Jesus College, Oxford
Jesus College | |||||||||||||||
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University of Oxford | |||||||||||||||
Location | ex officio[4] | ||||||||||||||
Website | www | ||||||||||||||
Boat club | Boat Club website | ||||||||||||||
Map | |||||||||||||||
Jesus College (in full: Jesus College in the University of Oxford of Queen Elizabeth's Foundation) is one of the
There are about 475 students at any one time; the Principal of the college is
History
Foundation
Jesus College was founded on 27 June 1571, when
...to the Glory of God Almighty and Omnipotent, and for the spread and maintenance of the Christian religion in its sincere form, for the eradication of errors and heresies, for the increase and perpetuation of true loyalty, for the extension of good literature of every sort, for the knowledge of languages, for the education of youth in loyalty, morality, and methodical learning, for the relief of poverty and distress, and lastly for the benefit and well-being of the Church of Christ in our realms, [...] we have decreed that a College of learning in the sciences, philosophy, humane pursuits, knowledge of the Hebrew, Greek and Latin languages, to the ultimate profession of Sacred Theology, to last for all time to come, be created, founded, built, and established....
— Elizabeth I, 27 June 1571.
Price continued to be closely involved with the college after its foundation. On the strength of a promised legacy, worth £60 a year on his death (approximately £17,800 in present-day terms),[12] he requested and received the authority to appoint the new college's principal, fellows and scholars. He financed early building work in the college's front quadrangle, but on his death in 1574 it transpired that the college received only a lump sum of around £600 (approximately £178,000 in present-day terms).[12][13] Problems with his bequest meant that it was not received in full for about 25 years. As the college had no other donors at this time, "for many years the college had buildings but no revenue".[14]
17th century
The main benefactor, other than the King, was
Other benefactions in the 17th century include Herbert Westfaling, the Bishop of Hereford, who left enough property to support two fellowships and scholarships (with the significant proviso that "my kindred shallbe always preferred before anie others").[16] Sir Eubule Thelwall (principal 1621–1630) spent much of his own money on the construction of a chapel, hall and library for the college. The library, constructed above an over-weak colonnade, was pulled down under the principalship of Francis Mansell (1630–1649), who also built two staircases of residential accommodation to attract the sons of Welsh gentry families to the college.[17]
The English Civil War "all but destroyed the corporate life of the college."[18] Mansell was removed from his position as principal and Michael Roberts was installed. After the Restoration, Mansell was briefly reinstated as principal, before resigning in favour of Leoline Jenkins.[18][19] It was Jenkins (principal 1661–1673) who secured the long-term viability of the college. On his death, in 1685, he bequeathed a large complex of estates, acquired largely by lawyer friends from the over-mortgaged landowners of the Restoration period. These estates allowed the college's sixteen fellowships and scholarships to be filled for the first time – officially, sixteen of each had been supported since 1622, but the college's income was too small to keep all occupied simultaneously.[17] In 1713, the bequest of Welsh clergyman and former student Edmund Meyricke established a number of scholarships for students from north Wales, although these are now available to all Welsh students.[20]
18th and 19th centuries
The 18th century, in contrast to the disruption of the 17th century, was a comparatively quiet time for the college. A historian of the college,
A
20th century
During the
In the inter-war years (1918–1939) Jesus was seen by some as a small college and something of a backwater; it attracted relatively few pupils from the
The college had its own science laboratories from 1907 to 1947, which were overseen (for all but the last three years) by the
The quatercentenary of the college, in 1971, saw the opening of the Old Members' Buildings in the third quadrangle.
21st century
The hereditary
Location and buildings
The main buildings are located in the centre of Oxford, between Turl Street, Ship Street, Cornmarket Street and Market Street. The main entrance is on Turl Street. The buildings are arranged in three quadrangles, the first quadrangle containing the oldest college buildings and the third quadrangle the newest. The foundation charter gave to the college a site between Market Street and Ship Street (which is still occupied by the college) as well as the buildings of a defunct university academic hall on the site, called White Hall.[40] The buildings that now surround the first quadrangle were erected in stages between 1571 and the 1620s; the principal's lodgings were the last to be built. Progress was slow because the new college lacked the "generous endowments" that earlier colleges enjoyed.[41] Before new buildings were completed, the students lived in the old buildings of White Hall.[42]
First quadrangle
The chapel was dedicated on 28 May 1621, and extended in 1636.
