Johann Eck

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Johann Maier von Eck
Johann Maier von Eck
Born13 November 1486
Eck
Died10 February 1543(1543-02-10) (aged 56)
Ingolstadt
Occupation(s)German Scholastic theologian, Catholic prelate, and early counterreformer
Signature

Johann Maier von Eck (13 November 1486 – 13 February 1543), often

counter-reformation who was among Martin Luther
's most important interlocutors and theological opponents.

Life

Johann Eck was born Johann Maier at Eck (later Egg, near

Rottenburg on the river Neckar.[1]

At the age of 12 he entered the

University of Heidelberg, which he left in the following year for Tübingen.[2] After taking his master's degree in 1501, he began the study of theology under Johann Jakob Lempp, and studied the elements of Hebrew and political economy with Konrad Summenhart [de; it].[3]

He left

Anabaptist leader of Waldshut and Nikolsburg, Balthasar Hubmaier, and later retaining this relationship during their move to the University of Ingolstadt. In 1508 he entered the priesthood in Strasbourg and two years later obtained his doctorate in theology.[3]

At

Peter of Spain and on Aristotle's De caelo and De anima.[3]

As a

Fuggers,[1] but they scandalized Martin Luther.[5]

A ducal commission, appointed to find a way of ending the interminable strife between rival academic parties, asked Eck to prepare fresh commentaries on

Peter of Spain. Between 1516 and 1520, in addition to all his other duties, he published commentaries on the Summulae of Petrus Hispanus, and on the Dialectics, Physics and lesser scientific works of Aristotle, which became the textbooks of the university. During these early years, Eck was considered a modern theologian, and his commentaries are inspired with much of the scientific spirit of the New Learning. His aim, however, had been to find a via media between old and new.[1]

Portrait of Johann Eck (1717)

He championed the cause of the papacy. The result of this new resolve were his chief work, De primatu Petri (1519), and his Enchiridion locorum communium adversus Lutherum ran through 46 editions between 1525 and 1576. From 1530 to 1535 he published a collection of his writings against Luther, Opera contra Ludderum, in 4 vols. He verbally assailed his friend, humanist and jurist Ulrich Zasius, for a doctrine proclaimed ten years before, and Erasmus's Annotationes in Novum Testamentum. Eck died at Ingolstadt on 10 February 1543.[1]

Disputations with Luther and Karlstadt

As early as the spring of 1517 Eck had entered into friendly relations with

Hussite.[1] Luther replied in his Asterisci adversus obeliscos Eccii, while Andreas Karlstadt defended Luther's views of indulgences and engaged in a violent controversy with Eck.[3]

A mutual desire for a public disputation led to a compact between Eck and Luther by which the former pledged himself to meet Karlstadt in debate at Erfurt or Leipzig, on condition that Luther abstain from all participation in the discussion. In December 1518, Eck published the twelve theses which he was prepared to uphold against Karlstadt, but since they were aimed at Luther rather than at the ostensible opponent, Luther addressed an open letter to Karlstadt, in which he declared himself ready to meet Eck in debate.[3]

A depiction of Luther and Eck at the Leipzig Debate from the 1860s

The disputation between Eck and Karlstadt began at Leipzig on 27 June 1519. In the first four sessions Eck maintained the thesis that free will is the active agent in the creation of good works, but he was compelled by his opponent to modify his position so as to concede that the grace of God and free will work in harmony toward the common end. Karlstadt then proceeded to argue that good works are to be ascribed to the agency of God alone, whereupon Eck yielded so far as to admit that free will is passive in the beginning of conversion, although he maintained that in the course of time it enters into its rights; so that while the entirety of good works originates in God, their accomplishment is not entirely the work of God.[3]

Despite the fact that Eck was thus virtually forced to abandon his position, he succeeded in confusing Karlstadt and carried off the victory. He was less successful against Luther, who, according to Eck, was his superior in memory, acumen, and learning.

