John Barbirolli
Sir John Barbirolli
Born in London of Italian and French parentage, Barbirolli grew up in a family of professional musicians. After starting out as a cellist, he was given the chance to conduct, from 1926 with the
Both in the concert hall and on record, Barbirolli was particularly associated with the music of English composers such as
Biography
Early years
Giovanni Battista Barbirolli was born on 2 December 1899 in
The young Barbirolli began to play the violin when he was four, but soon changed to the cello.
The following year he won the
From 1916 to 1918 Barbirolli was a freelance cellist in London. He recalled, "My first orchestral engagement was with the Queen's Hall Orchestra – I was probably the youngest orchestral musician ever, joining them in 1916. We had an enormous repertory – six concerts a week, three hours or more rehearsal a day. In those days we were happy if we began and finished together".
I was stationed on the
Coleridge-Taylor's Petite Suite de Concert but I can't say I recall the rest of the programme.[13]
While in the army, Barbirolli adopted the anglicised form of his first name for the sake of simplicity: "The sergeant-major had great difficulty in reading my name on the roll-call. 'Who is this Guy Vanni?' he used to ask. So I chose John."[15] After demobilisation he reverted to the original form of his name, using it until 1922.[16]
On re-entering civilian life, Barbirolli resumed his career as a cellist. His association with
First conducting posts
Barbirolli's ambition was to conduct. He was the prime mover in establishing the Guild of Singers and Players Chamber Orchestra in 1924,
In 1929, after financial problems had forced the BNOC to disband, the Covent Garden management set up a touring company to fill the gap, and appointed Barbirolli as its musical director and conductor. The operas in the company's first provincial tour included
When the
New York Philharmonic
By the spring of 1936, the management of the New York Philharmonic was confronted with a problem. Toscanini had left in search of higher fees with the
Barbirolli's first concert in New York was on 5 November 1936. The programme consisted of short pieces by
One of the features of Barbirolli's time in New York was his regular programming of modern works. He gave the world premières of
Barbirolli's first reason for leaving was local musical politics. He later said, "The Musicians Union there ... brought out a new regulation saying that everyone, even soloists and conductors, must become members. Horowitz, Heifetz and the rest were shocked by this but there was little they could do about it. They also said that conductors must become American citizens. I couldn't do that during the war, or at any time for that matter."[13] His second reason for leaving was that he felt strongly that he was needed in England. In the spring of 1942 he made a hazardous Atlantic crossing:
I was in America when the war broke out, as conductor of the New York Philharmonic.
A. V. Alexander, who was First Sea Lord,[n 7] wrote to me to say that, contrary to expectations, music was flourishing and would I come back as I was missed. I was longing to return and it was just a question of how it was to be managed. A.V. went to Churchill, who apparently said, "If he's fool enough to come, let him come". It took us 23 days to cross on a fruit trader and, of our convoy of 75, only 32 ships arrived in Liverpool. I played here for ten weeks with the LSO and LPO for the benefit of the musicians, and then went back on a Fyffe banana boat of 5,000 tons. We were spotted by U-boats the moment we left Northern Ireland but that kind of thing never worries me as I'm something of a fatalist. It had been wonderful anyhow to be back, to see England at its greatest, and to visit my old mother.[13]
Barbirolli returned to New York to complete his contractual obligations to the Philharmonic.[n 8] Shortly after his return he received an appeal from the Hallé Orchestra to become its conductor. The orchestra was in danger of extinction for lack of players, and Barbirolli seized the opportunity to help it.[13]
Hallé Orchestra
External audio | |
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You may listen to Barbirolli conducting his Hallé Orchestra in Edward Elgar's Enigma Variations, Op. 36 in 1947 here |
In 1943 Barbirolli made another Atlantic crossing, avoiding death by a fluke: he changed flights from Lisbon with the actor
The Times later wrote of Barbirolli's first actions for the orchestra: "In a couple of months of endless auditions, he rebuilt the Hallé, accepting any good player, whatever his musical background – he found himself with a schoolboy first flute, a schoolmistress hornist, and various brass players recruited from brass and military bands in the Manchester area ... The reborn Hallé's first concert somehow lived up to the Hallé's great reputation."[5] The Musical Times also noted, "From his earliest days with the orchestra it was the string tone that commanded immediate attention and respect. There was a fiery intensity and glowing warmth that proclaimed the born string coach".[19] Barbirolli retained his reputation for training orchestras: after his death, one of his former players commented, "If you wanted orchestral experience you'd be set for life, starting in the Hallé with John Barbirolli."[57] Further afield, critics, audiences and players in Europe and the United States commented on the improvement in the playing of their orchestras when Barbirolli was in charge.[58] Later he extended his teaching skills to the Royal Academy of Music, where he took charge of the student orchestra from 1961.[59]
Barbirolli refused invitations to take up more prestigious and lucrative conductorships.