The principal of the college resides in the lodgings, a Grade I listed building,[49] on the north side of the first quadrangle between the chapel (to the east) and the hall (to the west). They were the last part of the first quadrangle to be built.[50] Sir Eubule Thelwall, principal from 1621 to 1630, built the lodgings at his own expense, to include (in the words of the antiquarian Anthony Wood) "a very fair dining-room adorned with wainscot curiously engraven".[51] The shell-hood over the doorway (which Pevsner called "beautiful")[48] was added at some point between 1670 and 1740; Pevsner dates it to about 1700.[47][48]
The hall has been said to be "among the most impressive of all the Oxford college halls", with its "fine panelling, austere ceiling, and its notable paintings".[52] Like the chapel, it was largely built by Griffith Powell between 1613 and 1620, and was finally completed soon after his death in 1620.[50] Pevsner noted the "elaborately decorated columns" of the screen (installed in 1634) and the dragons along the frieze, and said that it was one of the earliest examples in Oxford of panelling using four "L" shapes around a centre.[43][53] In 1741 and 1742, the oak-beamed roof was covered with plaster to make rooms in the roof space.[54][55] Pevsner described the 1741 cartouche on the north wall, which contains the college crest, as "large [and] rich".[56] The hall contains a portrait of Elizabeth I, as well as portraits of former principals and benefactors.[57] There are also portraits by court artists of two other monarchs who were college benefactors: Charles I (by Anthony van Dyck) and Charles II (by Sir Peter Lely).[58]
Second quadrangle
In 1640, Francis Mansell (appointed principal in 1630) began construction of a second quadrangle with buildings along the north and south sides; further work was interrupted by the
The Fellows' Library contains bookcases decorated with
Third quadrangle
The long but narrow third quadrangle adjoins Ship Street, on the north of the site and to the west of the garden of the principal's lodgings, where the college has owned some land since its foundation. In the 18th century, this was home to the college stables. A fire in 1904 led to the demolition of the stables and the gateway to Ship Street.[67] Replacement buildings adjoining Ship Street, effectively creating a third quadrangle for the college, were constructed between 1906 and 1908.[68] It contained the college's science laboratories (now closed) and a new gate-tower, as well as further living accommodation and a library for students, known as the Meyricke Library, after a major donor – there had been an undergraduate library in the second quadrangle since 1865, known as the Meyricke Library from 1882 onwards.[67][68]
The Old Members' Building, which contains a music room, 24 study-bedrooms and some lecture rooms, was built between 1969 and 1971.
Fourth quadrangle
In 2019, work began on redevelopment of a commercial property, Northgate House, owned by the college on the corner of Cornmarket and Market Streets, to provide new student accommodation above retail facilities with a new quad and other teaching facilities behind, projected for completion to mark the college's 450th anniversary in 2021.[71] The new building is named the Cheng Yu-tung building after the late billionaire entrepreneur and philanthropist Cheng Yu-tung whose family provided the principal donation for the project.
Other buildings
The college purchased 10 acres (0.040 km2; 0.016 sq mi) of land in east Oxford (near the Cowley Road) in 1903 for use as a sports ground.[36] Residential accommodation was first built at the sports ground in 1967 (Thelwall House, rebuilt in 1998), with additions between 1988 and 1990 (Hugh Price House and Leoline Jenkins House). A further development, known as Hazel Court (after Alfred Hazel, principal 1925–1944), was built in 2000, bringing the total number of students who can be housed at the sports ground to 135.[36][72]
Donations from
The college also owns a number of houses on Ship Street, which are used for student accommodation.
