Jiva Goswami
Srila Jiva Goswami | |
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| Died | c. 1598 (aged 84–85) |
| Resting place | Radha-Damodar temple, Vrindavan, India |
| Religion | Hinduism |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Parent |
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| Denomination | Vaishnavism |
| Lineage | Brahma-Madhva-Gaudiya |
| Sect | Gaudiya Vaishnavism |
| Notable work(s) |
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| Known for | Codifying Gaudiya Vaishnavism |
| Relatives | Rupa Goswami (paternal uncle), Sanatana Goswami (paternal uncle) |
| Philosophy | Achintya Bheda Abheda |
| Religious career | |
| Guru | Rupa Goswami |
| Based in | Vrindavan, India |
Influenced
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| Honors | Six Goswamis of Vrindavana |
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Jiva Goswami (
Biography
Genealogy
His family lineage can be traced to
Sarvajna Jagatguru was a famous brahmana, great scholar in all Vedas, respected Yajur-vedi of the Baradvaja caste, and king of Karnataka in South India, adored by all other contemporary kings. Sarvajna's son, Aniruddha, was spirited, famous, a proficient scholar of the Vedas, and a favorite of the reigning kings at the time. Aniruddha's sons, Rupesvara (eldest) and Harihara, were well respected due to their virtuous qualities. Rupesvara was famed as a scholar of the scriptures, while Harihara became a master in the art and science of weapons. Both brothers inherited the administration of the state after their father died, but Harihara soon snatched all the power, causing Rupesvara and his wife to travel to Paulastha-desa, where Sikharesvara befriended him and convinced him to settle there.
Rupesvara's son, Padmanabha, was a genius and easily learned the four Vedas making him famous. He had impeccable character and was genuinely absorbed in love of Lord Jagannatha. He left Sikharabhumi and settled on the bank of the Ganges in the village Navahatta (present-day Naihati, West Bengal, India[5]), where he had eighteen daughters and five sons. His five sons were Purusottama (eldest), Jagannatha, Narayana, Murari, and Mukunda (youngest), where Purusottama and Mukunda were the best in experience and character. Mukunda's son, Kumara, was a great brahmana and highly virtuous. He privately engaged in oblations and purificatory penances. Becoming very disturbed by family difficulties, he left the village Navahatta with his followers and settled in the village Bakla Chandradvipa in East Bengal (now Bangladesh). He built a house in the village Fateyabad in Jessore for the convenience of communications with devotees and traveling Vaishnavas.
Among Kumara's many sons,
Alternatively, it is said that his ancestors migrated from Karnataka to Gauda and lived in the village Ramkeli, near Gauda for generations.[citation needed]
Vallabha's son, Jiva Goswami, was very talented, completing his studies in vyakarana and other subjects within a very short time, grasping vast spiritual knowledge with a sincere and devotional endeavor. Jiva avoided activities that had no connection with Krishna. He never married and remained celibate. His pleased uncles treated him affectionately. Jiva, like his uncles, was greatly inspired by Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and was attracted to Vrindavana and his uncles there, which caused Jiva to eventually renounce material life and join his uncles in their mission. On the way to join his uncles in Vrindavana, he first met with Nityananda Prabhu in Nabadwip for a few days, then studied from Madhusudana Vacaspati in Kasi and became expert in Nyaya Vedanta and other scriptures.
Birth and early life
There seems to be some controversy amongst biographers about Jiva Goswami's birth. Some opine that he lived from 1511 to 1596 CE, while others claim that he lived from 1533 to 1618 CE.
Not much is known about Jiva Goswami's childhood. He was born in Ramakeli in the district of
When Jiva was three or four years old, his uncles resigned from their ministerial posts at the court of Alauddin Hussein Shah (ruled 1493–1519 CE) after their initial meeting with
Jiva leaves home
Hearing that his father and uncles had made their decision to work in the service of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, the young Jiva desired to join them also.[7] According to the biographical work Bhakti Ratnakara of Narahari Chakravarti, Jiva had a dream of Chaitanya at this time. This gave him the impetus to leave home and join Rupa and Sanatana. It is unclear from his biographies whether or not Jiva actually ever met Chaitanya personally.