From 1953 onwards, Barbirolli and the Hallé appeared regularly at the
Barbirolli's interest in new music waned in post-war years,[71] but he and the Hallé appeared regularly at the Cheltenham Festival, where he premiered new works of a mostly traditional style by William Alwyn, Richard Arnell, Arthur Benjamin, Peter Racine Fricker, Gordon Jacob, Alan Rawsthorne, Kenneth Leighton and others.[72] For its hundredth anniversary in 1958 the Hallé commissioned several new works, and gave the British premiere of Walton's virtuosic divertimento Partita.[73] Increasingly, Barbirolli concentrated on his core repertory of the standard symphonic classics, the works of English composers, and late-romantic music, particularly that of Mahler.[33] In the 1960s he made a series of international tours with the Philharmonia (Latin America, 1963), BBC Symphony Orchestra (Czechoslovakia, Poland and the USSR, 1967) and the Hallé (Latin America and West Indies, 1968).[65] It was a lasting disappointment to him that it never proved possible to take the Hallé on a tour of the United States.[5]
In 1968, after 25 years with the Hallé, Barbirolli retired from the principal conductorship; no successor was appointed in his lifetime.
Barbirolli died at his London home of a heart attack, aged 70.[80] Among planned engagements forestalled by his death were a production of Otello at the Royal Opera House, which would have been his first appearance there for nearly 20 years,[81] and opera recordings for EMI, including Puccini's Manon Lescaut[33] and Verdi's Falstaff.[47]
Honours, awards and memorials
Among Barbirolli's state awards were a British
There are memorials to Barbirolli in Manchester and London. Barbirolli Square in Manchester is named in his honour and features a sculpture of him by Byron Howard (2000).[84] The square includes the present base of the Hallé Orchestra, the Bridgewater Hall, in which the Barbirolli Room commemorates the conductor.[85] At his old school, St Clement Danes, now relocated in Chorleywood, the main hall is named in his honour.[86] A commemorative blue plaque was placed on the wall of the Bloomsbury Park Hotel in Southampton Row in May 1993 to mark Barbirolli's birthplace.[87] The Sir John Barbirolli Memorial Foundation of the Royal Philharmonic Society was instituted after his death to assist young musicians with the purchase of instruments.[88] In 1972 the Barbirolli Society was set up with the principal aim of promoting the continued release of Barbirolli's recorded performances. Its honorary officers have included Evelyn Barbirolli, Daniel Barenboim and Michael Kennedy.[89] In April 2012, he was voted into the inaugural Gramophone "Hall of Fame".[90]
Repertoire and recordings
Barbirolli is remembered as an interpreter of Elgar, Vaughan Williams and Mahler, as well as
Barbirolli's repertoire was not as wide as that of many of his colleagues because he insisted on exhaustive preparation for any work he conducted. His colleague
Pre-war
From almost the start of his career Barbirolli was a frequent recording artist. As a young cellist he made four records for Edison Bell in 1911, with piano accompaniment by his sister Rosa,
External audio | |
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You may listen to John Barbirolli conducting Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov's ''Capriccio Espagnol with the New York Philharmonic in 1940 here on archive.org |
Many of Barbirolli's pre-war recordings for HMV were of concertos. His reputation as an accompanist tended to obscure his talents as a symphonic conductor, and later, his detractors in New York "damned him with faint praise by exalting his powers as an accompanist and then implying that that was where it all stopped." Barbirolli became very sensitive on this point, and for many years after the war he was reluctant to accompany anyone in the recording studio.
1943 and later
Within six months of his return to Britain in 1943, Barbirolli resumed his contract with HMV, conducting the Hallé in the
In 1962, HMV persuaded Barbirolli to return.
Notes and references
Notes
- ^ In adult life, Barbirolli, when he needed to play the violin to show how he wanted a passage to be phrased, would hold the violin upright on his lap like a miniature cello.[6]
- ^ Some sources state that Barbirolli gave the second performance of the concerto, but the original soloist, Felix Salmond, gave the work its second performance, with the Hallé in Manchester on 20 March 1920, and Beatrice Harrison also played the solo part before Barbirolli did: see Kennedy (1971), p. 40.
- ^ The critic of The Times did not share Elgar's and Casals's enthusiasm, criticising "Mr. Barbirolli's excessively jerky manner ... a lack of flow in the playing ... disastrous in Elgar's symphony."[30]
- ^ Barbirolli's biographer Charles Reid writes, "Barbirolli's appointment was announced by the New York Philharmonic Society's directorial board on 7 April 1936. The musical world rubbed incredulous eyes. … In much newspaper comment the following day surprise verged on perplexity. Nobody had heard of John Barbirolli. … What sense was there in giving the New York Philharmonic to a man who had never been on an American front page before or, so far as could be made out, on any front page of moment anywhere?"[37]
- ^ NBC paid Toscanini $3,334 a concert, compared with his fee of $1,833 a concert with the Philharmonic. Barbirolli's fee with the Philharmonic was $312 a concert.[38]
- ^ There were no children of either of Barbirolli's marriages.[5]
- First Sea Lord, who is the senior serving officer of the navy.