People associated with the college
Principals and Fellows
The college is run by the Principal and Fellows. The Principal must be "a person distinguished for literary or scientific attainments, or for services in the work of education in the University or elsewhere".[77] The Principal has "pre-eminence and authority over all members of the College and all persons connected therewith" and exercises "a general superintendence in all matters relating to education and discipline".[78] The current Principal, Sir Nigel Shadbolt, was appointed in 2015.[1] Fourteen Principals have been former students of the college: Griffith Powell (elected in 1613) was the first and Alfred Hazel (elected in 1925) was the most recent. The longest-serving principal was Henry Foulkes, from 1817 to 1857.[79]
When the college was founded in 1571, the first charter installed
A further category is that of Welsh Supernumerary Fellows, who are, in rotation, the
The college formerly had a category of
Honorary Fellows
The Governing Body has the ability to elect "distinguished persons" to Honorary Fellowships.[98] Under the current statutes of the college, Honorary Fellows cannot vote at meetings of the Governing Body and do not receive financial reward.[98] They can be called upon, however, to help decide whether to dismiss or discipline members of academic staff (including the Principal).[99]
Three former principals of the college (
I wish to express to you and to the Fellows of Jesus College my deep sense of the great honour which you have done me in electing me to be one of your body. It is a very special gratification to me to be associated in this intimate way with Jesus College. As a Welshman, I have watched with pleasure and pride the prosperity, especially since you have been Principal, of the college which is so closely connected with our country, little thinking ever to find myself a member of it; and I can honestly say that no honour can fall to my lot which I shall prize more highly than this Fellowship which you have conferred upon me. Please accept and express to the Fellows of the college my hearty and sincere thanks. Ever yours sincerely, D. LLOYD GEORGE.[105]
The first three Honorary Fellows, all former students of the college, were elected in October 1877: John Rhys, the first Jesus Professor of Celtic (later an Official Fellow (1881–1895) and Principal (1895–1915)); the historian
Alumni
Notable former students of the college have included politicians, scientists, writers, entertainers and academics.
The founders' hopes that their college would produce prominent Welsh clergy were fulfilled in no small measure when a former student,
Student life
There are about 325 undergraduates and 150 postgraduates. About half of the undergraduates studied at state schools before coming to Oxford, and about 10% are from overseas.[130] Students from the college participate in a variety of extracurricular activities. Some contribute to student journalism for Cherwell or The Oxford Student. The Turl Street Arts Festival (a week-long student-organised event) is held annually in conjunction with the two other colleges on Turl Street, Exeter and Lincoln colleges. The festival, which takes place in Fifth Week of Hilary term, includes exhibitions, plays and concerts. Although the college does not award choral scholarships, the chapel choir is well-attended by college members and others. The choir is non-auditioning for college members, and is run by one or more undergraduate organ scholars.[citation needed]
Every three years, the college co-organises the
Library and archives
The main library at Jesus College is the Meyricke Library; older printed books are housed in the historic Fellows’ Library. The medieval manuscripts should be directed to re held at the Bodleian Libraries, where they are on deposit. The archives hold the administrative documents of the college since its foundation, as well as a large collection of documents, photographs, and printed papers. There is also an extensive Celtic Library. In 2021, the College Librarian was Owen McKnight.[132]
Medieval and early modern manuscripts owned at Jesus College date back to the 11th century and since 1886 have been deposited at the
Sports
In common with many Oxford colleges, Jesus provides sporting facilities for students, including playing fields at a site in east Oxford off the
Jesus College Boat Club (commonly abbreviated to JCBC) is the rowing club for members of the college. The club was formed in 1835, but rowing at the college predates the foundation of the club: a boat from the college was involved in the earliest recorded races between college crews at Oxford in 1815, when it competed against a crew from Brasenose College.[133] These may have been the only two colleges who had boats racing at that time, and the Brasenose boat was usually victorious.[134] Neither the men's nor the women's 1st VIIIs have been "Head of the River" during Eights Week, the main college races, but the women's 1st VIII was Head of the River in the spring races, Torpids, between 1980 and 1983.[135][136][137][138] Jesus boats have also had other successful seasons: the 1896 Jesus College boat had a reputation of being one of the faster boats in the university,[139] and the women's 1st VIII of 1993 won their "blades" in the first divisions of both Torpids and Eights Week, an achievement that led to the crew being described in the Jesus College Record as vying "not just for the College team of the decade, but perhaps for the team of the last three decades", in any sport.[140]
