Jish
Jish
| |
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Hebrew transcription(s) | |
• ISO 259 | Ǧiš, Guš Ḥalab |
Coordinates: 33°1′34″N 35°26′43″E / 33.02611°N 35.44528°E | |
Grid position | 191/270 PAL |
Country | Israel |
District | Northern |
Founded | 2000 BC (Earliest settlement) 1300 BC (Gush Halav) |
Government | |
• Head of Municipality | Elias Elias |
Area | |
• Total | 6,916 dunams (6.916 km2 or 2.670 sq mi) |
Population (2022)[1] | |
• Total | 3,216 |
• Density | 470/km2 (1,200/sq mi) |
Name meaning | A lump of milk |
Website | www |
Jish (
Jish is the ancient Giscala or Gush Halav, first mentioned in the historical record by the
In the early
In 2010, the population of Jish was 3,000.[11]
Etymology
Jish is the ancient Giscala.
History
Ancient period
Settlement in Jish dates back 3,000 years. The village is mentioned in the
Classical antiquity
During the
After the fall of
Two ancient synagogues were discovered at Jish. The first was located at the top of the hill, below the current Maronite Church. The second one was discovered at the foot of the hill, close to a spring; one of its columns is inscribed in Aramaic with the name of a particular "Yose son of Tanhum".[7] This synagogue went through several phases of construction and reconstruction, one destruction being dated by excavator Eric M. Meyers to the earthquake of 551.[23] In addition to Jewish structures and burial sites dated to the 3rd through 6th centuries,[8] both Jewish and Christian amulets have also been discovered nearby.[24] Christian artifacts from the Byzantine period have been found at the site.[25]
According to local tradition, two nearby rock-cut tombs contain the graves of 1st century BCE Jewish sages Shemaiah and Avtalyon.[7]
Middle Ages
Historical sources from the 10th to the 15th centuries describe it as a large Jewish village,
Ottoman Empire
In 1596, Jish appeared in
In the 17th century, the village had been inhabited by Druze, but they later departed from it.[8] The Turkish traveler Evliya Çelebi, who passed by the village in 1648, wrote:
Then comes the village of Jish, with one hundred houses of accursed believers in the transmigration of souls (tenāsukhi mezhebindén). Yet what beautiful boys and girls they have! And what a climate! Every one of these girls has queenly, gazelle-like, bewitching eyes, which captivate the beholder—an unusual sight.[29]
According to Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Maronites first settled in Jish during the early 18th century. This may have happened as a result of the Battle of Ain Dara (1711), in which the Qaysis defeated the Yamanis and drove many of them from Mount Lebanon. Ben-Zvi recorded a local tradition, according to which two families in the village preceded the Maronite immigration; One of them—the Hashouls, the oldest family in the village— were Maronites of Jewish ancestry and were originally known by the name Shaul.[30]
The
At the end of the 19th century, Jish was described as a "well-built village of good masonry" with about 600 Christian and 200 Muslim inhabitants.[34]
A population list from about 1887 showed El Jish to have about 1,935 inhabitants; 975 Christians and 960 Muslims.[35]
British Mandate
At the time of the 1922 census of Palestine, Jish had a population of 721–380 Christians and 341 Muslims.[36] The Christians were classified as 71% Maronite and 29% Greek Catholic (or Melchite).[37] By the 1931 census, Jish had 182 inhabited houses and a population of 358 Christians and 397 Muslims.[38]
In the 1945 statistics, Jish had a population of 1,090; 350 Christians and 740 Muslims,[39] and the village spanned 12,602 dunams, mostly Arab-owned.[40] Of this, 1,506 dunums were plantations and irrigable land, 6,656 used for cereals,[41] while 72 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[42]
Israel
Israeli forces captured Jish on 29 October 1948, in Operation Hiram,[43] after "a hard-fought battle."[44] Benny Morris reports allegations that ten prisoners of war, identified as Moroccans fighting with the Syrian Army, and a number of villagers, including a woman and her baby, were murdered.[45] The Israeli prime minister, David Ben-Gurion, ordered an investigation of the deaths[46] but no IDF soldiers were brought to trial.[47]
Elias Chacour, now Archbishop of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church, whose family resettled in Jish, wrote that when he was eight years old he discovered a mass grave containing two dozen bodies.[48]
Many of the residents of Jish forced to leave the village in 1948 fled to Lebanon and became
In December 2010, a hiking and bicycle path known as the Coexistence Trail was inaugurated, linking Jish with Dalton, a neighboring Jewish village. The 2,500 meter-long trail, accessible to people with disabilities, sits 850 meters above sea level and has several lookout points, including a view of Dalton Lake, where rainwater is collected and stored for agricultural use.[50]
Jish is known for its efforts to revive
Demographics
Today, 55% of the inhabitants of Jish are
The population of the village was 3,216.Geography
Jish is located in Upper Galilee, in the Northern district of Israel. The town is close to Mount Meron, the tallest standing mountain of Galilee. Recently, a new road has connected Jish with the nearby Jewish village of Dalton.
Religious sites and shrines
The tombs of Shmaya and Abtalion, a pair of Jewish sages who taught in Jerusalem in the early 1st century BCE, are located in Jish.[14]
According to tradition, the Israelite prophet Joel was also buried there.[51] The structure traditionally believed to be his tomb is situated on the western outskirts of the modern village, and contains several ancient rock-cut tombs.[52]
According to Christian tradition, the parents of
Archaeology
Eighteen archaeological sites have been excavated to date in Jish and vicinity. Archaeologists have excavated two synagogues in use since the Roman and Byzantine periods (3rd to 6th centuries CE).[8] One synagogue is located at the top of the village and the other east of it.[54] On the remains of the upper synagogue, found by Kitchener of the Palestine Exploration Fund, the Melkite Greek Catholic Church of Mar Boutros was built. Jewish-Christian amulets were discovered nearby.[24]
Coins indicate that Jish had strong commercial ties with the nearby city of
A network of secret caves and passageways in Jish, some of them located under private homes, is strikingly similar to hideaways in the Judean lowlands used during the Bar Kokhba revolt.[55]
See also
- Hanna Jubran
- Elinor Joseph
- Arab localities in Israel
- Population displacements in Israel after 1948
- Arameans in Israel
References
- ^ a b "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
- ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 76
- ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 225
- ^ Yoav Stern (30 July 2007). "Galilee villages launch campaign to attract Christian pilgrims". Haaretz. Retrieved 2007-12-19.
- ^ a b YNET [1] On the slopes of a hill, at an elevation of 860 meters surrounded by cherry orchards, pears and apples, built houses, especially church building looks from afar. Number of inhabitants 3,000 divided by 55% Maronite Christian, 30% Greek Catholics and the rest are Muslims.
- ^ a b "Population" (in Hebrew). Jish local council. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Encyclopedia Judaica, Jerusalem, 1978, "Giscala," vol. 7, 590
- ^ a b c d e f g h Projects - Preservation
- ^ a b Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 176
- ^ a b c Morris, 2004, p. 508
- ^ a b c d "The Aramaic language is being resurrected in Israel". Vatican Insider - La Stampa. 24 September 2011. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016.
- ^ Hulot & Rabot, "Actes de la societé géographie," Seance du 6 décembre 1907, La Géographie, Volume 17, Paris, 1908, page 78
- ISBN 978-90-6831231-7.
- ^ a b c The Guide to Israel, Zev Vilnay, Jerusalem, 1972, p. 539.
- ^ The Mishnah, (ed.) Herbert Danby, Arakhin 9:6 (p. 553 - note 9)
- ^ a b "el-Jish/Gush Halav". Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
- ^ Pesikta de-Rav Kahana (1949), p. 94a
- ^ Machen, John Gresham (1921). The Origin of Paul's Religion. New York: The MacMillan Company. p. 44. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
- ^ Jerome. "5. Paul". De Viris Illustribus [On Illustrious Men]. Translated by Richardson, Ernest Cushing. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
Paul...was of the tribe of Benjamin and the town of Giscalis in Judea. When this was taken by the Romans he removed with his parents to Tarsus in Cilicia.
- ^ Jerome. Commentaria in Epistolam ad Philemonem [Commentary on the Epistle to Philemon] (in Latin). Archived from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
Aiunt parentes apostoli Pauli de Gyscalis regione fuisse Iudaeae
- ^ Redefining ancient borders: The Jewish scribal framework of Matthew's Gospel, Aaron M. Gale
- ^ Excavations at the ancient synagogue of Gush Ḥalav, Eric M. Meyers, Carol L. Meyers, James F. Strange
- ISBN 978-90-04-25772-6. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
- ^ a b The missing century: Palestine in the fifth century: growth and decline, Zeev Safrai
- ISBN 978-1-4073-0080-1.
- Al-Muqaddasi (1885). Description of Syria. Translated by Le Strange, Guy. p. 32.
- ^ A. Asher (c. 1840). The Itinerary of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela. Vol. 1. NY: Hakesheth. p. 82. This passage is not present in the edition of M. N. Adler (1907). The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela. London: Oxford University Press. p. 29.
- ^ Note that Rhode, 1979, p. 6 Archived 2019-04-20 at the Wayback Machine writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9
- ^ Stephan H. Stephan (1935). "Evliya Tshelebi's Travels in Palestine, II". The Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine. 4: 154–164.
- ^ בן-צבי, יצחק (1966). שאר ישוב [She'ar Yishuv - The Remnant of the Yishuv] (in Hebrew) (2nd ed.). Jerusalem: Yad Ben Zvi יד בן צבי. pp. 103–104.
- ^ a b Damage Caused By Landslides During the Earthquakes of 1837 and 1927 in the Galilee Region
- ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 3. pp. 368-369
- ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. 134
- ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 198
- ^ Schumacher, 1888, p. 189
- ^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Safad, p. 41
- ^ Barron, 1923, Table XVI, p. 51
- ^ Mills, 1932, p. 107
- ^ Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 09
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 70
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 119
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 169
- ^ Morris, 2004, p. 473
- ^ Morris, 2004, pp. 500–501
- ^ Morris, 2004, p. 481, citing Israeli sources but noting their lack of clarity
- ^ Gelber, 2001, p.226
- ^ Morris, 2008, p. 345
- ISBN 978-0-8007-9321-0. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
- ^ Morris, 1993, p. 167
- Jerusalem Post
- ^ Gush Halav
- ^ Cinamon, G. (2013). Gush Halav. Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excavations and Surveys in Israel/חדשות ארכיאולוגיות: חפירות וסקרים בישראל.
- ^ Galilee villages launch campaign to attract Christian pilgrims
- Kitchener (1881), p. 224
- ^ ERETZ Magazine
Bibliography
- Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
- Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine.
- Gelber, Y. (2001), Palestine 1948, Sussex Academic Press
- Getzov, Nimrod (2010-12-23). "Gush Halav Final Report" (122). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - Guérin, V. (1880). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 3: Galilee, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale. (p. 94 ff)
- Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
- Hartal, Moshe (2006-09-06). "Gush Halav (A) Final Report" (118). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - Hartal, Moshe (2006-11-09). "Gush Halav (B) Final Report" (118). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - Hartal, Moshe (2006-11-19). "Gush Halav (C) Final Report" (118). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ISBN 3-920405-41-2.
- Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
- ISBN 0-19-827850-0.
- ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
- Mukaddasi (1886). Description of Syria, including Palestine. London: Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society.
- Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- ) (reprinted in 1980)
- Rhode, H. (1979). Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century (PhD). Columbia University. Archived from the original on 2020-03-01. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
- Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.
- Schumacher, G. (1888). "Population list of the Liwa of Akka". Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 20: 169–191.
- Stephan, Stephan H. (1937). "Evliya Tshelebi's Travels in Palestine, IV". The Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine. 6: 84–97.
External links
- Official website
- Geographic data related to Jish at OpenStreetMap
- Welcome To Jish (Gush Halav)
- Survey of Western Palestine, Map 4: IAA, Wikimedia commons
- Gush Halav Synagogue
- A lintel with an eagle relief from the 3rd century CE in the ancient synagogue in Gush Halav
- Photos of the Gush Halav synagogue and church at the Manar al-Athar photo archive