- ^ Barbirolli's last concert as conductor of the New York Philharmonic was on 7 March 1943. He did not conduct the orchestra again until he appeared as guest conductor in 1959, after which he conducted a further 27 concerts, the last of which was on 4 April 1968.[52]
- ^ His successor, James Loughran, was not named until five months after Barbirolli's death.[74]
- ^ Despite his musical single-mindedness, Barbirolli had a keen sense of humour, and was a noted raconteur. One of his anecdotes was of a 1920s touring performance of Aida in which the tenor's "Aida, where are thou now?" was answered by the sonorous flushing of a backstage lavatory: "I'm afraid the opera ended there, though we continued gallantly to the end."[94]
References
- ^ Ayre, p. 18; and Kennedy (1982), p. 34
- ^ a b c d e f Kennedy, Michael. Barbirolli, Sir John (1899–1970), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edition, October 2009, accessed 7 February 2010 (subscription required)
- ^ Rothwell, p. 1
- ^ Rigby, p. 15
- ^ a b c d e f g The Times, obituary, 30 July 1970, p. 8
- ^ Rigby, p. 17
- ^ "Miscellaneous Intelligence", The Musical Times, 1 September 1910, p. 599 (subscription required)
- ^ Kennedy (1971), p. 28
- ^ a b c d Graves, Perceval. "From Cellist to Conductor", The Gramophone, September 1929, p. 5
- ^ "Royal Academy of Music", The Times, 30 May 1914, p. 5
- ^ "Royal Academy of Music", The Musical Times, 1 August 1916, p. 381 (subscription required)
- ^ Rothwell, p. 19
- ^ a b c d e f g Blyth, Alan. "Sir John Barbirolli talks to Alan Blyth", The Gramophone, December 1969, p. 34
- ^ Rothwell, pp. 19–20 (Bartlett and quotation); and Kennedy p. 30 (theatres, cinemas, halls)
- ^ Ayre, p. 19
- ^ "Music", The Times, 27 October 1919, p. 10; "Royal Academy of Music Awards", The Times, 14 June 1922, p. 11; and Kennedy (1971), p. 41
- ^ Kennedy (1971), p. 38
- ^ "Music in the Provinces", The Musical Times, March 1921, p. 195 (subscription required)
- ^ a b Anderson, Robert, "Obituary, Sir John Barbirolli", The Musical Times, September 1970, p. 926 (subscription required)
- ^ "Concerts", The Observer, 22 June 1924, p. 1
- ^ "Today's Programmes", The Manchester Guardian, 16 November 1925. p. 11; 25 November 1925, p. 11; 16 December 1925, p. 13; and 10 April 1926, p. 12
- ^ Kennedy (1971), p. 43
- ^ "Our London Correspondence", The Manchester Guardian, 25 May 1926, p. 6
- ^ "Wireless Notes and Programmes", The Manchester Guardian, 7 June 1928, p. 12
- ^ Kennedy (1971), p. 49 and "British National Opera Company", The Manchester Guardian, 17 November 1926, p. 1
- ^ Kennedy (1971), p. 57
- ^ Blom, Eric, "Covent Garden Opera: 'Don Giovanni'", The Manchester Guardian, 29 May 1929, p. 8
- ^ "Covent Garden Opera Tour", The Manchester Guardian, 7 September 1929, p. 7
- ^ "Covent Garden Opera Company", The Manchester Guardian, 4 October 1932, p. 9
- ^ "The London Symphony Orchestra", The Times, 13 December 1927, p. 14
- ^ "Gold Medal for Dr. Vaughan Williams", The Manchester Guardian, 14 March 1930, p. 5
- ^ Blom, Eric, "Royal Philharmonic Society: A Mahler Song Cycle", The Manchester Guardian, 30 January 1931, p. 4
- ^ a b c d "John Barbirolli", EMI Classics, accessed 7 February 2010 Archived 4 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Concerts", The Manchester Guardian, 6 October 1932, p. 1; and "The Hallé Concert", The Manchester Guardian, 13 January 1933, p. 11.
