension
In both Latin and Greek, the name is declined irregularly:[citation needed]
Latin | Greek | ||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | Jēsūs | Iēsūs (Iēsus) | Ἰησοῦς |
accusative | Jēsūm | Iēsūm (Iēsum) | Ἰησοῦν |
dative | Jēsū | Iēsū | Ἰησοῦ |
genitive | |||
vocative | |||
ablative | – |
Biblical references
The name Jesus (Yeshua) appears to have been in use in the Land of Israel at the time of the birth of
In the
Other usage
Medieval English and Jesus
Jesu (/ˈdʒiːzuː/ JEE-zoo; from Latin Iesu) is sometimes used as the vocative of Jesus in English. The oblique form, Iesu, came to be used in Middle English.
Other languages
In East Scandinavian, German and several other languages, the name Jesus is used. Some other language usage is as follows:
Language | Name/variant |
---|---|
Afrikaans | Jesus[25] |
Albanian | Jezu[25] |
Arabic |
عيسى (ʿIsà) (Islamic or classical Arabic) / يسوع (Yasūʿ) (Christian or latter Arabic)[26] |
Amharic | እየሱስ። (Iyesus)[25] |
Aragonese | Chesús |
Aramaic/Syriac |
ܝܫܘܥ (Isho) |
Arberesh | Isuthi |
Armenian | Հիսուս (reformed orthography) Յիսուս (classical orthography) (Hisus) |
Australian Kriol | Jisas |
Azerbaijani | İsa[25] |
Belarusian | Ісус (Isus) (Orthodox)[25] / Езус (Yezus) (Catholic) |
Bengali | যীশু (Yɪśu) (Christian)[25] 'ঈসা (Īsā) (general) |
Bosnian | Isus[25] |
Breton | Jezuz |
Bulgarian | Исус (Isus)[25] |
Burmese | ယေရှု (Yay-shu) |
Catalan | Jesús[25] |
Chinese | simplified Chinese: 耶稣; traditional Chinese: 耶穌; pinyin: Yēsū[25] |
Coptic | Ⲓⲏⲥⲟⲩⲥ (Isos) |
Cornish | Yesu |
Corsican | Ghjesù |
Croatian | Isus[25] |
Czech | Ježíš[25] |
Dutch | Jezus[25] |
Estonian | Jeesus[25] |
Filipino | Jesús, Hesús or Hesukristo[25] |
Fijian | Jisu |
Finnish | Jeesus[25] |
French | Jésus[25] |
Galician | Xesús[25] |
Garo | Jisu |
Georgian | იესო (Ieso)[25] |
German | Jesus[25] |
Ewe | Yesu |
Greek | Ἰησοῦς (Iēsoûs) / Ιησούς[25] (Iisoús) (pronounced [i.iˈsus] in modern Greek) |
Haitian Creole | Jezi[25] |
Lai-Hakha |
Jesuh |
Hausa | Yesu[25] |
Hawaiian | Iesū[25] |
Hebrew | יֵשׁוּעַ Yeshua )
|
Hindi |
ईसा (Īsā) |
Hmong Daw | Yexus[25] |
Hungarian | Jézus[25] |
Icelandic | Jesús[25] |
Igbo | Jesus[25] |
Indonesia |
Yesus (Christian)[25] / Isa (Islamic) |
Irish | Íosa[25] |
Italian | Gesù[25] |
Japanese | イエス (Iesu)[25] |
Jinghpaw |
Yesu |
Kannada | ಯೇಸು (Yesu) |
Kazakh | Иса (Isa)[25] |
Khasi | Jisu |
Khmer |
យេស៑ូ (Yesu), យេស៑ូវ (Yesuw)[25] |
Kikuyu | Jeso |
Kisii | Yeso |
Korean | 예수 (Yesu)[25] |
Kurdish | Îsa[25] |
Latvian | Jēzus[25] |
Ligurian |
Gesû |
Limburgish |
Zjezus |
Lithuanian | Jėzus[25] |
Lombard | Gesü |
Luganda | Yezu[25] |
Māori | Ihu[25][27] |
Marathi | येशू (Yeshu Christa)[25] |
Malagasy | Jeso, Jesoa, Jesosy |
Malayalam |
ഈശോ (Īśo) Syriac-origin; യേശു (Yēśu) from Portuguese; കർത്താവ് (Kartāvŭ) from Sanskrit, lit. 'doer', 'creator'. |
Mirandese | Jasus |
Mizo | Isua (In Mizo names, an a has to be added behind every male name), Isu |
Maltese | Ġesù |
Mongolian | Есүс[25] (Esüs) |
Neapolitan | Giesù |
Norman | Jésus |
Occitan | Jèsus |
Piedmontese | Gesù |
Polish | Jezus[25] |
Portuguese | Jesus[25] |
Romanian | Iisus (Orthodox), Isus (Catholic)[25] |
Russian | Иисус (Iisus)[25] |
Sardinian | Gesùs |
Serbian | Isus / Исус |
Sicilian | Gesù |
Sinhala | යේසුස් වහන්සේ[25] (Yēsus Vahansē) |
Scottish Gaelic |
Ìosa |
Shona |
Jesu |
Slovak | Ježiš[25] |
Slovenian |
Jezus[25] |
Somali | Ciise[25] |
Spanish | Jesús[25] |
Swahili | Yesu[25] |
Tajik | Исо (Iso)[25] |
Tamil | இயேசு கிறிஸ்து (Yesu Christu) |
Telugu | యేసు (Yesu)[25] |
Thai | พระเยซู[25] (Phráʔ Yēsū) |
Turkish | İsa[25] |
Turkmen | Isa |
Ukrainian | Ісус (Isus)[25] |
Urdu |
یسوع[25] (Īsā) |
Uzbek | Iso[25] |
Venetian | Jesu |
Vietnamese | Chúa Giêsu[25] |
Welsh | Iesu[25] |
Xhosa | uYesu[25] |
Yoruba | Jesu[25] |
Zomi (Tedim-Chin) | Zeisuh (most common), Jesuh |
Zulu | uJesu[25] |
See also
References
- ^ a b Liddell and Scott. A Greek–English Lexicon, p. 824.
