John Atta Mills

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

John Atta Mills
Jerry John Rawlings
Preceded byKow Nkensen Arkaah
Succeeded byAliu Mahama
Personal details
Born
John Evans Fiifi Atta Mills

(1944-07-21)21 July 1944
Accra, Ghana
Political partyNational Democratic Congress
SpouseErnestina Naadu Mills (née Botchway)
ChildrenSam Kofi Atta Mills[1]
Alma mater
Notable Awards
  • Fulbright Scholar
  • Glo-CAF Platinum Award
  • Lifetime Africa Achievement Prize
  • The Fritz Redlich Alumni Award
OccupationLaw Professor
InstitutionUniversity of Ghana, Legon
FieldTax law
PositionsNational Tax Commissioner, Internal Revenue Service (1988–1996)

John Evans Fiifi Atta Mills (21 July 1944 – 24 July 2012) was a

2004 presidential elections as the candidate of the National Democratic Congress (NDC). He was the first Ghanaian head of state to die in office.[3]

Early life

Mills was born on 21 July 1944 in

LLB and a professional law certificate in 1967.[1][5]

Mills studied at the

taxation and economic development in 1971 at the age of 27.[1]

Early career

Mills' first formal teaching assignment was as a lecturer at the

Fulbright Scholar programme at Stanford Law School in the US.[8]

He returned to his homeland, Ghana, at the end of the

international educational exchange fellowship to work at his alma mater, the University of Ghana, for 25 years.[1] He became a visiting professor at Temple University (Philadelphia, USA), with two stints from 1978 to 1979, and 1986 to 1987. He was also a visiting lecturer at Leiden University in the Netherlands from 1985 to 1986. During this period, he authored several publications relating to taxation in the 1970s and 1980s.[10]

Outside of his academic pursuits, Mills was the Acting Commissioner of Ghana's

Jerry John Rawlings,[1] and the substantive Commissioner from 1993 to 1996. By 1992, he had become an Associate Professor of Law at the University of Ghana.[11] In 2002, he was a visiting scholar at the Liu Institute for Global Issues at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia through a joint Canadian International Development Agency(CIDA) – International Development Research Centre (IDRC) fellowship programme.[12][13]

Politics

Vice-President of Ghana

For the inaugural presidential election in 1992, the National Convention Party (NCP) had formed an alliance with the National Democratic Congress (NDC). Former Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC) Chairman, and leader of Ghana, Flight-Lieutenant Jerry John Rawlings chose the NCP leader, Kow Nkensen Arkaah, as his running-mate for vice-president. Having been elected in the 1992 election, Arkaah served between 1992 and 1996.

However, on 29 January 1996, the NCP broke with the NDC. Arkaah with the

John Agyekum Kufuor to challenge the National Democratic Congress
. Rawlings selected Mills for the vacated Vice-Presidency in his bid for re-election to a second term in the election and was re-elected to his second term in office, serving from 1996 to 2000. In his capacity as vice-president, he served as the Chairman of the Police Council of Ghana and the Chairman of the Economic Management Team.

Presidential elections

President Mills featured on a billboard with Former US President Barack Obama

In 2000, Mills became the NDC's candidate for the

John Agyekum Kufuor, who was running as the candidate for the opposition New Patriotic Party (NPP). In the heat of the 2000 presidential campaign, Mills was roundly criticized for statements that if elected he would consult with Rawlings daily.[14]
In the first round, held on 7 December 2000, Mills gained 44.8% of the vote, Kufuor won the first round with 48.4%, thus forcing a second round. On 28 December 2000, Kufuor defeated Mills with 56.9% of the vote and was sworn in as president on 7 January 2001.

In December 2002, Mills was elected by his party to be its flag bearer and lead them into the

2004 election.[15]
He was, however, defeated again by incumbent president John Agyekum Kufuor, who received 52.45% of the vote on the first ballot.

On 21 December 2006, he became the NDC's candidate for the

John Agyekum Kufuor was no longer eligible to run as president, having served two terms. It was during this time that the term Better Ghana Agenda was coined. During the 2008 elections, in an attempt to change the public perception at the time that he would be a political lackey of his former mentor, Jerry Rawlings when elected, he distanced himself from his previous comments made in the 2000 campaign .[14]

Mills' main opponent from the

social welfare espoused by Kwame Nkrumah (independent Ghana's first leader), Mills embraced a political platform that was more comprehensive and less divisive than that of either Nkrumah or Rawlings. John Atta Mills was sworn in as president on 7 January 2009 in a peaceful transition after Akufo-Addo was narrowly defeated.[18] His persistence and determination paid off when he won the 2008 presidential poll.[14]

