Jin (Chinese state)
Jin 晉 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
11th century BC–369 BC | |||||||||||||
Status | March (1042–678 BC) Duchy (678–369 BC) | ||||||||||||
Capital | Tang (唐) Quwo (曲沃) Jiang (絳) Xintian (新田) | ||||||||||||
Common languages | Old Chinese | ||||||||||||
Religion | Taoism, Animism, Ancestor veneration | ||||||||||||
Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||||
Historical era | Ancient | ||||||||||||
• Established | 11th century BC | ||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 369 BC | ||||||||||||
Currency | Spade money | ||||||||||||
|
Jin | ||
---|---|---|
Tâi-lô Tsìn | | |
Middle Chinese | ||
Middle Chinese | Tsìn | |
Old Chinese | ||
Baxter–Sagart (2014) | *tsi[n]-s |
Jin (traditional Chinese: 晉; simplified Chinese: 晋, Old Chinese: *tsi[n]-s), originally known as Tang (唐),[1] was a major state during the middle part of the Zhou dynasty, based near the centre of what was then China, on the lands attributed to the legendary Xia dynasty: the southern part of modern Shanxi. Although it grew in power during the Spring and Autumn period, its aristocratic structure saw it break apart when the duke lost power to his nobles. In 403 BC, the Zhou court recognized Jin's three successor states: Han, Zhao, and Wei. The Partition of Jin marks the end of the Spring and Autumn Period and the beginning of the Warring States period.
Geography
Jin was located in the lower Fen River drainage basin on the Shanxi plateau. To the north were the Xirong and Beidi peoples. To the west were the Lüliang Mountains and then the Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi. To the southwest the Fen River turns west to join the south-flowing part of the Yellow River which soon leads to the Guanzhong, an area of the Wei River Valley that was the heartland of the Western Zhou and later of the Qin. To the south are the Zhongtiao Mountains and then the east-west valley of the Yellow River which was the main route to the Wei Valley to the west. To the east were the Taihang Mountains and then the North China Plain. This location gave ambitious Jin dukes the opportunity to move north to conquer and absorb the Xirong tribes, move southwest and fight Qin, and move southeast to absorb the many smaller Zhou states.
Also important to the region were the large states of Chu to the south in the Yangtze and Huai River regions and Qi to the east in Shandong.
Jin had multiple capitals. The first capital of Jin was Tang (唐).[2] The capital was later moved to E (鄂), then Jiang (絳), then Xintian (新田).[3] From 746 to 677, Quwo (曲沃) was the capital of a fragment of Jin.
Western Zhou (1046-771 BC)
When the Zhou Dynasty was founded, the conquered lands were given to Zhou relatives and ministers as hereditary fiefs.
Spring and Autumn period
In 771 BC the Quanrong nomads drove the Zhou out of the Wei River valley and killed the king. Marquis Wen of Jin, the eleventh marquis of Jin, supported King Ping of Zhou by killing his rival, King Xie of Zhou, an act that King Ping heavily rewarded him for.
The breakaway state of Quwo (745-677 BC)
When
Ascendency
With the establishment of the Quwo line, Jin became the most powerful state for three generations and remained powerful for a century or more after that. Duke Wu died soon after gaining control of Jin. He was followed by
Another son of Duke Xian was
Over the next century, a four-way balance of power developed between Qin (west), Jin (west-center), Chu (south) and Qi (east), with a number of smaller states between Jin and Qi. In 627 BC, Jin defeated Qin while it was attacking
Decline and fall
In 607 BC, Duke Ling of Jin (620-607) was killed by Zhao Chuan (趙穿) under the orders of his uncle Zhao Dun. Prince Heitun was placed on the throne as Duke Cheng of Jin (606-600). This was the beginning of the slow shift of power from the Jin dukes to the ministerial clans. Duke Li of Jin (580-573), the grandson of Duke Cheng, tried to break the power of the clans by fostering conflicts between them. In 573 BC, he was killed by the Luan (欒氏) and Zhonghang (中行氏) clans. Duke Dao of Jin (572-558) strengthened the ducal power, but could not eliminate the power of the other aristocratic families.
After the reign of Duke Zhao of Jin (531-526), the Jin dukes were figureheads and the state was controlled by six clans: Fan (范) , Zhonghang (中行), Zhi (智), Han (韓), Zhao (趙) and Wei (魏).
The clans soon began to fight among themselves. During the time of
In 403 BC, during the reign of
Military forces
Jin united civil and military authority.[6] Traditionally, Jin had three armies: the upper army, the central army and the lower army. Three more armies were later added. Each army contained 12500 soldiers.[7][8]
According to the convention of Zhou dynasty, a large fiefdom was allowed to have as many as three armies.
In
According to Tang dynasty scholar Kong Yingda, The central army was the most prestigious army among Jin's three armies.[12] Its commander Zhongjunjiang (中軍將) also governs the state of Jin as Zhengqing (正卿)----Jin's prime minister.[10][13] Commander of the upper army (Shangjunjiang, 上軍將) and commander of the lower army (Xiajunjiang, 下軍將) did not have the access of political influence in Jin's court and were merely military staffs. Every commander (Junjiang) of an Jin army was accompanied by a Junzuo (軍佐) who was the assistant of Junjiang (軍將). Other posts in Jin' army were: Junsima (軍司馬) and Junwei (軍尉). The two were subordinated under Junjiang and Junzuo.[14]
Military ranks
The main military ranks were:[13][6][15]
- Zhongjunjiang(中軍將), also known as Yuanshuai (元帥), Jiangjun (將軍) and Zhengqing; Prime minister of Jin.
- Zhongjunzuo (中軍佐)
- Zhongjunwei (中軍尉), when the country is not at war, Zhongjunwei is in charge of the actual affairs of the central army.[12]
- Shangjunjiang (上軍將)
- Shangjunzuo (上軍佐)
- Shangjunwei (上軍尉), when the country is not at war, Shangjunwei is in charge of the actual affairs of the upper army.[12]
- Xiajunjiang (下軍將)
- Xiajunzuo (下軍佐)
- Zhongjunsima (中軍司馬)
- Shangjunsima (上軍司馬)
Rulers
List of Jin rulers based on the Records of the Grand Historian and the Bamboo Annals.[5]
The original branch:
Title | Given name | Reign |
---|---|---|
Shu Yu of Tang 唐叔虞 | Yú 虞 | 1042 BC–? |
Xie, Marquis of Jin 晉侯燮 |
Xiè 燮 | |
Marquis Wu of Jin 晉武侯 | Níngzú 寧族 | |
Marquis Cheng of Jin 晉成侯 | Fúrén 服人 | |
Marquis Li of Jin 晉厲侯 | Fú 福 | ?–859 BC |
Marquis Jing of Jin 晉靖侯 | Yíjìu 宜臼 | 858–841 BC |
Marquis Xi of Jin 晉釐侯 | Sītú 司徒 | 840–823 BC |
Marquis Xian of Jin 晉獻侯 | Jí 籍 | 822–812 BC |
Marquis Mu of Jin 晉穆侯 | Fèiwáng 費王 | 811–785 BC |
Shang Shu 殤叔 | unknown | 784–781 BC |
Marquis Wen of Jin 晉文侯 | Chóu 仇 | 780–746 BC |
Marquis Zhao of Jin 晉昭侯 | Bó 伯 | 745–740 BC |
Marquis Xiao of Jin 晉孝侯 | Píng 平 | 739–724 BC |
Marquis E of Jin 晉鄂侯 | Xì 郤 | 723–718 BC |
Marquis Ai of Jin 晉哀侯 | Guāng 光 | 717–709 BC |
Marquis Xiaozi of Jin 晉小子侯 | unknown | 708–705 BC |
Min, Marquis of Jin 晉侯緡 | Mín 緡 | 704–678 BC |
The Quwo branch, replacing the original branch in 678 BC:
Title | Given name | Reign |
---|---|---|
Huan Shu of Quwo 曲沃桓叔 | Chéngshī 成師 | 745–732 BC |
Zhuang Bo of Quwo 曲沃莊伯 | Shàn 鱓 | 731–716 BC |
Duke Wu of Quwo and Jin 曲沃(晉)武公 | Chēng 稱 | 715–679 BC as Duke of Quwo 678–677 BC as Duke of Jin |
Duke Xian of Jin 晉獻公 | Guǐzhū 詭諸 | 676–651 BC |
Duke Shao of Jin晉少公 | Xiqi 奚齊 | 651 BC |
Zhuozi 卓子 | Zhuō 卓 | 651 BC |
Duke Hui of Jin 晉恵公 | Yíwú 夷吾 | 650–637 BC |
Duke Huai of Jin 晉懷公 | Yǔ 圉 | 637 BC |
