History of the Jews in Philadelphia
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Jews in Philadelphia can trace their history back to
in 1682.Colonial History
Jewish traders have operated in
In the War of Independence
Many Jews in Philadelphia took a prominent part in the War of Independence. Leading up to the conflict, several Jewish merchants and other citizens of Philadelphia signed the Non-Importation Resolutions. By doing so, they agreed "not to have any goods shipped from Great Britain until after the repeal of the Stamp Act." This was officially adopted on October 25, 1765. The Jewish signers included Benjamin Levy, David Franks, Samson Levy, Hyman Levy Jr., Mathias Bush, Moses Mordecai, Michael Gratz, and Barnard Gratz. The last two were brothers who had left Upper Silesia in Germany about 1755 and settled in Philadelphia.
In 1777, just after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, the following Jews agreed to accept the colonial paper money sanctioned by the king in lieu of gold and silver: Solomon Aaron, Joseph Solomon Kohn, Solomon Marache, Moses Mordecai, Barnard Soliman, and David Franks. Of these, Moses Mordecai and David Franks had signed the Non-Importation Resolutions.
During the conflict,
Congregation Mikveh Israel
Congregation Mikveh Israel, the first Jewish congregation in Philadelphia, had its beginnings about 1745 and is believed to have worshiped in a small house in Sterling Alley. In 1761, owing to the influx of Spanish and Portuguese Jews from England, the Netherlands and the West Indies, the question of building a synagogue was raised, but nothing was then accomplished in that direction. In 1773, when Bernard Gratz was parnas and Solomon Marache treasurer, a subscription was started "in order to support our holy worship and establish it on a more solid foundation." The number of Jewish residents in Philadelphia was suddenly increased at the outbreak of the American Revolution by the influx of Jewish patriots from New York, which had been captured by the British (Sept., 1776). The congregation removed from the house in Sterling Alley and then occupied quarters in Cherry Alley, between Third and Fourth streets.
The building in Cherry Alley, which had sufficed for the few families in the city, became inadequate, and steps were taken to secure a more commodious building. Gershom Mendes Seixas, who had fled from New York to Connecticut, was requested to act as the first rabbi of the reorganized congregation. The estimate for the new building was £600, and the subscription being inadequate, Haym Salomon, the banker and financial agent of the Continental Congress, agreed to pay one-fourth the cost. A lot was purchased in Cherry street, near Third street, and a suitable building erected.[5] The governor of Pennsylvania and his official family were invited to attend the dedication ceremonies, which were held on September 13, 1782. At this time the congregation had over 100 members;[6] its officers were Jonas Phillips (president), Michael Gratz, Solomon Marache, Solomon Myers Cohen, and Simon Nathan. On November 25, 1783, New York was evacuated by the British, and many of the members of the congregation returned to their former homes. The congregation also started Mikveh Israel Cemetery.[7]
It is estimated that in 1775, the city of Philadelphia had a population of approximately 35,000 of whom 300 were Jewish.
When Washington was elected president of the United States the Congregation Mickvé Israel, together with the congregations of New York, Charleston, and Richmond, sent a congratulatory address, to which Washington replied (1790).
After
Mikveh Israel erected its first building in 1782 on Cherry Alley, as well as a parsonage, school, mikvah, and oven for Matza baking for Passover. A commemorative marker stands at that place. When the 1782 building became inadequate, the synagogue built a larger synagogue on the same designed by William Strickland, a leading architect. [clarification needed] Prior to the Civil War (1861-1865) as the Jewish population grew and prospered, an elegant building was constructed on 7th Street, north of Arch designed by John McArthur Jr. (later, architect of City Hall of Philadelphia). Many Jews moved to the area between Broad and 16th Streets, north of Girard Avenue. A new building was constructed at Broad and York Streets in 1909, flanked by Gratz and Dropsie Colleges. Samuel Elkin and Henry G. Freeman Jr. donated $100,000; $40,500 for the site, $59,000 for the building in memory of Abraham and Eve Elkin.