University of Leipzig.[3]

Attacks on Luther and Melanchthon

Soon after his return to Ingolstadt, Eck attempted to persuade Elector

Leipzig disputation. Erfurt returned the proceedings of the meeting to the Saxon duke without signifying its approval, while Paris, after repeated urging, gave an ambiguous decision limited to "the doctrine of Luther so far as investigated".[3]

Eck's only followers were the aged heretic-hunter

Philipp Melanchthon wrote to Œcolampadius that at Leipzig he had first become distinctly aware of the difference between what he considered to be true Christian theology and the scholasticism of the Aristotelian doctors. In his Excusatio Eck, irritated all the more because early in the year he had induced Erasmus to caution, retorted that Melanchthon knew nothing of theology, a claim Melanchthon responded to in his reply.[3]

Eck fared still worse in October of the same year when he sought to aid Emser with a strongly worded tirade against Luther. Two satires, one by Œcolampadius and the other by Willibald Pirckheimer, angered Eck who pushed for the public burning of the entire literature in the market-place at Ingolstadt, an act from which he was restrained by his colleague Reuchlin.[3]

Papal emissary and inquisitor

Eck was more highly esteemed as "the dauntless champion of the true faith" at Rome than in Germany,

papal protonotary, although his efforts to urge the Curia to decisive action against Luther were unsuccessful for some time.[3]

In July he returned to Germany with the bull Exsurge Domine directed against Luther's writings, in which forty-one propositions of Luther were condemned as heretical or erroneous. He now believed himself in a position to crush not only the "Lutheran heretics", but also his humanist critics. The effect of the publication of the bull, however, made this difficult.[3] Universities and humanists were at one in denunciation of the outrage; and, due the attitude of the people, Eck was barely able to escape from Saxony alive.[1]

At Meissen, Brandenburg, and Merseburg, he succeeded in giving the papal measure due official publicity, but at Leipzig he was the object of the ridicule of the student body and was compelled to flee by night to Freiberg, where he was again prevented from proclaiming the bull. At Erfurt the students tore the bull down and threw it into the water, while in other places the papal decree was subjected to still greater insults.[3]

In his anger he appealed to force, and his Epistola ad Carolum V (18 February 1521) called on the emperor to take measures against Luther, an appeal soon answered by the Edict of Worms (May 1521). In 1521 and 1522 Eck was again in Rome, reporting on the results of his nunciature. On his return from his second visit he was the prime mover in the promulgation of the Bavarian religious edict of 1522, which practically established the senate of the University of Ingolstadt as a tribunal of the Inquisition. In return for this action of the duke, who had at first been opposed to the policy of repression, Eck obtained for him, during a third visit to Rome in 1523, valuable ecclesiastical concessions. He continued unabated in his zeal against the reformers, publishing eight major works from 1522 to 1526.[1]

Wealth and power were included in the aspirations of Eck. He appropriated the revenues of his parish of Günzburg, while he relegated its duties to a vicar. Twice he visited Rome as a diplomatic representative of the Bavarian court to obtain sanction for the establishment of a court of inquisition against the Lutheran teachings at Ingolstadt. The first of these journeys, late in the autumn of 1521, was fruitless on account of the death of Leo X, but his second journey two years later, in 1523, was successful. Eck was the prime mover in many heresy trials, including that of Leonhard Kaser, whose history was published by Luther.[3]

Zwingli and his followers

In addition to his inquisitorial duties, every year witnessed the publication of one or more writings against

auricular confession. His Enchiridion locorum communium adversus Lutherum et alios hostes ecclesiae (Landshut, 1525) went through forty-six editions before 1576. As its title indicates, it was directed primarily against Melanchthon's Loci Communes, although it also concerned itself to some extent with the teachings of Huldrych Zwingli.[3]

At

Conference of Baden).[3]

The effect of his victory at Baden was dissipated, however, at the Bern Disputation (January 1528), where the propositions advanced by the Reformers were debated in the absence of Eck, and Bern, Basel, and other places were definitely won for the Reformation. At the Diet of Augsburg (1530), Eck played the leading part among the Roman Catholic theologians.[3]

Peace overtures

For the Diet of Augsburg, while still at Ingolstadt, Eck compiled what he considered to be 404 heretical propositions[6] from the writings of the reformers[3] as an aid to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.