Presidency

Main article: Presidency of John Atta Mills
President Mills on a meeting with the Minister of Development of Brazil, Miguel Jorge

Amongst his accomplishments as president was presiding over and initiating Ghana's first ever foray into oil production, after oil was discovered in commercial quantities under his predecessor, John Kufuor.[19] He was also credited for growth in other sectors of the economy during his tenure. He was the first incumbent president to be re-nominated for an election for his party via a primary.[9] Some of the monumental achievements chalked during his term of office include:

Economy

Under Mills, Ghana's stable economy experienced sustained reduced inflation leading to the attainment of single digit inflation of about 8.4%

West African Monetary Zone. These accomplishments led to renewed domestic and foreign investor confidence in Ghana's economy.[26] During Mills' time in office, Ghana was adjudged the best place for doing business in West Africa and best West African performer in access to credit according to the 2011 World Bank Doing Business global rankings.[27][28][29][30]

Education

There was also an increase in the capitation grants (government subsidies towards public education) under Mills. The government also introduced a programme to provide free school uniforms to deprived communities while providing over 100,000

Brong-Ahafo Region.[31][32] As president, Mills established a working relationship between the Masters in Development Practice program (MDP) at the University of Winnipeg, Canada and the University for Development Studies Ghana, leading to a joint initiative on the study of development practice for Indigenous and traditional societies.[33]

Health

During his term of office, the Mills government provided a facelift to many teaching, regional and district hospitals across the country by upgrading old facilities and providing newer ones such as more high-tech equipment and more beds in hospitals, particularly at the Tamale Teaching Hospital.[34] His government also built several polyclinics to increase access to healthcare.[21] The government also scaled up the National Ambulance Service to cover all districts in the nation. Increased collaboration between stakeholders led higher patronage of the National Health Insurance Scheme. Utilization of the scheme rose by 75%.[21]

Governance and international relations

True to his promise to reduce the number of Ministerial appointees and run a lean government, the number of Ministers was significantly reduced from 87 of the previous Kufuor NPP government to 73 (a reduction of 16%) in the Mills-led government. It was projected that approximately $4 million was saved annually by this bold decision to run a small government. The hundreds of Special Assistants, Presidential Staffers and Spokespersons were also eliminated to improve fiscal efficiency.[21] He commissioned a review of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana in a bid to improve upon the country's governance architecture.[34] He held an annual media forum every year at the presidency to interact with journalists about socio-political issues.[34]

Obama & Atta Mills, 2009

President Atta Mills re-equipped and re-tooled the security agencies: the military, the police, the fire service, the Immigration, The Prisons Service and the Customs Excise and Preventive Service (CEPS).

Celtel International and Chairman of the Mo Ibrahim Foundation) where he was lauded for his commitment to strengthening Ghana's Electoral Commission, National Media Commission
and National Commission for Civic Education and more importantly, transparency in public institutions, particularly in the country's growing oil and gas sector.[40][41] Mills' leadership style was very diplomatic, inclusive and less polarising than his predecessors. The BBC described his presidency as that of "a peacemaker who was never one to make disparaging comments in public" despite intense criticisms and vilification from his political supporters and opponents alike.[42]

Agriculture, energy access and rural development

The Savannah Accelerated Development Authority (SADA) law was passed and work was started to open up the three Northern regions, Brong Ahafo and Volta Regions to enhance agriculture production and industrialisation. Under Mills, the producer price of cocoa increased appreciably to $1600 per tonne of 16 bags, which was the highest in the sub-region and the highest that had ever been paid to cocoa farmers in Ghana's entire history.[21] Cocoa production also hit a record-breaking 1 million metric tonnes.[34] Under the rural electrification programme, he extended national electricity coverage from 54% to 72% improving livelihoods in 1,700 communities and making Ghana the third best country in sub-Saharan Africa after Mauritius and South Africa with enhanced energy access.[34][43]

Personal life

First Lady Ernestina Mills, wife of John Atta Mills, with Michelle Obama in 2012

He was married to

T. B. Joshua of The Synagogue, Church of All Nations in Lagos, Nigeria and regularly visited his church. He said, following his inauguration, that Joshua had prophesied that it would take him three elections to win the presidency and that the result would be released in January.[51][52][53]

As a sports administrator, he contributed to the Ghana Hockey Association, National Sports Council of Ghana, Ghana Olympic Committee and

Manchester United fan.[9]

Other activities and projects

At the

Legon Hall as well as serving as the Hall Librarian, Member of Legon Hall Council, Member of Board of Social Studies and School of Administration, Member of Admissions Board, Staff Housing Loans Scheme and the Chairman of the University Superannuation Scheme.[54] Mills was involved in various activities and projects:[10]