Duke Wen of Jin 晉文公 | Chóng'ěr 重耳 | 636–628 BC |
Duke Xiang of Jin 晉襄公 | Huān 驩 | 627–621 BC |
Duke Ling of Jin 晉靈公 | Yígāo 夷皋 | 620–607 BC |
Duke Cheng of Jin 晉成公 | Hēitún 黑臀 | 606–600 BC |
Duke Jing of Jin 晉景公 | Jù 據 | 599–581 BC |
Duke Li of Jin 晉厲公 | Shòumàn 壽曼 | 580–573 BC |
Duke Dao of Jin 晉悼公 | Zhōu 周 | 573–558 BC |
Duke Ping of Jin 晉平公 | Biāo 彪 | 557–532 BC |
Duke Zhao of Jin 晉昭公 | Yí 夷 | 531–526 BC |
Duke Qing of Jin 晉頃公 | Qùjí 去疾 | 525–512 BC |
Duke Ding of Jin 晉定公 | Wǔ 午 | 511–475 BC |
Duke Chu of Jin 晉出公 | Záo 鑿 | 474–452 BC |
Duke Jing (or Ai or Yi) 晉敬公/哀公/懿公 | Jiāo 驕 | 451–434 BC |
Duke You of Jin 晉幽公 | Liǔ 柳 | 433–416 BC |
Duke Lie of Jin 晉烈公 | Zhǐ 止 | 415–389 BC |
Duke Huan (or Xiao) 晉桓公/孝公 | Qí 頎 | 388–369 BC |
The
Later tradition
Claimed descendants
The Sui dynasty Emperors were from the northwest military aristocracy, and emphasized that their patrilineal ancestry was ethnic Han, claiming descent from the Han official Yang Zhen.[16] and the New Book of Tang traced his patrilineal ancestry to the Zhou dynasty kings via Ji Boqiao (姬伯僑), who was the son of Duke Wu of Jin.[17] Ji Boqiao's family became known as the "sheep tongue family" (羊舌氏).
The Yang clan of Hongnong (弘農楊氏)[18][19][20][21][22] were asserted as ancestors by the Sui Emperors like the Li clan of Longxi were asserted as ancestors of the Tang Emperors.[23] The Li of Zhaojun and the Lu of Fanyang hailed from Shandong and were related to the Liu clan which was also linked to the Yang clan of Hongnong and other clans of Guanlong.[24] Duke Wu of Jin was claimed as the ancestors of the Hongnong Yang.[25]
The Yang clan of Hongnong, Jia clan of Hedong, Xiang clan of Henei, and Wang clan of Taiyuan from the Tang dynasty were claimed as ancestors by Song dynasty lineages.[26]
There were Dukedoms for the offspring of the royal families of the Zhou dynasty, Sui dynasty, and Tang dynasty in the Later Jin (Five Dynasties).[27]
Astrology
Jin is represented by the star
References
- ^ Zuo Zhuan, 5th Year of Duke Ding of Lu (魯定公): 懷姓九宗,職官五正。命以《唐誥》,而封於夏虚,啓以夏政,疆以戎索。
- ^ near modern Qucun (曲村).
- ^ in modern Houma
- ^ a b Annals of Wei, Bamboo Annals.
- ^ ISBN 978-7-101-07272-3.
- ^ ISBN 9789867938176.
- ^ Zuo Zhuan, Duke Cheng, 3rd year of
- ^ Du Yu, Kong Yingda, Zuo Zhuan Zhengyi
- ISBN 9787532548514.
- ^ ISBN 9787101012187.
- ^ ISBN 9789867743466.
- ^ ISBN 9787532509546.
- ^ ISBN 9787309047974.
- ^ Shuo, Xuehan. 孫子兵法論正. pp. 115–116.
- ISBN 9788010200917.
- ^ 'Book of Sui, vol. 1
- ^ New Book of Tang, zh:s:新唐書
- ISBN 978-90-04-18337-7.
- ^ Bulletin. The Museum. 1992. p. 154.
- ISBN 978-0-521-03010-6.
- ISBN 978-0-8047-6575-6.
- ^ Asia Major. Institute of History and Philology of the Academia Sinica. 1995. p. 57.
- ISBN 978-0-914584-90-2.
- ISBN 978-0-521-03010-6.
- ^ 《氏族志》
- ISBN 978-0-8047-6575-6.
- ISBN 978-0-231-50228-3.
- ^ Richard Hinckley Allen: Star Names — Their Lore and Meaning: Capricornus
- ^ (in Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 6 月 24 日 Archived 2019-04-04 at the Wayback Machine
External links