At Augsburg he was charged by the Emperor to draw up, in concert with twenty other theologians, a refutation of the Lutheran

Cochlæus met the Lutherans in August.[7]

He was at the

diet of Regensburg in the spring and summer of 1541, he reasserted his opposition.[3] Afterwards Eck clashed with Martin Bucer
over the latter's published report of the diet.

Eck's German New Testament

Special mention should be made, among Eck's many writings, of his German translation of the Bible (the New Testament, a revision of H. Emser's rendering) which was first published at Ingolstadt in 1537.[3]

Eck and the genealogy of Christ

Eck made a sermon on the genealogy of Christ, naming Mary's mother's parents as Emerentia and Stollanus: "The renowned Father John of Eck of Ingolstadt, in a sermon on St. Anne (published at Paris in 1579), pretends to know even the names of the parents St. Anne. He calls them Stollanus and Emerentia. He says that St. Anne was born after Stollanus and Emerentia had been childless for twenty years".[8]

Eck and the Jews

In 1541 Eck published his Against the Defense of the Jews (German: Ains Juden-büechlins Verlegung). In it he opposes the position of the Nuremberg reformer Andreas Osiander, who in the pamphlet Whether It Be True and Credible That the Jews Secretly Strangulate Christian Children and Make Use of Their Blood wanted to quash medieval suspicion that Jews were responsible for killing Christian children, desecrating the eucharistic Host, and poisoning wells. Eck accused Osiander of being a "Jew-protector" and "Jew-father", and no fewer than nineteen times reviled the Jews, and called them "a blasphemous race".[9]

Works

  • Eckius, Joannes (1536), Enchiridion locorum communium adversus Lutherum et alios hostes ecclesiae (in Latin).
  • Eck, Johannes; Smeling, Tilmann, Fraenkel, Pierre (ed.), Enchiridion locorum communium adversus Lutherum et alios hostes ecclesiae [Enchiridion (i.e., handbook or manual) of Commonplaces against Luther and other Enemies of the Church: with the additions by Tilmann Smeling],
    Corpus Catholicorum
    : Werke katholischer Schriftsteller im Zeitalter der Glaubensspaltung. Works of Catholic authors in the Time of the Splitting of the Faith (in Latin), vol. 34, pp. 1525–2543    .
  • Battles, Ford Lewis (transl.) (1979), Enchiridion of Commonplaces against Luther and other Enemies of the Church, Grand Rapids, MI:
    ISBN 978-0-8010-3352-0
    .
  • Eck, Johann (1538), Explanatio Psalmi vigesimi, ed., Bernhard Walde, 1928, Münster in Westfalen: Aschendorff.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Eck, Johann Maier". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  2. ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Johann Eck". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2021-01-15.
  3. ^
    New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge
    (third ed.). London and New York: Funk and Wagnalls.
  4. ^ Heiko Oberman, "Masters of the Reformation", [Cambridge University Press, 1991], pp. 129
  5. ^ Walter I. Brandt, "Luther's Works", v. 45 [Muhlenberg Press, 1962], p. 305.
  6. Knickerbocker Press, 1910. Books.Google.com
  7. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Johann Eck" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  8. ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Anne". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2020-09-11.
  9. Fortress Press
    , 1984), 37; cf. also pp. 4–5, 17, 36–37, 42, 46–47, 58, 72–73, 87, 91, 101, 121, 135.
Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Eck, Johann Maier von.

Further reading

Eck at post reformation digital library: https://www.prdl.org/author_view.php?a_id=726

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