- ^ a b c Catholic encyclopedia: Origin of the name Jesus Christ
- ^ Robinson 2005; Stegemann 2006.
- ^ "שׁוע", Ernest Klein, A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Hebrew Language (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company 1987)
- ^ Talshir, M. H. Segal, A Grammar of Mishnaic Hebrew (Tel Aviv: 1936), p. 146.
- ^ Philo, De Mutatione Nominum, §21
- ISBN 0-913573-20-5. Cf. Blue Letter Bible, H3442
- ^ Ayali-Darshan 2018.
- ^ Elisha Qimron, The Hebrew of the Dead Sea Scrolls (Harvard Semitic Studies: Scholars Press 1986), p.25
- ISBN 978-0-8028-4368-5p124 "This is likely an inference from the Talmud and other Jewish usage, where Jesus is called Yeshu, and other Jews with the same name are called by the fuller name Yeshua and Yehoshua, "Joshua""
- ^ Jennings
- Brown Driver BriggsBrown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon; Hendrickson Publishers 1996
- ^ "Strong's Hebrew: 3467. יָשַׁע (yasha) -- to deliver". biblehub.com. Retrieved 2018-10-29.
- ISBN 1-56563-206-0.
- ^ "A.2 The Proto-Semitic root *yṯ' now seems to lie behind Hebrew [ישָׁע], being attested in proper names in NWSem and most of the ESA languages. The Ug evidence attests to the second consonant being ṯ (Sawyer 1975:78). This new evidence counters some earlier interpretations based on Arb (see B.1). The main arguments outlined by Sawyer (1975) are the evidence of proper names in NW Sem (A.3, A.4, B.3), the collocation of yṯ' terms with deities’ names (as with ישׁע; see A.1, 3, 5, 7-10; also Syntagmatics A.1), chronological evidence (see A.5, 7-10) and phonological equivalence (B.1). Earlier KB (412, along with wasiʿa), Huffmon (1965: 215) and Stolz (1971: 786, citing Sawyer 1965:475-76, 485) had supported this view; and at the conference where Sawyer originally presented his paper T.L. Fenton and H.W.F. Saggs had indicated their strong agreement with it (Sawyer 1975: 83-84). Significantly this view was adopted in the latest Hebrew lexicon to incorporate philological data (Ges18: 510 [1995])." (Aitken & Davies, 2016)
- ^ Philo Judaeus, "De ebrietate" in Philonis Alexandrini opera quae supersunt ed. P. Wendland, Berlin: Reimer, 1897 (repr. De Gruyter, 1962) vol. 2:170-214, Section 96, Line 2.
- ISBN 90-04-07926-2.
- King James Version of the Bible, Gospel of Luke. From http://nazirene.peopleofhonoronly.com/. Retrieved March 28, 2006.
- ISBN 0-664-23433-Xpage 11
- ISBN 0-567-08355-1page 209
- ISBN 0-8254-3483-1page 147
- ISBN 0-310-28051-6page 159
- ISBN 0-664-22394-Xpage 453
- ISBN 0-664-25752-6page 17
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm "Jesus in Every Language". GodWords. 2019-02-05. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
- ISBN 978-90-04-05745-6
- ^ "Ihu". Te Aka Online Māori Dictionary. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
Bibliography
- Aitken, James K.; Davies, Graham (2016). "יָשַׁע" [Yašaʿ] (PDF). Semantics of Ancient Hebrew Database.
- Ayali-Darshan, Noga (2018). "The Elements ש(ו)ע/שבע/תע in Biblical Proper Names: A Re-evaluation". Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages. 44 (1). – via academia.edu.
- Robinson, Neal (2005). "Jesus". In McAuliffe, Jane Dammen (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. Brill. .
- Stegemann, Ekkehard (Basle) (2006). "Jesus". In Cancik, Hubert; Schneider, Helmuth (eds.). Brill’s New Pauly. .
- Schochenmaier, Eugen (28 September 2022). "How did Jesus get his English name". Mondonomo. ISSN 2833-6496. Archived from the originalon 28 September 2022.