Jiva travelled to
Vrindavana
Jiva went on to
In 1535 Jiva arrived in Vrindavana where he remained under the tutelage of his uncles, Rupa and Sanatana (by this time his father Anupama had died). He accepted initiation from Rupa Goswami and was taught the
Literary contributions
After the passing of Rupa and Sanatana, Jiva Goswami became the foremost authority in the Gaudiya Vaishnava line. In 1542 Jiva established one of the prominent and important temples in the Vrindavana area, the Radha Damodara mandir, installing deities of Radha and Krishna that had been personally carved by Rupa Goswami. At that time he also established the Vishva Vaishnava Raja Sabha (World Vaishnava Association) and the Rupanuga Vidyapitha, an educational facility for Gaudiya Vaishnavas to study the works of Rupa and Sanatana. His erudition and spirituality were so famous that the Moghul emperor Akbar became his ardent admirer and donated paper for his writing.
In 1558, Jiva instructed his students,
One of Jiva's main theological contributions was to present Chaitanya's teachings as “the epitome of the Vedas.” To do so, Jiva should claim that the Bhagavata Purana, which Chaitanya regarded as the key Hindu scripture, was indeed part of the Vedas, while it was not generally considered as “part of the canonical Veda” at that time. Jiva proceeded to “extend the scope of the Veda to include the epics and the Purānas,” and concluded that the Bhagavata Purana was “scripture par excellence”. In fact, he shifted “the locus of scriptural authority from the Veda to the Bhāgavata,” which had important, if controversial, consequences for the subsequent development of Hindu theology.[9]
Jiva's disappearance
Jiva Goswami left this mortal world and ascended back to the spiritual planet, Golok Vrindavana in 1596 CE (or 1618 according to some biographies). His
According to followers of Gaudiya Vaishnavism, Jiva Goswami is considered to be the incarnation of Vilasa Manjari, an eternal maidservant of Radharani.[10]
Achintya-bhedabheda philosophy
It was in his Sarva-samvadini commentary to the
Works
There are at least 25 literary works attributed to Jiva Goswami,[12][7][13][14] which can be classified into four types: treatises, commentaries, grammar and rhetoric, and poetry, with the best-known in each category being Sat-sandarbhas, Durgama-sangamani, Hari-namamrita-vyakarana and Gopalachampu, respectively.[15][16]
Western philosophers are now studying the sandarbhas and are marveling at the depth of the wisdom contained therein. It is sometimes said that the six sandarbhas represent the perfection of sambandha-gyan, abhideya-gyan, and prayojana-gyan. Of these six, the first four sandarbhas are devoted to sambandha; the fifth is devoted to abhideya; and the sixth to prayojana. Consequently, the Sat-sandarbha is considered the most important philosophical treatise in the history of Chaitanyite Vaishnavism.[17]
Treatises
Sat-sandarbhas (Six Sandarbhas),
Bhagavata-sandarbha (Bhāgavata-sandarbha):
Sometimes called the Bhagavata-sandarbha, not to be confused with the second treatise titled Bhagavat-sandarbha, where "sandarbha" literally means "weaving" or "arranging". Sandarbhas are a thematic arrangement of the Bhagavata Purana presenting Caitanya Vaishnavism in a systematic and comprehensive way.[18] Intensely theological, this work is considered the most important among all his works.[19] According to Jiva Goswami, Gopala Bhatta Goswami completed the preliminary work, but couldn't finish it. Jiva Goswami expanded it into six books, wherein he systematically presents the philosophy of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu with scriptural evidences.
