Joe Nickell

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Joe Nickell
CSICOP
Websitejoenickell.com

Joe Nickell (born December 1, 1944) is an American

skeptic and investigator of the paranormal
.

Nickell is senior research fellow for the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry and writes regularly for their journal, Skeptical Inquirer. He is also an associate dean of the Center for Inquiry Institute. He is the author or editor of over 30 books.

Among his career highlights, Nickell helped expose the

The Night Before Christmas", ultimately supporting the Clement Clarke Moore
claim.

Early life, education and family

Joe Nickell is the son of J. Wendell and Ella (Turner) Nickell and was born and raised in West Liberty, Kentucky.[2] His parents indulged his interest in magic and investigation, allowing him to use a room in their house as a crime lab.[3]

He earned a B.A. degree in 1967 from the University of Kentucky.[4]

To avoid the wide draft for the Vietnam War, the following year in 1968, at the age of 24, he moved to Canada. There he began his careers as a magician, card dealer, and private investigator. After President Jimmy Carter granted unconditional pardons to draft dodgers in 1977, Nickell returned to the United States.[3]

He returned to the University of Kentucky for graduate work, earning an M.A. (1982) and PhD (1987). His PhD is in English, focusing on literary investigation and folklore.[5][6]

In late 2003, Nickell reconnected with his college girlfriend Diana G. Harris. He learned he had a daughter by her, named Cherette, and two grandsons, Tyner and Chase.[2][7] Harris had married before but divorced. She and Nickell married April 1, 2006.[8] Harris has since assisted Nickell in his investigative work.[7]

Diane Harris had told Cherette that her biological father was her first husband, but the daughter questioned her lack of resemblance to him. On Cherette's wedding day, one of the guests mentioned that her parents weren't married when she was conceived. Later, based on intuition, Cherette challenged her mother directly about her father and sensed equivocation. After more conversations and a DNA test, Cherette learned that Nickell was her biological father.

Nickell used his daughter's claim that she had made an intuitive search for him as the basis for an article on the unconscious collection and processing of data. In it he concluded: "Cautions notwithstanding, I must admit to a new appreciation of intuition, without which I would not have known of my wonderful daughter – and two grandsons! It's enough to warm an old skeptic's heart."[9]

Career

TAM9 in 2011, with Richard Wiseman and Phil Plait

Nickell has worked professionally as a stage magician, carnival pitchman, private detective, blackjack dealer, riverboat manager, university instructor, author, and paranormal investigator, and he lists more than 1,000 personae on his website. Since the early 1980s, he has researched, written, co-authored, and edited books in many genres. [citation needed]

He was profiled by The New Yorker writer Burkhard Bilger, who met Nickell during the summer of 2002 at Lily Dale, New York. The investigator had disguised himself to investigate Spiritualist psychics.[10]

Nickell is a recurring guest on the Point of Inquiry podcast and conducts the annual Houdini Seance at the Center for Inquiry every Halloween.[11]

He is frequently consulted by news and television producers for his skeptical perspective.[12][13][14]

Nickell explained his philosophy to Blake Smith of the Skeptic podcast MonsterTalk.

I don't like debunkers and I don't like dismissers, people who are just trying to say, "Oh, humbug... Those people were probably drunk or lying or hoaxing." I just think we shouldn't do that. If I'm studying vampires, I don't have to believe they exist to talk about the history of vampires, the cultural and literary history. There are many aspects, all worthy of some scholarly discussion.[15]

He served as a character consultant to Hilary Swank in her starring role in the horror film The Reaping (2007), in which she plays a paranormal investigator.[16]

Books

Nickell's books can be divided into four main categories—religious, forensic, paranormal, and mysteries. He has also written two books for young readers and two stand-alone books (one on UFOs, one on a regional alcoholic drink), and several additional small press and "contributed to" books.[17]

Miracles and religious artifacts

Nickell has investigated religious artifacts and claimed phenomena. Beginning in 1982 with his book Inquest on the Shroud of Turin: Latest Scientific Findings, Nickell demonstrates his research model of collecting evidence and following that evidence to a sustainable conclusion. He updated the book in 1998 with more recent historical, iconographic, forensic, physical and chemical evidence, with special explanations of the radiocarbon dating process.