A number of college members have rowed for the university against
The college
Welsh connection
Education in
Jesus still has a particular association with Wales and is often referred to as "the Welsh college". The college is home to the university's Professor of Celtic, and a specialist Celtic library in addition to the college's normal library. Meyrick scholarships, from the bequest of Edmund Meyrick in 1713, are awarded for academic merit where the student is a native of Wales (or the child of a native of Wales), able to speak Welsh or was educated for the last three years of secondary school in Wales.[150]
The college's undergraduate gossip sheet is entitled The Sheepshagger in allusion to an offensive joke about Welsh people's supposed
In modern times, the Welsh roots of the college come to the fore most prominently on
The Welsh connection is also evident in the college's outreach activities, such as organising a summer school for Welsh students in partnership with the Welsh Government's Seren Network.[156]
Silverware
The college's collection of silverware includes a
Coat of arms
The college's coat of arms, in heraldic terminology, is Vert, three stags trippant argent attired or.[160][161] The arms are not those of Hugh Price.[162] His arms, according to their depiction in the margins of his will, were gules (red) a chevron ermine between three fleurs-des-lis.[163] The arms were not granted or authorised by the College of Arms, but the length of time for which they have been used has given them a prescriptive authority.[163]
The earliest depiction of the arms was thought to be about 1590, in a document held by the College of Arms, which refers to the stags appearing on a blue (in heraldic terms, azure) background but subsequent examination of this document by Peter Donoghue, Bluemantle Pursuivant shows that the arms were added c.1680 . The first known appearance of the arms is therefore on John Speed's Map of Oxfordshire in 1605 with a blue field. The green field made its appearance by 1619 in an armorial quarry painted by one of the Van Linge brothers.[164] The green background became generally (but not universally) used by the 1730s, still appearing as horizontal hatchings indicating azure were in use on bookplates for the college library as late as 1761.[165]
There are similarities with the arms of
The arms of
This latter theory is not heraldically tenable as the quarters in an achievement after the first and pronominal quarter brought into the family by marriage to heraldic heiresses cannot meaningfully exist on their own to represent the person who now quarters them. It is more probable then that the arms of the college really are those of Archbishop Rotherham and were assumed to be those of the college by John Speed who saw them on one of its buildings in 1605 when preparing his map. Lawrence Hall in Ship Street was given to Rotherham in 1476 and leased to Jesus in 1572. It may well have displayed the Archbishop's arms in its structure as did the building on the south side of the front quad of Lincoln which he completed. These arms for Jesus College could not be confused with those of Lincoln as that college, since 1574, already had a complex tripartite coat granted to it by Richard Lee, Portcullis Pursuivant, in which the colour of the stags in the centre section had been changed to Or (gold) and their attitude to statant.[169]
Graces
Grace is said by a scholar of the college at
Before dinner
- Nos miseri et egentes homines pro cibo quem ad alimoniam corporis sanctificatum nobis es largítus, ut eo utamur grati, tibi Deus omnipotens, Pater caelestis, gratias reverenter agimus, simul obsecrantes ut cibum angelorum, verum panem caelestem, verbum Dei aeternum, Dominum nostrum Iesum Christum nobis impertiaris, ut illo mens nostra pascatur et per carnem et sanguinem eius foveamur, alamur et corróboremur.[171][172]
Translation:
- We wretched and needy men reverently give thee thanks, almighty God, heavenly Father, for the food which thou hast sanctified and bestowed for the sustenance of the body, so that we may use it thankfully; at the same time we beseech thee that thou wouldst impart to us the food of angels, the true bread of heaven, the eternal word of God, Jesus Christ our Lord, so that our mind may feed on him and that through his flesh and blood we may be nourished, sustained and strengthened.[173]
After dinner
The shorter grace (presently used)
- Benedicto benedicatur.[172]
The longer grace (formerly used)
- Quandoquidem nos, Domine, donis tuis, omnipotens et misericors Deus, exsatiasti, effice ut posthac quid per nos fieri aut secus velis diligenter observemus, atque illud animo sincero effectum praestemus, per Iesum Christum Dominum nostrum.
- Versicle — Domine, salvam fac Reginam.
- Response— Et exaudi nos in die qua invocaverimus te.
- Deus, in cuius manu sunt corda regum, qui es humilium consolator et fidelium fortitudo et protector omnium in Te sperantium, da Reginae nostrae Elizabethae populoque Christiano triumphum virtutis tuae scienter excolere, ut per te semper reparentur ad gloriam, per Christum Dominum nostrum.[171][172]
- Translation:
- Since, O Lord, almighty and most merciful God, thou hast satisfied us with thy gifts, ensure from henceforth that we may diligently regard what thou wishest to be done or left undone by us and cause this to be effected with sincere heart, through Jesus Christ our Lord.
- Versicle: — O Lord, keep the Queen safe.
- Response: — And hear us in the day in which we call on thee.