- Tattva-Sandarbha:
A treatise on the various types of evidences (pramanas) used in Vedic philosophy, concluding that shabda (divine sound in the form of the Vedic scriptures) is the highest, and of all the scriptures, the Bhagavata Purana is the highest pointing to the Absolute Truth.[19] - Bhagavat-sandarbha:
Distinguishes the impersonal aspect of Godhead (Brahman), the localized form of God within the heart of each living being (Paramatma), and the highest personal aspect of Godhead (Krishna or Bhagavan). Describes the spiritual realm of Krishna, the modes of material nature, the mode of pure goodness (visuddha-sattva), the importance of worshiping the deity of Krishna, and the eternal nature and qualities of the deity.[19] - Paramatma-sandarbha (Paramātma-sandarbha):
Describes the characteristics of - Krishna-sandarbha (Kṛṣṇa-sandarbha):
Gives a number of quotes from various scriptures to prove that - Bhakti-sandarbha:
Explains how devotion toHindu pantheon as being futile in comparison to the worship of Krishna's devotees. Explains liberation of the soul, the position of Shiva as a devotee of Krishna, how unmotivated devotion to Krishna promotes a devotee to the highest spiritual position and numerous other points concerning the performance of Vaishnavadevotion. - Priti-sandarbha (Prīti-sandarbha):
A treatise on divine love, the supreme object being Krishna, where love for God (prema) is considered the highest form of liberation. Presents a comparative study of other types of liberation, concluding prema bhakti as topmost. Discusses how to attain prema, how to awaken it, and the symptoms of one who has attained it. Discusses the distinctions between mundane lust and divine love, the various mellows found among the associates of Krishna, the superexcellence of madhurya-rasa (divine conjugal love), the overlapping of different rasas, and the glories of Radha.[23]
Radha-Krishna-archana-dipika (Rādhā-Kṛṣṇa-arcana-dīpikā),
Radha-krishnarchana-dipika (Rādhā-Kṛṣṇārcana-dīpikā),
Radha-krishnarchana-chandrika (Rādhā-Kṛṣṇārcana-candrikā):
Intensely theological work describing the process of worshiping Radha and Krishna together in deity form, a significant contribution to the Chaitanyite sampradaya.[24]
Commentaries
Krama-sandarbha,
Srimad-bhagavata-tika (Śrīmad-bhāgavata-ṭīkā):
A commentary on the Bhagavata Purana, often described as the "seventh" of the six Sandarbhas.[24]
Dig-darshani-tika (Dig-darṣani-ṭīkā),
Brahmha-samhita-tika (Brahmhā-saṁhitā-ṭīkā):
A commentary on the Brahma Samhita (Brahmā-saṁhitā).
Durgama-sangamani (Durgama-saṅgamanī),
Bhakti-rasamrita-sesha (Bhakti-rasāmṛta-śeṣa),
Bhakti-rasamrita-sindu-tika (Bhakti-rasāmṛta-sindu-ṭīkā):
A commentary on Rupa Goswami's Bhakti-rasamrita-sindhu.
Lochana-rochani (Locana-rocani),
Ujjvala-nilamani-tika (Ujjvala-nīlamaṇi-ṭīkā):
A commentary on Rupa Goswami's Ujjvala-nilamani.
Sukha-bodhini,
Gopala-tapani-tika (Gopāla-tāpanī-ṭīkā):
A commentary on the Gopala-tapani Upanishad (Gopala-tapani Upaniṣad), which has importance in Gaudiya Vaishnavism as it provides Upanishadic backing for the notion that Krishna is the supreme deity.
Gayatri-vyakhya-vivriti (Gāyatrī-vyākhyā-vivṛti),
Agni-puranastha Gayatri-bhashya (Gāyatrī-bhāṣya):
A commentary on the
Laghu-vaishnava-toshani (Laghu-vaiṣṇava-toṣaṇī),
Laghu-toshani (Laghu-toṣaṇī):
A commentary on the 10th canto of the Bhagavata Purana based on Sanatana Goswami's Brihad-vaishnava-toshani (Brhad-vaiṣṇava-toṣaṇī) commentary.[25]
Sarva-samvadini (Sarva-saṁvādinī):
An extensive auto-commentary on Jiva Goswami's own Sat-sandarbhas.
Padma-puranastha Yogasara-stotra-tika (Yogasāra-stotra-ṭīkā),
Yogasara-stavaka-tika (Yogasāra-stavaka-ṭīkā)
Padma-puranokta Krishna-pada-padma-chihna (Kṛṣṇa-pada-padma-cīhna):
An elaborate description of the insignia found on Krishna's feet according to Padma Purana.
Radhika-kara-pada-sthita-chihna (Rādhikā-kara-pada-sthita-cīhna):
A description of the insignia found on Radhna's hands and feet.
Grammar and rhetoric
Hari-namamrita-vyakarana (Hari-nāmāmṛta-vyākaraṇa),
Harinamamrita-vyakarana (Harināmāmṛta-vyākaraṇa):
A work on Sanskrit grammar, wherein each and every word, syllable and grammatical rule is explained in relation to Krishna and his pastimes.[24]
Sutra-malika (Sūtra-mālikā):
A grammatical work on derivations of Sanskrit words.
Dhatu-sangraha (Dhātu-saṅgraha):
A work on the verb roots of Sanskrit words.
Rasamrita-sesha (Rasāmṛta-śeṣa):
A work dealing with Sanskrit composition based on
Poetry
Madhava-mahotsava (Mādhava-mahotsava):
Descriptions of Radha's coronation ceremony as Queen of Vrindavana.