In his 1993 book Looking for a Miracle: Weeping Icons, Relics, Stigmata, Visions and Healing Cures, updated in 1998, Nickell analyzes miracles claimed by various religions. For each incident, Nickell reviews the contemporaneous written accounts, explores various natural explanations, explains the cultural environment surrounding the events, and speculates on the motivations of the affected religious community. He concludes that the claimed miracles were either hoaxes or misinterpretations of natural phenomena.

For instance, after studying the weeping St. Irene icon in Queens, New York, Nickell said,

The glistening varnish and certain surface irregularities created a play of light that produced the appearance of weeping. A religious supplicant predisposed to see tears... could, especially if carrying a candle, see in the resultant glimmering in the tiny eyes, aided by vertical cracks and other streaks, the effect of tears.[18]

Relics of the Christ (2007, British edition published as The Jesus Relics: From the Holy Grail to the Turin Shroud), focuses on the Christian tradition of relics. Speaking with

D.J. Grothe on the Point of Inquiry podcast, Nickell proposed that veneration of relics had become a new idolatry; that is, worship of an actual deity within the relics in form of an entity that moves its eyes, weeps, bleeds, and walks. He said that although no icon in history has ever been proven authentic in the sense of displaying such attributes, he approaches each case with a suspension of disbelief: "I'm interested in the evidence because I want us to know what the truth is... I urge skeptics... not to be as closed-minded as the other side is ridiculously open-minded."[19]

In 2008, Prometheus Books published John Calvin's Treatise on Relics with an introduction by Nickell. He wrote a brief biography of Calvin and uses references from his own 2007 Relics book.[20]

In his The Science of Miracles: Investigating the Incredible (2013), Nickell applied his investigative technique to 57 reported miracles. From the

Virgin Mary's face appearing on a grilled cheese sandwich, to the Cross's regeneration after pieces were removed, to the structural deficiencies of the Loretto Chapel staircase, Nickell's described fact and myth are presented with clarity and respect. The book was criticized in the New York Journal of Books
for research limited to non-Biblical sources.

Less satisfying to the reader is the approach taken to miracles described in the Bible. Mr. Nickell focuses on the miracles of Jesus, dismissing them primarily as parables told to make a point that were later converted into miracle stories... Equally dismissive is his approach to

glossolalia (speaking in tongues)... he does not bring to bear the available and abundant data that support the reality of this spiritual gift. He also ignores the discussion about glossolalia that can be found in the Apostle Paul's first letter to the Corinthian church (I Corinthians chapters 12 and 14).[21]

Forensic investigations

Georgia Review
praised Nickell's scholarship:

Enthusiasm" does not quite express Nickell's sober authority of tone; "quiet passion" is more apposite... Both Nickell's interest in the subject and his treatment of it are devout... Although the book contains a useful index for the fact-checker who has no time to saunter, the true and earnest pen collector, paper-freak pilgrim, or office-supply junkie will find that every polished page contains its blessing and bliss.[22]

In Camera Clues: A Handbook for Photographic Investigation, Nickell begins with the history of photography. He presents methods of dating photographs, from the physical characteristics of the work to the subject and contents of the photo. He explains how old photographs can be faked and how those fakes can be detected. He also describes identification of persons and places in old photos and the use of photography by law enforcement. He explains various trick photography techniques, including ghost and spirit photography.[citation needed] These have become even more elaborate with the use of computer images or digital camera technology.

Joe Nickell at QED Con 2012 with spirit photos

Detecting Forgery: Forensic Investigation of Documents (1996) presents an overview of a document expert's work. He says that forged documents are often revealed by the forgers' ignorance of or inability to re-create historic typefaces, inks, papers, pens, watermarks, signatures, and historic styles. Nickell explains forgeries of Daniel Boone's musket, Mark Hofmann's Mormon papers, and the Vinland Map.[23]

According to Publishers Weekly, Crime Science: Methods of Forensic Detection (1998) provided extensive basic information, with brief case studies.[24]

In Real or Fake: Studies in Authentication (2009), Nickell drew on his early work related to technical aspects of paper, ink, typefaces, pens, and other keys to determining authenticity of paper documents. New material details the step-by-step investigations of specific cases: the purported diary of Jack the Ripper (fake), The Bondwoman's Narrative (date authenticated, author unknown), Lincoln's Lost Gettysburg Address (fake), and An Outlaw's Scribblings (fake).[25]

Paranormal investigations

Crystal Skulls, spontaneous human combustion, the Mackenzie House, and lesser known mysteries. On a Point of Inquiry podcast years later, Nickell explained that the same mysteries are reported over and over again because, "For each new generation, they have to re-learn that there is controversy ... Each new generation hears these for the first time ... It's an endless process in which you have to be willing to speak to the next crop of people."[26]