Gratz College, a private, coeducational Jewish college in Melrose Park, Pennsylvania and traces its origins to 1856 when banker, philanthropist and communal leader Hyman Gratz, and the Hebrew Education Society of Philadelphia (established in 1849 by Rebecca Gratz and Isaac Leeser) joined together to establish a trust to create a Hebrew teachers college.[10] The amount of the endowment was nearly $200,000, worth $6.4 million in 2019.
German Immigration and Reform
The congregation soon outgrew its building and replaced it with the current structure, completed in 1928. Inspired by the great synagogue of Florence, Italy, Rodeph Shalom is one of the few synagogues in this country that retains the Byzantine-Moorish style. It was designed by the firm of Simon and Simon, which built the Fidelity Building on Broad Street.[12] The sanctuary seats 1,640 people below star burst skylights. Its stained glass windows are one of the few remaining collections from the renowned D'Ascenzo Studio. The majestic bronze-and-enamel doors of the Torah ark grace the bimah. The D'Ascenzo Studio also designed the sanctuary's walls, ceiling, and dome, along with the carpet and ornamentation. The Broad Street Foyer houses the Leon J. and Julia S. Obermayer Collection of Jewish ritual art. More than 500 objects of Jewish ceremonial art from around the world dating back to the 18th century are on display. The Philadelphia Jewish Museum gallery, dedicated to Jacob Gutman, sponsors three to four exhibits of contemporary Jewish art each year, and is open for public viewing.[13][14]
In 1876, in commemoration of the centennial of American Independence, the Order B'nai B'rith and Israelites of America erected in Fairmount Park a statue representing Religious Liberty. It was designed by Moses Ezekiel, and was the first public monument erected by Jews in the United States.
In Philadelphia there were in 1904, not including lodges, over 160 Jewish organizations, of which over 50 are synagogues; the remainder consisting of hospitals, foster homes, Sunday-schools, benevolent associations, colleges, young men's Hebrew associations, social clubs, literary societies, etc. (A list of local organizations was published in the "American Jewish Year Book" for 5661 [1900-1].)
Eastern European Immigration (1881-1924)
In the early years of Eastern European Jewish mass immigration in the 1880s, a size-able Jewish quarter was established in a well-defined area of old Philadelphia, today known as Society Hill and Queen Village. In The Presbyterian, a weekly journal published in Philadelphia in 1889 for the Presbyterian community, the editor wrote: “In Philadelphia we are likely to have a Jewish section, where emigrants from Eastern Europe will congregate. From Fifth Street to the Delaware River and south of Lombard Street these foreign Jews are crowding in, and being very poor, the Hebrew Charities are drawn upon heavily.”[19] The Jewish press saw a more confined quarter, extending from Spruce Street in the north to Christian Street in the South and from 3rd Street to 6th Street east to west. This was at a time when sweatshops were moving south from Kensington to Northern Liberties and then south of Market Street to Bank and Strawberry Streets. At this time, German-Jewish wholesale clothiers, like Snellenberg's, had their businesses on N. 3rd Street between Market and Arch streets. Many of these buildings stand today.[20]
The Society Hachnasath Orechim, or Wayfarers' Lodge, was organized November 16, 1890, and chartered April 29, 1891; it was one of the most active charitable associations in Philadelphia. The Hebrew Literature Society, founded in 1885, opened a new building at 310 Catherine street. The Home for Hebrew Orphans, The Jewish Sheltering Home for the Homeless and Aged, the Mount Sinai Hospital Association, the Pannonia Beneficial Association, and the Central Talmud Torah were all situated in the southern portion of the city. In addition, the newcomers have many social, political, and literary organizations.