- God in whose hands are the hearts of Kings, who art the consoler of the humble and the protector of all who hope in thee, grant to our Queen Elizabeth and to the Christian people to celebrate wisely the triumph of thy goodness so that they may be always renewed to glory through thee, through Jesus Christ our Lord.[173]
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- ^ a b "Jesus College – The Welsh College". Jesus College, Oxford. 12 November 2000. Archived from the original on 15 July 2008. Retrieved 10 August 2008.
- ^ Allen, pp. 117–123
- ISBN 978-0-14-028475-1.
- ^ "Scholarships and Exhibitions (Undergraduates)". Jesus College, Oxford. 20 September 2005. Archived from the original on 26 September 2006. Retrieved 25 April 2008.
- ^ Garnier, Edward (23 January 2003). "Debate on Hunting Bill, House of Commons Standing Committee F". Retrieved 15 March 2007.
- ^ a b Jesus College, Oxford (13 February 2007). "Jesus College and Wales". Archived from the original on 26 September 2006. Retrieved 15 March 2007.
- ^ "Census 2001 Population Pyramids – Wales". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
- ^ "Census 2001 Population Pyramids – United Kingdom". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
- required.)
- ^ Hume, Colette (15 March 2017). "Oxford Uni taster for Welsh students". BBC News. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
- ^ Glanville, Philippa (2004). "A Treasured Inheritance". Oxford Today. 16 (3). Oxford University Public Affairs Directorate. Archived from the original on 9 October 2006. Retrieved 15 March 2007.
- ^ Popkin, Michael (November 2001). "War and Peace". Oxford Inscriptions: Inscribed Stones and Plaques in Oxford. Archived from the original on 15 March 2007. Retrieved 15 March 2007.
- ^ Thomas, Llewellyn (1891). "Jesus College". In Clark, Andrew (ed.). The colleges of Oxford: their history and traditions. London: Methuen & Co. p. 387. Retrieved 19 August 2008.
- ISBN 0-19-951904-8.
- ^ a b c Langford, Paul (2008). "Revisiting the Heraldic Wars of the Turl: Lincoln and Oxford". Jesus College Record: 48–52.
- required.)
- ^ a b c Massa, David (1995) [1994]. "The College Arms". Jesus College Record: 44–49.
- ^ Eden, F. Sydney (February 1938). "Oxford Heraldic Quarries". The Connoiseur: 81 & 106.
- ^ Rees, David (1998) [1997]. "Jesus College Coat of Arms: An addendum". Jesus College Record: 41–42.
- ^ Langford's 2008 article refers to Landon, Percy (1893–94). "Notes on the Heraldry of Oxford Colleges". Archaeologia Oxoniensis.
- ^ Langford's 2008 article refers to Andrew Clark's contribution to the debate in the English Historical Review (1895)
- ^ Morgan, Gerald (2008). "Were we ever Tudors?". Jesus College Record: 37.
- ^ Murray, Hugh (2010). "The Arms of Jesus College, A Reappraisal". Jesus College Record: 44–47.
- ^ "Food". Jesus College, Oxford. 25 June 2009. Archived from the original on 31 May 2008. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
- ^ a b Jesus College, Oxford (24 June 2002). "Graces". Archived from the original on 21 March 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2009.
- ^ a b c "Sermons, Lectures, and Graces - Jesus College". Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ ISBN 1-870882-06-7. From a card for use by the scholar on duty; translations by J. G. Griffith (Fellow of the college, Public Orator of the University 1973–1980).
Sources
- "Jesus College Statutes". Jesus College, Oxford. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2008.
- ISBN 978-0-7129-1064-4. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
- Baker, J. N. L. (1971). Jesus College, Oxford 1571–1971. London: Oxonian Press Ltd. ISBN 0-9502164-0-2.
- Gibson, Strickland (1954). "The University of Oxford". In Salter, H. E.; Lobel, Mary D. (eds.). A History of the County of Oxford Volume III – The University of Oxford. Victoria County History. Institute of Historical Research, University of London. Retrieved 10 August 2008.
- OCLC 7961179. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
- Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ((subscription or UK public library membership required)). Oxford University Press. Cited in references as: ODNB
- ISBN 0-300-09639-9.
External links
- MCR (postgraduates) website Archived 19 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- JCR (undergraduates) website
- Virtual Tour of Jesus College Archived 10 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine