Jiaozhou (region)

Coordinates: 21°01′N 105°51′E / 21.017°N 105.850°E / 21.017; 105.850
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with Jiaozhou City.
Location and territory of Jiaozhou (green)
Jiaozhou
Chinese name
Hanyu Pinyin
Jiāozhōu
Wade–GilesChiao1-cho1
Vietnamese nameVietnamese alphabetGiao ChâuChữ Hán
交州
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Jiaozhou (

dynasties. Under the Han, the area included Liangguang and northern Vietnam but Guangdong was later separated to form the province of Guangzhou by Sun Quan following the death of Shi Xie and lasted until the creation of the Annan Protectorate
in 679.

History

Han dynasty

In 111 BC, the armies of

Dan'er, and Rinan.[1] In 203 CE, Jiaozhi circuit (交趾部 Jiāozhǐ bù) was raised to a zhou or province, under the name Jiaozhou (交州 Jiāozhōu).[citation needed
]

Eastern Wu

Jin-Wu war 264-272

Following the death of Shi Xie in 226 CE, Eastern Wu divided Jiaozhou into Guangzhou and the new Jiaozhou. However, after suppressing Shi Hui (士徽), son of Shi Xie, Eastern Wu re-annexed Guangzhou into Jiaozhou. It was only in 264 CE that Jiaozhou was re-divided: Guangzhou was composed of three commanderies of Nanhai, Cangwu and Yulin while the new Jiaozhou was composed of four commanderies of Hepu, Jiaozhi, Jiuzhen and Rinan. Also in the same year, a Roman envoy arrived in Jiaozhi of Jiaozhou and was hastened to the Wu court. In 229, Eastern Wu sent embassy to Funan, where merchants from India and beyond gathered.[2]

The Wu regime was harsh. Turmoil plagued the southern commanderies by the mid third century. In 231,

Lac Viet people in Jiuzhen revolted but was "pacified" by a Wu general.[2] In 248, Lâm Ấp forces invaded from the south, seized most of Rinan, and marched on into Jiuzhen, provoking major uprisings there and in Jiaozhi. One Jiaozhi rebel commanded thousands and invested several walled towns before Wu officials got him to surrender.[3]

In Jiuzhen, a Lạc Việt woman named Triệu Ẩu (

Lu Yin.[4]

In 263, "

Yue barbarians" in Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen under Lã Hưng revolted against the Wu dynasty. The rebels handed the region over to Wu's rival, the northern Chinese kingdom of Jin.[4] In 268 and 269, they held off large Wu armies and fleets, which eventually retook Jiaozhi's ports and main towns in 271. Fighting continued in the countryside until 280, when Jin destroyed Wu, reunifying China.[4]

Jin dynasty

In the early period of Jin dynasty, the imperial court favored the southern trade networks with prosperity kingdoms of Funan and Lâm Ấp. Along with this brief peacetime “boom” in the southern trade, Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen enjoyed some autonomy from China until the 320s.[4] In 312 rebels and imperial units fought each other with ferocity over Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen. Frustrated by the difficulty of trade, Lâm Ấp itself resorted from 323 to seaborne raids on northern ports in Jiaozhou.[4] Though defeated in 399, Lâm Ấp continued its raids on Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen for two decades.[5] A Chinese rebel army from Zhejiang briefly seized Jiaozhi's capital in 411.[5]

During the Jin dynasty and

Six dynasties period of China, the Li-Lao people extended their territories right along the south coast of modern Guangdong and Guangxi, in a swath of land to the east of the Red River Delta and south and west of the Pearl River Delta, occupied the overland roads between Guangzhou and Jiaozhou.[6] The people of Li-Lao country put anyone traveled through their territories in dangers.[7]

Southern dynasties

In 446, Liu Song dynasty invaded Lâm Ấp, captured Lâm Ấp's capital (near modern Huế). The Chinese attackers plundered its eight temples and treasury, carrying off 100,000 pounds of gold.[5] Despite that, the revived Lâm Ấp was flourishing on the ever more lucrative passing sea trade.[5]

Rebellions broke out in Jiaozhou from 468 to 485, and in 506 and 515 under Liang dynasty.[5]

Vạn Xuân kingdom

Main article: Early Lý dynasty

In 541,

Lý Bôn, a leader of the local Lý clan revolted against the Liang. In 544 he defeated the Liang and proclaimed himself Emperor of Nán Yuè with reign era Thiên-đức.[8] Jiaozhou briefly became independence from the Chinese dynasties. In 545, Chen Baxian led the Liang army attack Jiaozhou, forced Lý Bôn fled west into the mountains above the Red River, where he was killed by Lao highlanders in 548.[9] However even after Lý Bôn's death, Jiaozhou remained autonomous.[10] In 583, Lý Hữu Vinh, a local leader of Jiaozhou sent a trained elephant to the Chen court.[11]

Around 589-590 Lý Xuân (

Lý Phật Tử) became the leader of Vạn Xuân. As the authority of Sui gradually consolidated in southern China, Lý Phật Tử recognized Sui overlordship.[12] In 601, governor of Guangzhou, Ling-hu Hsi forwarded an imperial summons for Phật Tử to appear at the Sui capital. Resolved to resist this demand, Phật Tử sought delay by requesting that the summons be postponed until after the new year. Hsi approved the request, believing that he could keep Phật Tử's allegiance by exercising restraint. Someone, however, accused Hsi of taking a bribe from Phật Tử, and the court grew suspicious. When Phật Tử openly rebelled early in 602, Hsi was promptly arrested; he died en route north.[13] This caused the Sui court called general Liu Fang to command 27,000 troops attacked Lý Phật Tử from Yunnan
in 602. At Đỗ Long Pass, on the watershed between the
Third Chinese domination of Vietnam
.

Sui and Tang dynasty

In 622, the rebel Xiao Xian was defeated by the Tang and the Chinese warlord in Jiaozhou, Qiu He, submitted to the Tang dynasty.[15]

In 679, Protectorate General to Pacify the South (Annam) was created and replaced the Jiaozhou protectorate.[16]

Ming dynasty

The name "Jiaozhi" was revived for the province encompassing northern Vietnam in the Ming dynasty.

See also

  • Second Chinese domination of Vietnam

References

  1. ^ Ban Biao; Ban Gu; Ban Zhao. "地理志" [Treatise on geography]. Book of Han (in Chinese). Vol. 28. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
  2. ^ a b Taylor 1983, p. 89.
  3. ^ Kiernan 2019, p. 97.
  4. ^ a b c d e Kiernan 2019, p. 98.
  5. ^ a b c d e Kiernan 2019, p. 99.
  6. ^ Churchman 2011, p. 67-68.
  7. ^ Churchman 2011, p. 71-74.
  8. ^ Kiernan 2019, p. 102.
  9. ^ Kiernan 2019, p. 103.
  10. ^ Taylor 1983, p. 158.
  11. ^ Taylor 1983, p. 157.
  12. ^ Taylor 1983, p. 159.
  13. ^ Taylor 1983, p. 161.
  14. ^ Taylor 1983, p. 162.
  15. ^ Taylor 1983, p. 169.
  16. ^ Taylor 1983, p. 171.

Sources

21°01′N 105°51′E / 21.017°N 105.850°E / 21.017; 105.850

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