When immigrant steamers from Liverpool would arrive, trains of the Pennsylvania Railroad backed down onto the piers of the American Line to whisk away immigrants on their journeys to Chicago and places out west. A size-able number of Russian-Jewish immigrants stayed in Philadelphia and settled in the Jewish quarter. Many concentrated around the eastern end of South Street for three primary reasons: rent was inexpensive; housing was near the sweatshops; and the neighborhood was near the Emigrant Depot at the foot of Washington Avenue and the Delaware River. Prior to 1900, few Jews lived south of Washington Avenue. The Jewish Quarter of Philadelphia was bordered by Polish immigrants and Irish to the east, by African-Americans to the west and Italians to the southwest and, to the south, by Irish. Crossing well defined boundaries was dangerous for the immigrants. Curbside and pushcart markets were established; teams of horses flying over cobblestone streets made daily runs to the Dock Street wholesale market. Many Jewish immigrants opened businesses on Dock Street, that continue to operate to the present day including M. Levin & Co, Inc.
Central to the new immigrant neighborhood was South Street, called “the great Street for Polish Jews and huckstering of every variety.” Some writers called it the Russian quarter because so many of the newcomers were from the Imperial Russian Empire.
Markets were located along S. 2nd Street, the Washington Market along Bainbridge Street from 3rd to 5th Streets and in the 4th Street pushcart market. Sweatshops in the quarter numbered over one hundred. On the 300 block of Lombard Street alone there were five sweatshops. After 1900, Jews moved south across Washington Avenue and within just a few years they lived in great numbers south of Washington Avenue and east of Broad Street. Many Jews in the clothing trade prospered during the 1920s and moved to West Philadelphia and Strawberry Mansion. After Congress cut off immigration from Eastern Europe in 1924, the old Jewish quarter began to die out. Although its demise was slowed, first by the Depression and then by the effects of World War II, outward movement from the quarter accelerated after the war ended. Today, there are four synagogues operating in the original Jewish quarter.
Two buildings originally built as synagogues—
Society Hill Synagogue, 418 Spruce Street, renovated and uses the historic building previously home to the Roumanian Shul from 1910 until the 1960s. Congregation Kesher Israel, 412 Lombard Street, acquired the former Universality Church building in 1889 and continues as an active Conservative synagogue.
Post World War II
In 1964, the Six Million Jewish Martyrs statue, the first public memorial in the United States in remembrance of the Holocaust, was unveiled at 16th Street and Benjamin Franklin Parkway. In 2018, The Horwitz-Wasserman Holocaust Memorial Plaza was unveiled at the same site.[27] In 1976, Mikveh Israel moved to Independence Mall, close to its original site, together with the National Museum of American Jewish History. The building opened on July 4, 1976, the Nation's Bicentennial. In August 2010, the National Museum of American Jewish History moved to new building at 5th and Market Streets. The synagogue is now the sole inhabitant of the current building. The former exhibit space is now the Social Hall, decorated with paintings dating from the 1700s to the present from the Archives. There is also an exhibit in the lobby.[28]
Haredi community
A
Many Haredim in Philadelphia primarily live in Bala Cynwyd, and the community is centered around Aish HaTorah and the Philadelphia Community Kollel.[30][31]
Notable Jews from the Philadelphia area
Settlers
- David Franks (1720-1794) - Merchant and Loyalist in the American Revolutionary War.
- Nathan Levy (1704-1853) - Merchant, established first Jewish cemetery in Philadelphia in 1740.
- Samson Levy (1757-1781) - Merchant, signer of the Non-Importation Resolutions in 1765.
- Isaac Miranda - First Jew in the English colonies to hold a judicial position, arrived in Philadelphia about 1710 where he engaged in trade with native peoples and eventually owned property in the town.
Art
- Theresa Bernstein (1890-2002), Polish-born painter who was one of the Philadelphia Ten
- Stella Drabkin, (1906-1971) painter
- Simon Hassler (1832-1901)[32] - German born conductor and composer.
- Sylvia Kauders, actress (1921-2016)
- Philip Loeb (1891-1955) - Stage, film and television actor.
- Sarai Sherman (1922-2013), painter and sculptor
Business
- Philadelphia Mayor Ed Rendell
- Adam Gimbel (1817-1896) - Founder of the Gimbel Brothers Company.
- Bernard Gimbel (1885-1966) - President of the Gimbels department store.
- Ralph J. Roberts (1920- 2015) - Founder of Comcast
- Brian L. Roberts - CEO of Comcast
Clergy
- Henry Berkowitz (1857-1924) - Rabbi, helped establish the Federation of Jewish Philanthropies and the Philadelphia Rabbinical Association in 1901.
- Jacob Raphael Cohen (1738-1811) - Rabbi of Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia from 1784 until his death in 1811.
- lexicographer. Published the first Jewish sermon printed in the United States.
- Amy Eilberg (1954-), - First female rabbi ordained in Conservative Judaism.
- Linda Joy Holtzman - Rabbi and author
- Marcus Jastrow (1829-1903) - Talmudic scholar, author of A Dictionary of the Targumim, Talmud Babli, Talmud Yerushalmi and Midrashic Literature.
- Joseph Krauskopf (1858-1923) - Rabbi, author, leader of Reform Judaism and founder of the National Farm School.
- Isaac Leeser (1806-1868) - Publisher, helped found the Jewish press of America and produced the first Jewish translation of the Bible into English.
- Jewish religious leader in the United States.
- Henry Samuel Morais (1860-1935) - Writer and Rabbi.
- Italian-American rabbi, leader of Mikveh Israel Synagogueand pioneer of Italian Jewish Studies in America.
- Congregation Rodeph Shalom in Philadelphiafrom 1859 to 1861.
Literature
- Mary Matilda Cohen, -Journalist (1854-1911)
- Nina Morais Cohen, -Author and suffragist (1855-1918)
- Rebecca Gratz (1781-1869) - Educator and philanthropist.
- Abraham Hart (1810-1885) - Publisher, philanthropist, briefly president of the Jewish Congregation Mickvéh Israel.
- A. B. Magil (1905-2003) - Marxist journalist and pamphleteer
- Mordecai Manuel Noah (1785-1851) - Sheriff, playwright, diplomat, journalist and utopian.
- Moses Polock (1817-1903) - First dealer in the United States who dealt exclusively in rare books. At his death he was the oldest bibliophile in the country.[33]
- A. S. W. Rosenbach (1876-1952) - American collector, scholar, and seller of rare books and manuscripts.
Medicine
- Ophthalmologist, founding member of the American Medical Association, first president of the Philadelphia Ophthalmological Society.
- Solomon Solis-Cohen (1857-1948) - Physician, professor of medicine and prominent Zionist.
Military
- American War of Independence.
- Uriah P. Levy (1792-1862) - Naval officer, real estate investor, philanthropist.
- Joseph George Rosengarten (1835-1921) - Lawyer, historian and Civil War veteran.
- Haym Salomon (1740-1785) - Businessman, prime financier during the American Revolutionary War.
Law
- Mayer Sulzberger (1843-1923) - Judge, newspaper publisher.
- Moses Levy (1757-1826) - Lawyer, trustee of the University of Pennsylvania for twenty-four years.
- Samson Levy (1761-1831) - Lawyer, one of the incorporators of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
Politics
- Isaac Bacharach (1870-1956) - Politician from New Jersey who represented the 2nd congressional district from 1915 to 1937.
- David Cohen (1914-2005) - Lawyer and Philadelphia City Council member for 26 years.
- Rose Gratz Fishstein (1895-?) -Suffragist jailed for protesting in front of the White House.
- Benjamin M. Golder (1891-1946) - Member of the United States House of Representatives for Pennsylvania from 1925 to 1933.
- Sam Katz - Three-time candidate for Mayor of Philadelphia, subject of 2006 documentary film The Shame of a City.
- Jewishcongressman.
- U.S. House of Representatives for Pennsylvania during the American Civil War.
- U.S. House of Representatives for Pennsylvaniafrom 1856 to 1860.
- Governor of Pennsylvaniafrom 2003 to 2011.
- Bernard Samuel (1880-1954) - Mayor of Philadelphia from 1941 to 1952. Born to Jewish parents, but converted to the Episcopalian faith as a young man.
- Arlen Specter (1930-2012) - District Attorney of Philadelphia from 1966 to 1974. United States Senator for Pennsylvania from 1981 to 2011.
- Joan Specter (1934–present), City Council Member, (1980-1996)
Philanthropy
- Rebecca Machado Phillips (1746-1831), founder and director of early Philadelphia charitable organizations.
Sports
- Howard Eskin (1951–present), sports talk radio personality on 94WIP
Cultural activity
Books
The earliest publication relating to the Jews published in Philadelphia was a sermon by Moses Mendelssohn delivered by his preceptor David Hirchel Frankel, and translated from the German. It was printed from the press of Andrew Stewart in 1763. The first Hebrew Bible that appeared in the United States was published in Philadelphia in 1814 by Thomas Dobson, the printer being William Fry.
Newspapers
The Occident and American Jewish Advocate was the first Jewish newspaper published in Philadelphia, founded Isaac Leeser in 1843. It was edited by him it until his death in 1868 and for one year thereafter by Mayer Sulzberger. The paper went defunct in 1869. Other now defunct newspapers include The Jewish Index (1872-1873) and The Jewish Record (1975-1886), published under the editorship of Alfred T. Jones.[37] There were several daily papers published in Yiddish in the past, with the most notable being the Jewish Evening Post.
The Jewish Exponent was first published on April 15, 1887 and currently serves as the city's sole Jewish newspaper. It is the second oldest Jewish newspaper published today in the United States.[38]
Jewish Federation
From a period immediately after the Revolutionary war efforts have been made to collect money for the charitable organizations by appealing to the general public. Lotteries were held early in the 19th century; subscription lists were constantly being formed. A ball was given in 1843 in aid of three societies. In 1853 and in 1854 dinners were given in aid of the Hebrew Charitable Fund, at which many noted citizens were present. The year following, a ball was given instead of a dinner, and it proved such a success financially that it was thought expedient to continue this form of entertainment; the Hebrew Charity-Ball Association was formed in consequence of this determination, and annual balls were given with great success until 1901, when they were discontinued owing to the establishment of the Federation of Jewish Charities.[39][40] As of 2019, The Jewish Federation of Greater Philadelphia (JFGP) has its headquarters in the Jewish Community Services Building in Center City, Philadelphia.[41]
United Hebrew Charities
The United Hebrew Charities, a union of six institutions, was organized in 1869, with Simon W. Arnold as its first president. Max Herzberg is president. The combination of the principal charitable societies of Philadelphia was formed on March 17, 1901; Jacob Gimbel was its first president. The federation as originally formed embraced nine institutions—the Jewish Hospital Association, Jewish Foster Home, Society of United Hebrew Charities, Hebrew Education Society, Orphans' Guardians, Jewish Maternity Association, Jewish Immigration Society, Young Women's Union, and Hebrew Sunday-School Society. Later, the National Farm School, the National Jewish Hospital for Consumptives (at Denver), and the Alliance Israélite Universelle became beneficiaries. The income of the Federation (1903) was $123,039, with a membership of 1,916.[42][43]
In 1901, Lewis Elkin bequeathed $2,000,000 (today $73,250,000) to the city of Philadelphia for the support of superannuated female school-teachers. This is the largest bequest for a charitable object yet made by a Jewish resident of the city. Simon Muhr among other benefactions left a bequest for general educational purposes. The Simon Muhr Work Training School, built in 1899, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.[44]
Association of Jewish Immigrants
In 1882, the great exodus from
Young Men's Hebrew Association
The Young Men's Hebrew Association, an outgrowth of a former institution—the Hebrew Association—was organized May 12, 1875, with Mayer Sulzberger as president. The object of the association is "to promote a higher culture among young men"; its membership in 1904 numbered over 1,000, under the presidency of Adolph Eichholz. Its building is situated in North Broad street. The Young Women's Union was originally a branch of the Hebrew Education Society, and was organized through the efforts of Mrs. Fanny Binswanger Hoffman on February 5, 1885; the object of the union is to educate the younger children of immigrant Jews. It maintained a kindergarten, day-nursery, sewing-school, etc. Mrs. Julia Friedberger Eschner was president.