  • He was a member of the Ghana Stock Exchange council.
  • In 1988, he became the acting commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service of Ghana and was named national tax commissioner in September 1993.
  • He also held examiner positions with finance-related institutions in Ghana, including the Institute of Chartered Accountants, Institute of Bankers, and Ghana Tax Review Commission.
  • He served on the
    Board of Trustees
    of the Mines Trust.
  • He was a member of the Management Committee of the Commonwealth Administration of Tax Experts, United Nations Ad Hoc Group of Experts in International Cooperation in Tax Matters and United Nations Law and Population Project.
  • He led a study on equipment leasing in Ghana.
  • He chaired the casebook preparation on Ghana's income tax.
  • He oversaw the Review of Ghana's Double Tax Agreement with the UK.

Illness and death

Mills died on 24 July 2012 at the 37 Military Hospital in Accra,[55] three days after his 68th birthday.

election,[62] in which he was due to run.[63]
Mahama said upon being inaugurated in parliament:

This is the saddest day in our nation's history. Tears have engulfed our nation and we are deeply saddened and distraught. I never imagined that one day that it would place our nation in such a difficult circumstance. I'm personally devastated, I've lost a father, I've lost a friend, I've lost a mentor and a senior comrade. Ghana is united in grief at this time for our departed president.[39]

State funeral

Atta Mills' gravestone at the Asomdwee Park, Accra in 2023

From 8–10 August, his body

Faure Gnassingbe, who said "[Mills] was like a brother to me. I will surely miss him."[66]

Ahead of religious ceremonies on Friday morning, the officially declared national day of mourning, a helicopter hovered over the area dropping leaflets reading: We want peaceful elections in 2012.[67] The funeral ended with the release of a hundred white doves into the air to signify the peaceful nature of the departed leader.[67]

After the funeral service, the president's body was taken on a military procession through some principal streets of the Ghanaian capital,

Christian hymn, Abide with Me (Eventide) synchronized with the sounding of the Last Post by military buglers after the casket had been lowered into the grave.[69] Approximately 700 domestic and foreign media outlets received accreditation from the Ghanaian Ministry of Information to cover the event.[70] An estimated 20–25 million television and online or web audience watched the three-day funeral ceremonies. The state funeral
for the late president was most likely the largest gathering of people in one place at a single public event in recent or modern Ghanaian history.

International reactions

Following his death, a press statement from the United Nations

Francois Hollande described Mills as " the guardian of institutions and the defender of Ghanaian democracy...committed to protecting national unity and profoundly attached to African unity and to the place of Africa within the international community."[72] A White House statement from United States President Barack Obama called Mills a "strong advocate for human rights and for the fair treatment of all Ghanaians, tirelessly working to improve the lives of the Ghanaian people; He helped promote economic growth in Ghana in the midst of challenging global circumstances and strengthened Ghana's strong tradition of democracy"[73] while Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, David Cameron praised Mills as "a tireless defender of democracy in West Africa and across the continent"[74] Furthermore, the Prime Minister of Japan, Yoshihiko Noda lauded Mills for "his exemplary leadership which endeared him to the hearts of many and his contribution to strengthening the relationship between Ghana and Japan."[75] FIFA President, Sepp Blatter offered his sympathies to Ghanaians on behalf of the worldwide football fraternity saying, "Ghana has lost a great football supporter and a supporter of the development of the game in the country."[76] In a message of condolence from the Vatican City, Pope Benedict XVI "recalled Mills' years of public service and his dedication to democratic principles and entrusted the late president's soul to the providence of Almighty God"[77]

The

Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf extended her condolences to Ghanaians, saying the news had "come as a surprise. On a personal level his moderation and integrity stood out, playing a strong role at the regional meetings they both attended".[73] Nigeria's  President Goodluck Jonathan said of Mills: "he was a great friend of our country and a firm believer in the shared heritage and common destiny of all Africans. President Mills and I shared a vision of peace and political stability as well as regional and continental economic integration in pursuit of progress and development, in our individual countries, within the sub-region and in Africa as a whole".[81] South African President Jacob Zuma paid tribute to President Atta Mills, saying: "South Africa and Ghana enjoy strong relations at both the bilateral and multilateral levels, and under President Mills' leadership, we saw genuine efforts aimed at deepening the historical relations between our two nations."[82]

Selected writings

Mills' more than one dozen publications[10][83][84][54] included:

  • Taxation of Periodical or Deferred Payments arising from the Sale of Fixed Capital (1974)
  • Exemption of Dividends from Income Taxation: A Critical Appraisal (1977)
  • Report of the Tax Review Commission, Ghana, parts 1 – 3 (1977)
  • Ghana’s Income Tax Laws and the Investor (1978)
  • Ghana's New Investment Code: An Appraisal (1986)
  • Criminal Law Treatment of Sexual Activity
  • The role of the state in the evolution of the family in Anglophone countries of Africa: An overview
  • A survey of taxes on the individual in Ghana
  • Ghana's wealth tax: Some issues and problems
  • Africa in the World (2002)[85]
  • NEPAD and New International Relations (2002)[86]
  • The Decline of a Regional Fishing Nation: The Case of Ghana and West Africa (2004)[87]

Memorials and legacy

As

Head of State, Mills received the 2009 Glo-CAF Platinum Award for "commitment and contribution to sports and football development in the country."[88] Mills was posthumously awarded the highest prize as the 2012 Lifetime Africa Achievement Prize Laureate on Democratic Governance and Development in Africa. According to the Prize Committee, the award was in "recognition of his genteel disposition, virtues, devotion and commitment to the enhancement of good Democratic Governance and Development in Ghana and Africa at large. This exaltation of character, which is worthy of emulation, has made positive impact on the lives of his people today and will continue to influence them for a better future. His courageous acts in defence and protection of fairness to all is recognized and respected on the global platform and lend to all Africans the hope that through the values of equity and democracy, we can live in peace and harmony with each other to engender communal development and life's fulfilment. This individual's leadership has had a direct impact on Ghana's success and growth which is cherished by Ghanaians countrywide."[89]

At the 2013 African Achievers Awards, he was also awarded the Posthumous Award for Excellence in Africa[90] in recognition of his achievements and leadership.

Bust of Atta Mills at the John Evans Atta Mills Centre for Law and Governance, GIMPA, Accra

The

Head of State of an African nation by becoming the President of Ghana."[92][93] In appreciation of Mills' total commitment to the rule of law and good governance, the Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration, established The John Evans Atta Mills Centre for Law and Governance to undertake high quality research and theorisation in law, global governance and public policy.[94][95][96][97][98]

In the wake of his death, Accra High Street was renamed John Evans Atta Mills High Street by an

Municipal Assembly of Obuasi honoured Mills by naming a principal street after him in the southern mining town of Obuasi, located in the geographic middle belt of Ghana.[104][105] whilst the Nandom Assembly honoured Mills by naming a street after him for creating the District in 2012.[106]

The New Millennium City School at the

Faculty of Law building after him (and former Dean, Professor Akua Kuenyehia) in recognition of his contributions to the department as a professor and president.[108] In 2015, the Ghanaian government named a newly commissioned community day secondary school after Atta Mills in his hometown, Otuam[109] The Judicial Council of Ghana renamed its largest court complex after Atta Mills in acknowledgement of his contributions as "a true democrat who respected the independence of the Judiciary and worked to promote it."[110]
Additionally, a research centre known as the Kwame Nkrumah-Atta Mills Legacy Institute (KNAMLI) has been set up to study the political ideals of tolerance that President Mills cherished through his non-pursual of partisan retribution as well as his demonstration of a passive response to vitriolic attacks, vindictiveness, violence and insults as preached by global icons like
FPSO John Atta Mills - as president, he superintended over the first production of Ghana's new-found oil in commercial quantities.[116][117] A new girls' boarding house at his alma mater, Achimota School has been named in his honour. In 2015, a newly constructed community day senior high school at Ekumfi Otuam in the Central Region, was named in honour of Mills in recognition of "his passion in promoting education".[118][119] In July 2019 a seventh anniversary memorial and wreath laying ceremony took place at the Asomdwee Park.[120] In February 2022, the John Evans Atta Mills Memorial Heritage was launched by the National Democratic Congress.[4]

John Evans Atta Mills Memorial Lectures

These lectures were instituted in his memory. At the sixth annual lecture held at University of Health and Allied Sciences at Ho in April 2022, Joseph Siaw Agyapong disclosed that Mills resisted pressures from within his own party to cripple his business as he was affiliated to the NPP government of John Kufuor as his colleagues wanted retaliation for alleged victimisation during his rule. He instead supported and facilitated the expansion of his business.[121] He was called "Asomdwehene" because of acts such as this.[1]

See also

References

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External links

Political offices
Preceded by Vice-President of Ghana
1997–2001 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of Ghana
2009–2012 		Succeeded by
John Dramani Mahama
Party political offices
Preceded by
2004, 2008
 Succeeded by
John Dramani Mahama
New title
Vice President of Ghana
1996
 Succeeded by
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