Missing Pieces: How to Investigate Ghosts, UFOs, Psychics, and Other Mysteries, written by Nickell and Robert A. Baker, is a handbook that combines the practical techniques of investigating the paranormal with a description of the psychology of believers. Nickell often quoted Baker, "... there are no haunted places, only haunted people."[27]

Mysterious Realms: Probing Paranormal, Historical, and Forensic Enigmas, written by Nickell and Fisher, analyzes 10 frequently reported mysteries, including the

UFO cover-up conspiracy theories
.

Nickell asked several researchers to investigate claims of

psychic detectives. He collected their reports in Psychic Sleuths: ESP and Sensational Cases. None of the reports credits the psychics with factually supported insights. Nickell concludes that these individuals were either self-deluded or frauds. They used other psychological techniques to gain information, such as cold reading in discussions with police detectives, or retrofitting.[28]

In Entities: Angels, Spirits, Demons, and Other Alien Beings, Nickell shows the development of ghost stories since the 17th century, and how they have been influenced by changing technology and communication methods. The faked Cottingley Fairies photographs, for example, became possible only when cameras became available to the general public.

The Outer Edge: Classic Investigations of the Paranormal is a collection of articles edited by Nickell, Barry Karr and Tom Genoni. It features Nickell and John F. Fischer's 1987 article, "Incredible Cremations: Investigating Spontaneous Combustion Deaths," along with essays by Martin Gardner, Ray Hyman, Susan Blackmore, and James Randi.

Adventures in Paranormal Investigation is a more detailed work than many of Nickell's. He ranges from

"intuition"
.

The first half of CSI Paranormal is a handbook on how to investigate paranormal claims. Nickell discusses his investigative strategy to:

  1. Investigate on site
  2. Check details of an account
  3. Research precedents
  4. Carefully examine physical evidence
  5. Analyze development of a phenomenon
  6. Assess a claim with a controlled test or experiment
  7. Consider an innovative analysis
  8. Attempt to recreate the "impossible"
  9. Go undercover to investigate

In the second half of the book, Nickell shows how this strategy has been used to evaluate the claims of the Giant Ell, the

Madonna, and John Edward
.

In The Science of Ghosts (2012), Nickell relates several archetype ghost stories—the girl in the snow, Elvis, phantom soldiers, and haunted lighthouses, castles, ships, and theaters. By tracking the development of these stories over the years, he demonstrates that the stories are not evidence of spirits, but evidence of the effects an appropriate setting can have on susceptible witnesses. He includes an analysis of 21st-century

St. Augustine Lighthouse with his own.[29]

Mysteries

Ambrose Bierce Is Missing And Other Historical Mysteries was Nickell's 1992 foray presenting historical investigations to the reading public. In the introduction, he uses the legal concepts of "a preponderance of the evidence" and "clear and compelling evidence" as standards by which hypotheses explaining mysteries should be objectively measured. Subjectively wishing an explanation is true can lead to imposing a hypothesis on the data instead of using data to test a hypothesis (the scientific method). Nickell's 2005 update of Ambrose Bierce, Unsolved History: Investigating Mysteries of the Past, is the same text with the addition of two books to its "Recommended Works".

Real-Life X-Files and its sequel, The Mystery Chronicle are a series of short essays on the histories, expanding mythologies, and likely causes of several dozen mysteries. In some cases, Nickell re-creates the legends, demonstrating that no special powers are needed to duplicate the effects. In others, he answers common lore with facts uncovered in his research. In 1982, Nickell and five of his relatives created a 440 foot long condor in a field in Kentucky by plotting coordinates of points on a drawing, a technique Nickell believes could have been used to create the

Nazca Lines in Peru. "That is, on the small drawing we would measure along the center line from one end (the bird's beak) to a point on the line directly opposite the point to be plotted (say a wing tip). Then we would measure the distance from the center line to the desired point. A given number of units on the small drawing would require the same number of units—larger units—on the large drawing."[30] In the case of West Virginia's Mothman, Nickell interviewed witnesses and conducted on-site experiments to find the most likely explanation for the original sightings. This investigation found that the mis-identification of an owl—most likely a Barred owl—was the most likely explanation.[31]

Harry Eager of the Maui News calls Secrets of Sideshows "... virtually an encyclopedia of that nearly extinct form of entertainment."[32] He faults Nickell for downplaying the brutality and grim fakery of the shows, especially what he calls "prettying" the geeks.

Lake Monster Mysteries: Investigating the World's Most Elusive Creatures is a collaboration of Nickell and

Ben Radford. Author Ed Grabianowski summarizes one of the many possible explanations for lake monster
sightings,

... a convincing argument based, again, on data mapping. He plotted the distribution of North American lake monster sightings. Then he overlaid the distribution of the common otter and found a near perfect match. It turns out that three or four otters swimming in a line look remarkably like a serpentine, humped creature undulating through the water. It is very easy to mistake for a single creature if you see them from a distance. "This isn't speculation. I'm not making this up," Nickell said. "I've spoken to people who saw what they thought was a lake monster, got closer and discovered it was actually a line of otters. That really happens." Clearly, not every lake monster sighting can be accounted for with otters, but it's an excellent example of how our perceptions can be fooled.[33]

Joe Nickell as a zombie
CSICon in Nashville 2012

The research for Tracking the Man-Beasts: Sasquatch, Vampires, Zombies, and More took Nickell to many locations of reported monster sightings—the Pacific Northwest for

swamp creatures. Nickell traces the monsters' iconography from first reports to latest sightings, concluding that the tales reflect the evolution of their cultural environment, not any basis in fact. A quote from his guide in the Louisiana swamps provides insight into the genesis of the tales, "... frightening tales could sometimes have been concocted to keep outsiders away—to safeguard prime hunting territory or even possibly to help protect moonshine stills. Charbonnet also suggested that such stories served in a bogyman fashion, frightening children so they would keep away from dangerous areas."[34]

Young readers

In 1989, Nickell wrote his first book for young readers, The Magic Detectives: Join Them in Solving Strange Mysteries, engaging children by presenting paranormal stories in the form of mysteries with clues embedded in the narrative. The solutions, printed upside down, follow each story. The book also contains teachers' guides for additional assignments and recommended readings.

The 1991 Wonder Workers! How They Perform the Impossible was summarized by P.J. Rooks as, "... a 200-year, biographical tour of some of the more famous shenanigans and side show splendors of both sincere and charlatan magicians ... {that} guides readers on a fascinating exposé of magical history that leaves us, at the end of every page, thinking, "A-ha! I was wondering how they did that!" [35]

UFOs

In 1997, Nickell, with

crop circles. The editors included six of Nickell's articles in the book. Nickell explained the physiology of alien abduction stories, "People claiming to be abducted by aliens is such an astonishing thing that you think they have either be crazy or lying, and in fact they may be perfectly sane and normal. ... They probably were having these powerful waking dreams. ... In this state, they tend to see bizarre imagery. ... The other kind of experience is hypnosis. ... Hypnosis is the yellow brick road to fantasy land."[36]

Other investigations

The Shroud of Turin

bas relief
method and contends that forgers had equivalent materials available during the 14th century.

People assume it was about religion. ... I put together a team that had Catholics, Protestants, Jews, and agnostics. ... For us it was not a religious issue, it was a matter of evidence. ... You want people to be precisely correct about evidence. Details matter.[26]

The Warrens

Although Nickell rejects the term "debunker" to describe his work, his evidenced-based investigations of paranormal events have not yet uncovered any miracles, ghosts or monsters. His insistence on documented facts led to a heated exchange with Ed and Lorraine Warren on the Sally show in 1992. Nickell and the Warrens appeared on Sally Jessy Raphael's talk show with the Snedeker family, whose reports of ghosts and demons led to the 1992 book, In A Dark Place, The Story of a True Haunting by novelist Ray Garton and the 2009 movie, The Haunting in Connecticut. After an on-air threat of violence from Ed Warren, Nickell stated:

I've investigated haunted houses for some twenty years. I've not met a house that I thought was haunted; I think the Warrens have not met a house they didn't think was haunted. ... The houses that sincere people report they think are haunted usually follow a certain pattern. This is a hodgepodge of the sort of ghost tale, poltergeist, part demon, part this, part that. We saw a similar pattern with the Amityville Horror, a case that the Warrens thought was genuine. It turned out to be a blatant hoax, concocted over several bottles of wine.[39]

Nickell continues to cite the Warrens as an example of exploitative and harmful charlatans. He told Blake Smith, host of the MonsterTalk podcast,

The next thing you know, the Warrens have convinced everybody that there were demons involved. Lorraine would go into one of her light trances, which would mean she would just close her eyes and haul off and say something. She would sense some demonic presence. The two of them would talk a good talk about this. You see these poor unsuspecting people who first of all don't know anything about the paranormal and not aware that there are no haunted places, only haunted people, as Robert Baker used to say. When you have someone who's an expert explaining to them that there are these different kinds of spirits and this and that and the other, they don't know any better. They think maybe these people know what they're talking about. It's interesting that in every case of this, these were Catholic families. Ed and Lorraine would show up and convince them that it was really demonic and that they really needed to use their Catholic powers of exorcism and holy water and so forth. They were converted into a demonic book and then they would get a ghost writer. All of the shenanigans would be restyled and exaggerated and spooky elements thrown in.[40]

Aliens

Nickell proposes that alien encounters are the result of misinterpreted natural phenomena, hoaxes, or a

Skeptics' Guide to the Universe
podcast team,

I did an alien timeline, and did sort of

vampires are us with an attitude.[41]

Magazine articles and website blogs

Nickel has written the "Investigative Files" column for the

Elvis, psychic frauds, and phrenology. In his SI article about the Bell Witch Poltergeist, Nickell analyzed the content of the alleged Bell Manuscript for anachronistic references and word use, comparing the writing styles of Richard Williams Bell, the reported original author, and M.V. Ingram, the reporter who expanded on the story 50 years later. Nickell concludes, "Given all of these similarities between the texts, in addition to the other evidence, I have little hesitation in concluding that Ingram was the author of 'Bell'".[42]

Nickell's writing for the Center for Inquiry (CfI) includes "Nickell-odeon Reviews", written with an emphasis on the facts behind the scripts. Nickell adds credibility to the plot of the Charles Dickens movie, The Invisible Woman. "Although not mentioned in the movie, posthumous confirmation of the affair came from Dickens' letters. Although many had been destroyed by his family, some merely had offending passages inked out. But that cloak of invisibility was ineffective: Dickens scholars turned to forensics, using infrared photography to read the obscured portions. These contained references to "Nelly" and confirmed the persistent rumors."[43]

Awards

Nickell received the 2004 Isaac Asimov Award from the American Humanist Association[44] and was a co-recipient of the 2005 and the 2012 Robert P. Balles Prize in Critical thinking, awarded by CSICOP, now called CSI.[45] In 2000 was presented with the Distinguished Skeptic award from CSI.[46]

He was also presented an award for promotion of science in popular media at the 3rd Annual Independent Investigative Group

IIG Awards, held on May 18, 2009.[47]

In October 2011 asteroid 31451 (1999 CE10) was named JoeNickell in his honor by its discoverer

James E. McGaha.[48]

