Joachim Gauck
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Joachim Gauck | |||||||||||||||||||||
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President of Germany | |||||||||||||||||||||
In office 18 March 2012 – 18 March 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Chancellor | Angela Merkel | ||||||||||||||||||||
Preceded by | Christian Wulff | ||||||||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Frank-Walter Steinmeier | ||||||||||||||||||||
Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Records | |||||||||||||||||||||
In office 4 October 1990 – 10 October 2000 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Preceded by | Office established | ||||||||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Marianne Birthler | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Personal details | |||||||||||||||||||||
Born | Rostock, Nazi Germany | 24 January 1940||||||||||||||||||||
Political party | Independent (since 1990) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Other political affiliations | New Forum/Alliance 90 (1989–1990) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Spouse |
Gerhild Radtke
(m. 1959; sep. 1991) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Domestic partner | Daniela Schadt (since 2000) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Children | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Signature | |||||||||||||||||||||
Website | Official website | ||||||||||||||||||||
Joachim Wilhelm Gauck (German:
During the
He was nominated as the candidate of the
A son of a survivor of a Soviet
Childhood and life in East Germany (1940–1989)
Gauck was born into a family of sailors in
Gauck graduated with an
In his memoirs, Gauck writes that "the fate of our father was like an educational cudgel. It led to a sense of unconditional loyalty towards the family which excluded any sort of idea of fraternisation with the system."[36]
Career during and after the Peaceful Revolution of 1989
During the
On 2 October 1990, the day before the dissolution of the GDR, the People's Chamber elected him Special Representative for the Stasi Records. After the dissolution of the GDR the following day, he was appointed Special Representative of the Federal Government for the Stasi Records by President Richard von Weizsäcker and Chancellor Helmut Kohl. As such, he was in charge of the archives of the Stasi and tasked with investigating Communist crimes. In 1992, his office became known as the Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Records. He served in this position until 2000, when he was succeeded by Marianne Birthler.
Gauck served as a member of the Bundestag, the Parliament of Germany, from 3 to 4 October 1990. The 1990 People's Chamber was granted the right to nominate a certain number of MPs as part of the reunification process and he was one of the 144 Volkskammer co-opted to the Bundestag. He stepped down following his appointment as Special Representative of the Federal Government. As such, he was the shortest serving member of the Bundestag in history. He was succeeded by fellow civil rights activist Vera Lengsfeld.
Gauck refused the position of president of the
Political views and reception
Gauck has written on Soviet-era concentration camps, such as the
Gauck is a founding signatory of both the
On the occasion of his 70th birthday in 2010, Gauck was praised by Angela Merkel as a "true teacher of democracy" and a "tireless advocate of freedom, democracy and justice".[22] The Independent has described Gauck as "Germany's answer to Nelson Mandela".[48] The Wall Street Journal has described him as "the last of a breed: the leaders of protest movements behind the Iron Curtain who went on to lead their countries after 1989", comparing him to Lech Wałęsa and Václav Havel.[23] Corriere della Sera has referred to him as the "German Havel".[49]
Gauck supported the economic reforms initiated by the red-green government of
In an interview with
In 2022, Gauck criticized Germany's policies towards Russia in the period after the Cold War, and said that "we should have listened to the voices of our eastern neighbours – Poles and the Baltic states as well as our Atlantic friends" when they warned about Russian aggression.[24]
2010 presidential candidate
On 3 June 2010, Gauck was nominated for
Gauck is widely respected across the political spectrum,[59] and is very popular also among CDU/CSU and FDP politicians due to his record as an upstanding, moral person during the Communist dictatorship, as well as his record as a "Stasi hunter" in the 1990s.[60] His main contender, Christian Wulff, and politicians of all the government parties, stated that they greatly respected Gauck and his life and work.[61] Jörg Schönbohm, former Chairman of the CDU of Brandenburg, also supported Gauck.[62]
The only party that in principle rejected Gauck as a possible president was the legal successor of the East German Communist party, Die Linke, which interpreted the nomination of the SPD and Greens as a refusal to cooperate with Die Linke.[63] CSU politician Philipp Freiherr von Brandenstein argued that the election of Gauck would prevent any cooperation between SPD/Greens and Die Linke for years to come, saying that "Gauck has likely made it perfectly clear to [Sigmar] Gabriel that he will never appoint any of the apologists of the Communist tyranny as government members."[62] Die Linke nominated their own candidate, former journalist Luc Jochimsen,[64] and chose to abstain in the third ballot.[65][66] Die Linke's refusal to support Gauck drew strong criticism from the SPD and Greens.[67][68] Gabriel, the SPD chairman, described Die Linke's position as "bizarre and embarrassing", stating that he was "shocked" that the party would declare Gauck their main enemy due to his investigation of Communist injustice.[69] According to Gabriel, Die Linke had manifested itself once again as the successor of the East German Communist party.[67] A politician of Die Linke compared the choice between Gauck and Wulff to the choice between Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin, drawing strong condemnation from the SPD and Greens.[70]
In the election on 30 June 2010, Gauck was defeated by Wulff in the third ballot, with a margin of 624 to 490.[71] Gauck was originally proposed as a presidential candidate for the Greens by Andreas Schulze, then communications adviser to the Greens in the Bundestag. Schulze was appointed as Gauck's spokesman in 2010, and again in 2012.[72]
President of Germany
Election
Following the resignation of Wulff on 17 February 2012, Gauck was nominated on 19 February as the joint candidate for President of Germany by the government parties CDU, CSU, and FDP, and the opposition SPD and the Greens. This happened after the FDP, the SPD, and the Greens had strongly supported Gauck and urged the conservatives to support him.[73] Gabriel said Gauck was his party's preferred candidate already on 17 February, citing Gauck's "great confidence among the citizens."[74] Reportedly, Merkel gave in to FDP chairman Philipp Rösler's staunch support for Gauck; the agreement was announced after the FDP presidium had unanimously voted for Gauck earlier on 19 February.[75][76] He was thus supported by all major parties represented in the Federal Convention, except Die Linke.[1]
According to a poll conducted for Stern, the nomination of Gauck was met with high approval. The majority of the voters of all political parties represented in the Bundestag approved of his nomination, with the Green voters being most enthusiastic (84% approval) and Die Linke's voters least (55% approval); overall, 69% supported him, while 15% opposed him.[77] His nomination was "broadly welcomed" by the German media,[78] which were described as "jubilant".[79] His candidacy was criticized by Die Linke, and met with some other individual criticism; he was criticized by individual CSU members for not being married to the woman he lives with,[80][81] and by individual politicians of the Greens, notably for his earlier statements on Sarrazin and the Occupy movement.[80] Gabriel stated that the reason that Die Linke was the only party that did not support Gauck was its "sympathy for the German Democratic Republic".[82][83]
David Gill was appointed head of Gauck's transition team,[84] and later became head of the Bundespräsidialamt.[85] On 18 March 2012, Gauck was elected President of Germany with 991 of 1.228 votes in the Federal Convention.[86] Upon accepting his election, he assumed the presidency immediately.[87] The new president took the oath of office required by article 56 of Germany's Constitution on 23 March 2012 in the presence of the assembled members of the Bundestag and the Bundesrat.[88][89][90] On 6 June 2016, Gauck announced he would not stand for re-election in 2017, citing his age as the reason.[91]
Presidential visits to foreign countries
Gauck has visited a significant number of countries as president. In 2014, he boycotted the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, in order to make a statement against violations of human rights in Russia.[92][93] On 3 August 2014, Gauck joined François Hollande to mark the outbreak of the war between Germany and France in 1914 during World War I by laying the first stone of a memorial in Hartmannswillerkopf, for French and German soldiers killed in the war.[94]
State receptions
Other activities
- Member of the Atlantik-Brücke[96]
- Member of the Senate of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities[97]
Personal life
Gauck married Gerhild "Hansi" Gauck (née Radtke), his childhood sweetheart whom he met at age ten;[98] the couple has been separated since 1991.[99] They were married in 1959, at 19, despite his father's opposition, and have four children: sons Christian (born 1960) and Martin (born 1962), and daughters Gesine (born 1966) and Katharina (born 1979). Christian, Martin and Gesine were able to leave East Germany and emigrate to West Germany in the late 1980s, while Katharina, still a child, remained with her parents. His children were discriminated against and denied the right to education by the communist regime because their father was a pastor.[100] His son Christian, who along with his brother decided to leave the GDR in early 1984 and was able to do so in 1987, studied medicine in West Germany and became a physician.[101]
Since 2000, his
Selected publications
- 1991: Die Stasi-Akten. Das unheimliche Erbe der DDR. (= rororo 13016) Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1991 ISBN 3-499-13016-5
- 1992: Von der Würde der Unterdrückten (contributor)[106]
- 1993: Verlust und Übermut. Ein Kapitel über den Untertan als Bewohner der Moderne (contributor)[107]
- 1998: ISBN 3-492-04053-5
- 2007: Reite Schritt, Schnitter Tod! Leben und Sterben im Speziallager Nr. 1 des NKWD Mühlberg/Elbe (contributor), Elisabeth Schuster (ed.), concentration camp)
- 2007: Diktaturerfahrungen der Deutschen im 20. Jahrhundert und was wir daraus lernen können. (Schriftenreihe zu Grundlagen, Zielen und Ergebnissen der parlamentarischen Arbeit der CDU-Fraktion des Sächsischen Landtages; Band 42), Dresden 2007[108]
- 2009: Die Flucht der Insassen: Freiheit als Risiko. (Weichenstellungen in die Zukunft. Eine Veröffentlichung der ISBN 978-3-941904-20-0
- 2009: Winter im Sommer, Frühling im Herbst. Erinnerungen. [Winter in Summer, Spring in Autumn. Memoirs]. München: Siedler 2009 ISBN 978-3-88680-935-6
- 2012: ISBN 978-3-466-37032-0.
Honours
National honours
- Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (18 March 2012)
Foreign Orders
- Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (8 March 2016)
- Chile: Collar of the Order of Merit (2016)[109]
- Czech Republic: Collar of the Order of the White Lion (5 May 2014)
- Estonia: Collar of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana (3 July 2013)
- France: Grand Cross of the National Order of the Legion of Honour (3 September 2013)
- Iceland: Grand cross with Collar of the Order of the Falcon (25 June 2013)
- Italy: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (20 February 2013)
- Latvia: Commander Grand Cross with Chain of the Order of the Three Stars (3 July 2013)[110]
- Lithuania: Grand Cross with Golden Chain of the Order of Vytautas the Great (11 July 2013)
- Luxembourg: Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau (23 April 2012)
- Malta: Honorary Companion of Honour of the National Order of Merit (29 April 2015)
- Order of Saint-Charles (9 July 2012) [111]
- Netherlands: Knight Grand Cross in the Order of the Netherlands Lion (7 February 2017)[112]
- Norway: Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav (11 June 2014)
- Romania: Collar of the Order of the Star of Romania (22 June 2016)[113]
- United Kingdom: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (25 June 2015)
- Slovakia: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Double Cross (27 March 2017)
- Order for Exceptional Merits(2015)
- Sweden: Knight of the Order of the Seraphim (5 October 2016)
Awards
- 1991: Theodor Heuss Medal
- 1995: Federal Cross of Merit
- 1996: Hermann Ehlers Prize
- 1997: Hannah Arendt Prize
- 1999: Honorary doctorate of the University of Rostock
- 1999: Imre Nagy Prize of Hungary
- 2000: Dolf Sternberger Prize
- 2001: Erich Kästner Prize
- 2002: "Goldenes Lot" des Verbandes Deutscher Vermessungsingenieure
- 2003: Courage Preis
- 2005: Honorary doctorate of the University of Augsburg
- 2008: Thomas Dehler Prize
- 2009: Das Glas der Vernunft
- 2010: Geschwister-Scholl-Preis
- Ireland: Honorary Degree from NUI Galway (15 July 2015)
- Netherlands: Honorary doctorate of the Maastricht University, 2017.
- 2014: Leo Baeck Medal[114]
- 2021: Franz Werfel Human Rights Award[115]
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