Gopala-virudavali (Gopāla-virudāvalī):
A short poem extolling the glories of
Gopala-champu (Gopāla-campū),
Gopalachampu (Gopālacampū):
Intensely theological poetic work divided into two parts. Purva-champu (Pūrva-campū) has 33 chapters and elaborately describes Krishna's activities in Vrindavana. Uttara-champu (Uttara-campū) has 37 chapters and describes Krishna's activities in Mathura and Dvarka after leaving Vrindavana and the separation the residents of Vrindavana feel in his absence.[24]
Sankalpa-kalpavriksha (Saṅkalpa-kalpavṛkṣa),
Sankalpa-kalpadruma (Saṅkalpa-kalpadruma):
Explains the eight-fold daily pastimes of Radha and Krishna (asta-kaliya-lila) in prayer form.
Bhavartha-suchaka-champu (Bhāvārtha-sūcaka-campū)
See also
- Hare Krishna mantra
- Nityananda
- Gaudiya Math
- International Society for Krishna Consciousness
- Svayam bhagavan
References
- ^ Rosen 1990, p. 143: Jiva Goswami (1513-1598)
- ^ [1] "1513–1598 AD"
- ^ Gupta, Tamonashchandra Das (1933). "Raja Ganesh". University of Calcutta: Journal of the Department of Letters. XXIII. Calcutta University Press: 2, 8.
- ^ Cakravarti, Sri Narahari (2009). Grahila dasa (ed.). Bhakti-ratnakara. Translated by Kusakratha dasa. India. pp. 33–42.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Mitra, Satishchandra (1914), Jashohar- Khulnar Itihas Vol.1, p 351
- ^ Ray, Shankarnath (1958), Bharater Sadhak Vol. 11, p 72
- ^ ISBN 9788184030006.
- ^ Tripurari, Swami. "The Life of Sri Jiva Goswami". Harmonist. Archived from the original on 24 March 2013.
- ^ Aleksandar Uskokov, “The Long and Short of It: Mahā-vākya from Mīmāmsā to Jīva Gosvāmin, from the Veda to the Bhāgavata,” The Journal of Hindu Studies 11 (2018):38–52 (41–43).
- ^ Narasingha, Swami B.G. "Sri Damodara Katha" (PDF). Gosai.com. Gosai Publishers.
- ^ Edelmann, Jonathan. Divine Relations: Jīva Gosvāmin and Thomas Aquinas on Acintya and Mystery. Sophia: International Journal of Philosophy and Traditions. Published 07 March 2024.
- ^ Gaudiya Touchstone magazine: Issue No. 6, pp. 125-127.
- ^ Das Adhikari, Puru. "Srila Jiva Goswami". Bhaktivedanta Memorial Library. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
- ISBN 0961976322.
- ISBN 978-0-203-50068-2.
- ^ Jagadananda Das. "Jiva Goswami: Biography and Writings". Vaishnava News Network. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
- ^ Rosen 1990, p. 166.
- ^ Gupta 2007, p. 11 (Introduction).
- ^ a b c Rosen 1990, p. 163.
- ^ Rosen 1990, pp. 163–164.
- ^ Rosen 1990, p. 164.
- ^ Rosen 1990, pp. 164–165.
- ^ Rosen 1990, p. 165.
- ^ a b c d Rosen 1990, p. 162.
- ^ Rosen 1990, p. 143b: Laghu-toshani is Jiva Goswami's commentary on Sanatan Goswami's larger work, Vaishnava-toshani.
Further reading
- Six Goswamis of Vrindavan, by Steven Rosen, Folk Books, 1991. ISBN 0-9619763-2-2
- Jiva Goswami's Tattva-Sandarbha: Sacred India's Philosophy of Ecstasy, by Swami B.V. Tripurari
- Aleksandar Uskokov, “The Long and Short of It: Mahā-vākya from Mīmāmsā to Jīva Gosvāmin, from the Veda to the Bhāgavata,” The Journal of Hindu Studies 11 (2018):38–52.
External links
- Works by or about Jiva Goswami at Internet Archive
- Works of Jiva Goswami (iskcondesiretree.info)
- The Philosophy of Jiva Gosvāmī by Surendranath Dasgupta
- Srila Jiva Goswami at Radha-Damodar Mandir Archived 16 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine (radhadamodarmandir.com)
- Jiva Goswami (bio) (krishna.com)
- Srila Jiva Goswami (radhakunda.com)
- Jiva Institute of Vaishnava Studies (dedicated to Translation and Dissemination of Jiva Goswami's works)
- Gaudiya Grantha Mandira[permanent dead link] (Sanskrit Texts)
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