Major works

References

  1. ^ Timothy Davies (April 24, 2002). "Who Was Hannah Crafts?". Salon.com. Archived from the original on October 3, 2013.
  2. ^ a b Nickell, Joe. "Family Man". joenickell.com. Retrieved May 11, 2014.
  3. ^ a b Bilger, Durkhard (December 23–30, 2002). "Waiting for Ghosts". The New Yorker.
  4. ^ "Brief Biography of Joe Nickell". The Secular Web.
  5. ^ Nickell, Joe. "Literary Detective". www.joenickell.com. Retrieved May 11, 2014.
  6. ^ Nickell, Joe. "Folklorist". www.joenickell.com. Retrieved May 11, 2014.
  7. ^ a b Nickell, Joe (2012).CSI Paranormal. Amherst, NY: Inquiry Press, pp. 66, 68, 82 and 119.
  8. ^ Nickell, Joe. "Fiancé". joenickell.com. Retrieved May 11, 2014.
  9. ^ Nickell, Joe (March–April 2005). "Intuition: The Case of the Unknown Daughter". Skeptical Inquirer: 12.
  10. ^ Bilger, Burkhard (December 23, 2002). "Waiting for Ghosts: The many careers of Joe Nickell, paranormal investigator" (PDF). The New Yorker. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
  11. Grothe, D.J. (2007). The 11th Annual CFI Houdini Seance
    (mp3). Center for Inquiry. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
  12. ^ "Loren Coleman on new Nessie Footage". YouTube. June 1, 2007. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2012.
  13. ^ "CNN – Joe Nickell and the Exorcist". YouTube. November 1, 2008. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2012.
  14. ^ Sullivan, Stephen D. (September 24, 2008). "MONSTERQUEST: Lake Monsters of the North". Stephendsullivan.blogspot.com. Retrieved April 14, 2012.
  15. ^ Smith, Blake (April 20, 2011). "Tracking The ManBeasts". MonsterTalk. Skeptic Magazine.
  16. ^ Strachan, Alistair (April 2007). "A Paranormal Investigator's Brush With Hollywood". Fortean Times. Archived from the original on January 2, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2014. I liked the first 10 or 15 minutes, where the character seemed to be doing something similar to what I do. But then it changed into the world of the supernatural, which, for good or evil, has never happened to me: I've never had frogs rain down upon me!
  17. ^ Nickell, Joe. "Books". Joe Nickell. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
  18. ISBN 978-1615924646
    .
  19. ^ Joe Nickell (2007). Joe Nickell – The New Idolatry (mp3). Center for Inquiry. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
  20. ^ Calvin, John (2008). Treatise on Relics. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books.
  21. ^ Calbreath, Donald F. (May 3, 2013). "The Science of Miracles". New York Journal of Books.
  22. ^ Hood, Mary (Spring 1992). "Pen, Ink, & Evidence". Georgia Review. 46 (1): 178–180.
  23. ^ Nickell, Joe (1996). Detecting Forgery. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky.
  24. ^ "Review of Crime Science: Methods of Forensic Detection". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
  25. ^ Nickell, Joe (2009). Real or Fake: Studies in Authentication. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. p. 87.
  26. ^
    Grothe, D.J. (July 18, 2008). "Joe Nickell-Humanistic Skepticism". Point of Inquiry. Archived from the original
    on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  27. ^ Berstein, Adam. "Psychology Expert Robert Baker; Unmasked Ghostly Apparitions". The Washington Post.
  28. ^ D.J. Grothe, Joe Nickell, Tom Flynn (2006). Joe Nickell – Psychic Detectives (mp3). Point of Inquiry. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
  29. ^ Nickell, Joe (2012). The Science of Ghosts. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. p. 280.
  30. ^ Nickell, Joe (Spring 1983). "The Nazca Drawings Revised". Skeptical Inquirer.
  31. ^ Elbein, Asher (October 26, 2018). "Is the Mothman of West Virginia an Owl?". Audubon.org. Archived from the original on October 27, 2018. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
  32. ^ Eager, Harry (January 5, 2010). "Secrets of the Sideshows".
  33. ^ Grabianowski, Ed (August 12, 2011). "Paranormal Investigator Joe Nickell Reveals the Truth Behind Modern Cryptozoological Myths". io9.
  34. ^ Nickell, Joe (2011). Tracking the Man-Beasts. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. pp. 217–218.
  35. ^ Rooks, P.J. "Wonder Workers! How They Perform The Impossible". Grown-Up's Guide to the Best Children's Books.
  36. Grothe, D.J. (2006). Joe Nickell – Aliens and Abductions
    (mp3). Center for Inquiry. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  37. ^ "Pope Francis and the Turin Shroud: Making sense of a mystery". The Economist. March 31, 2013.
  38. ^ Nickell, Joe (1983). Inquest On The Shroud Of Turin. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books.
  39. ^ Raphael, Sally Jesse. "Sally". YouTube.[dead YouTube link]
  40. ^ "MonsterTalk – Transcript for The Warren Omission". Skeptic. The Skeptics Society. October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
  41. ^ Novella, Dr. Steven (September 27, 2006). "Podcast #62, September 27, 2006". Skeptics Guide to the Universe.
  42. The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
    . Retrieved July 10, 2014.
  43. ^ Nickell, Joe (February 26, 2014). "The Invisible Woman". Center for Inquiry.
  44. ^ "Humanists to Honor Lead Imaging Scientist on the Cassini Saturn Project". American Humanist Association. January 17, 2008.
  45. ^ "Skeptic Authors Steven Salzberg and Joe Nickell to Receive Balles Prize in Critical Thinking". Skeptical Inquirer, June 14, 2012. June 14, 2013.
  46. ^ Kurtz, Paul (2001). "Worlds Skeptics Congress". Skeptical Inquirer. 25 (2): 34.
  47. ^ "IIG | The IIG Awards". Iigwest.com. August 21, 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
  48. ^ "31451 Joenickell (1999 CE10)". JPL Small-Body Database Browser. NASA. October 12, 2011. Retrieved October 31, 2011.

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