Social Clubs
There are several Jewish social organizations. The Mercantile Club was established November 10, 1853, and incorporated April 17, 1869. Louis Bomeisler was its first president. The club occupies a building in North Broad street; Clarence Wolf was its president in 1904. The Garrick, the Progress, and the Franklin are other Jewish clubs. The Golden Slipper Club was founded in the early 1920s by a group of Jewish Masons who formed a card club and used the winnings to support families in need of basic necessities such as milk and coal. Golden Slipper Club and Charities exists in 2020 to perform philanthropic work through its Camp, Gems for seniors, and Club for people in the region who share its values of Charity, Good Fellowship & Loyalty. Golden Slipper will celebrate 100 years of service to the Philadelphia region in 2022.
Jewish Publication Society
The original Jewish Publication Society was established in Philadelphia November 9, 1845, Abraham Hart being its first president. The society owed its existence to Isaac Leeser. It published eleven works, including two by
Museums and Art Galleries
The
See also
- Jewish American
- Jewish history in the United States (pre-20th century)
- Jewish history in Pennsylvania
- Jews in New York City
- List of Jewish Americans
- Religion in Philadelphia
- History of the Jews in Makhachkala
Bibliography
- H. P. Rosenbach, Hist. of the Jews in Philadelphia Prior to 1800, Philadelphia, 1883;
- H. S. Morais, The Jews of Philadelphia, 1894 (the most complete account);
- Morris Jastrow Jr., in Publications Am. Jew. Hist. Soc. No. 1, pp. 49–61;
- Henry Berkowitz, ib. No. 9, pp. 123–127;
- A. S. W. Rosenbach, ib. No. 5, pp. 191–198;
- Watson's Annals;
- Westcott, History of Philadelphia;
- Memoirs Hist. Soc. Pennsylvania;
- The Occident;
- The Jewish Exponent:
- American Jewish Year Book, 1901;
- Fifty Years' Work of the Hebrew Education Society, Report for 1899 (containing many portraits);
- Archives of the Congregation Mickvé Israel.
Notes
- ^ "The Jewish Community of Philadelphia". The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot.
- ^ Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society. American Jewish Historical Society. 1893. p. 49[1].
German traveler Von Beck.
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- ^ "Search - Almanac Online -". almanacnews.com. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
- ^ (see list in Rosenbach's "Jews of Philadelphia," p. 22)
- ^ "Judaism course begins this week in Edwards - VailDaily.com". vaildaily.com. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
- ISBN 0-87413-927-9. Retrieved May 15, 2009.
- ^ "A Circuitous Relationship - SD JEWISH JOURNAL". sdjewishjournal.com. 29 October 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
- ^ "Gratz College - The College Board". bigfuture.collegeboard.org. Retrieved 2019-04-26.
- ^ "Laguna Beach Local News » Business Ethics Examined". lagunabeachindy.com. 18 January 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
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- ^ "Chabad of East Boca Raton To Offer Business Ethics Course - Search Results - BocaNewsNow". bocanewsnow.com. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
- ^ "Our History". Reform Congregation Keneseth Israel. J Village Network. 2014-02-06. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
- ^ Sabbath offers serenity in a fast paced world Triblocal.com
- ^ ‘Meaningful Life' course offered in Edwards, www.vaildaily.com
- ^ "Home". mississauga.com.
- ^ The Presbyterian, Vol. LIX, No. 9, March 2, 1889 (Presbyterian Historical Society).
- ^ For a listing of the wholesale clothiers and sweatshops on Bank and Strawberry Streets, see Harry D. Boonin, The Jewish Quarter of Philadelphia (JWT of Philadelphia, Inc., 1999), Appendix B.
- ^ The Life of Michael Valentine Ball (1868-1945), Transcribed and Researched by Edward L. Ball (Warren, PA, June 2003), p. 167. (Privately printed).
- ^ Rudoph J. Walther, Happenings in Ye Olde Philadelphia (Walther Printing House, Philadelphia, 1925), p. 176, and Dock Street from the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, January 27, 1919, by Penn (William Perrine).
- ^ David B. Tierkel, History of the Yiddish Theatre in Philadelphia, unpublished Yiddish typescript, 1934, Yiddisher Visnshaftlikher Institute, YIVO, New York.
- ^ "The Jewish Quarter of Philadelphia". phillyhistory.org. 5 March 2008. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
- ^ "Historic Congregation B'nai Abraham". Historic Congregation B'nai Abraham. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
- ^ "Chabad-Lubavitch Centers in Philadelphia".
- ^ Schucht, Eric (2019-04-26). "Honoring Survivors at Holocaust Remembrance Ceremony (Updated)". Jewish Exponent. Retrieved 2019-04-27.
- ^ "Our History". mikvehisrael.org. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
- ^ "18th Annual Dinner - The Philadelphia Community Kollel". Phillykollel.org. Philadelphia Community Kollel. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
- ^ Saffren, Jarrad (2022-03-03). "Aish Chaim Attracts Young Families". Jewish Exponent. Retrieved 2023-07-19.
- ^ www.jewishdatabank.org https://www.jewishdatabank.org/databank/search-results/study/1092. Retrieved 2023-07-19.
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(help) - ^ Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1892). . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
- ^ Polock, M. (Moses); Henkels, firm auctioneers (1904). A collection of valuable Americana gathered by the late Moses Polock, esq., the oldest bookseller in the United States, sold ... March 9 and 10, 1904. Cornell University Library. Philadelphia : Bicking Print.
- ^ "He's Shabbat observant, he keeps kosher and he's just won Pennsylvania". www.thejc.com. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
- ^ JTA, Andrew Lapin (2022-11-09). "Shabbat-touting Shapiro wins Pennsylvania governor race". Jewish Journal. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
- ^ Otterbein, Holly (2022-09-16). "He Could Be Our First Jewish President. But First He Needs to Beat a Christian Nationalist". POLITICO. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
- ^ "JONES, ALFRED T. - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2019-04-26.
- ^ "Philadelphia's 'jewish Exponent' to Celebrate Its 75th Anniversary". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 1962-03-30. Retrieved 2019-04-26.
- ^ www.nj.coml
- ^ "Ancient Marriage Secrets Revealed at Larchmont-Mamaroneck Chabad". patch.com. 18 April 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
- ^ "Jewish Federation of Greater Philadelphia Offices" (Archive) Jewish Federation of Greater Philadelphia. Retrieved on January 19, 2014. "Jewish Community Services Building 2100 Arch Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 "
- ^ "www.triblocal.com". triblocal.com. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
- ^ "JLI Teens :: News". jliteens.com. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
- ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
- ^ "Jewish business ethics to be topic for course". toledoblade.com. 28 January 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
- ^ "Economic crisis from a Jewish perspective". 27 January 2012. Archived from the original on 29 March 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ Rothstein, Edward (2010-11-11). "Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Identity". The New York Times. Retrieved 2021-3-12.
References
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Philadelphia". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
Further reading
- Peltz, R. From Immigrant to Ethnic Culture: American Yiddish in South Philadelphia. Stanford University Press, 1997.