- ^ a b "Decree Nisi for Conductor's Wife", The Times, 6 December 1938, p. 5
- ^ Lindsay, p. 233
- ^ Reid (1971), p. 149
- ^ Horowitz, p. 153
- ^ Kennedy (1971), p. 105
- ^ "New York Philharmonic's Guest Conductors", The Times, 9 April 1936, p. 12
- ^ Kennedy (1971), p. 111
- ^ "Barbirolli Gives Youths' Concert",The New York Times, 19 December 1937 (subscription required)
- ^ Kennedy (1971), p. 116
- ^ Kennedy (1971), p. 221
- ^ Kennedy (1989), p. 99
- ^ Kennedy (1971), p. 144
- ^ The Gramophone, September 1970, p. 33
- ^ Downes, Olin. "And After Toscanini: What?", The North American Review, Vol. 241, No. 2 (June 1936), pp. 218–219
- ^ Rothwell, p. 64
- ^ Horowitz, pp. 159 and 183; and Kennedy (1971), pp. 129–130
- ^ Kennedy (1971), pp. 152 and 167–168
- ^ Performance History Search Archived 24 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine, New York Philharmonic archives, accessed 29 January 2011.
- ^ Rothwell, pp. 93–94
- ^ Kennedy (1971), pp. 165–166
- ^ Rigby, pp. 130–132
- ^ Kennedy (1971), p. 167
- ^ Previn, p. 67
- ^ Kennedy (1971), pp. 266, 273 and 281
- ^ Kennedy (1971), p. 289
- ^ Rigby, p. 154
- ^ Reid (1968), p. 353
- ^ "Covent Garden Opera: 'Turandot' to Open New Season", The Times, 5 October 1951, p. 8; "The Covent Garden Season", The Times, 23 December 1952, p. 2; "Covent Garden Opera: 'Tristan und Isolde'", The Times, 10 January 1953, p. 8; "Royal Opera House: 'La Bohème'", The Times, 5 November 1953, p. 4; and "Covent Garden Opera: 'Madam Butterfly'", The Times, 9 December 1953, p. 3
- ^ Haltrecht, p. 185 and ODNB
- ^ Reid (1957), p. 8
- ^ a b c Crichton, Ronald and José A. Bowen. "Barbirolli, Sir John (Giovanni Battista)", Grove Music Online, accessed 7 February 2010 (subscription required)
- ^ "Mr. John Barbirolli: Another Invitation to Vienna", The Manchester Guardian, 27 August 1946, p. 3
- ^ "Barbirolli, John (Sir Giovanni Battista Barbirolli )", Oxford Dictionary of Music, online version, accessed 7 February 2010 (subscription required)
- ^ "Sir J. Barbirolli for Texas", The Times, 1 November 1960, p. 16, and ODNB
- ^ Cox, p. 163
- ^ Cox, p. 178
- ^ Kennedy (1971), p. 201
- ^ "Cheltenham Musical Festival", The Times, 1 July 1948, p. 6; "Cheltenham Festival", The Times, 2 July 1948, p. 6; "Cheltenham Festival", The Times, 30 June 1949, p. 7; "Cheltenham Festival", The Times, 2 July 1949, p. 7; "Cheltenham Festival", The Times, 6 July 1950, p. 8; and "Cheltenham Festival", The Times, 7 July 1950, p. 6
- ^ Kennedy (1989), pp. 208–209
- ^ Morris, Michael. "Scot takes the Halle baton", The Guardian, 17 December 1970, p. 22
- ^ Kennedy (1971), p. 308
- ^ Brookes, p. 253
- ^ March, Ivan, "Elgar", Gramophone, May 2003, p. 42
- ^ Kennedy (1982), p. 92
- ^ Marshall, Rita, "World tributes to genius of Barbirolli", The Times, 30 July 1970, p. 1
- ^ Kennedy (1971), p. 326
- ^ "Solti's last Garden season", The Times, 26 June 1970, p. 7
- ^ a b "Barbirolli, Sir John (Giovanni Battista)", Who Was Who, A & C Black, 1920–2008; online edition, Oxford University Press, December 2007, accessed 7 February 2010 (subscription required)
- ^ See http://www.nui.ie/college/Honorary_Degree_Recipients.asp; retrieved 20 November 2020.
- ^ "John Barbirolli", Manchester Art Gallery, accessed 26 January 2011
- ^ "The Barbirolli Room" Archived 4 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Bridgewater Hall, accessed 12 October 2014
- ^ "School History" Archived 29 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine, St. Clement Danes School, accessed 27 January 2011
- ^ Rennison, p. xxvii, entry number 231
- ^ "Sir John Barbirolli Memorial Foundation", Royal Philharmonic Society, accessed 12 January 2011
- ^ The Barbirolli Society, accessed 1 February 2011 Archived 25 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Sir John Barbirolli" Gramophone, accessed 10 April 2012
- ^ Kennedy (1971), p. 244
- ^ Osborne, p. 461
- ^ Kennedy (1987), p. 268
- ^ Ayre, pp. 7–8
- ^ Kennedy (1971), pp. 245–246
- ^ Kennedy (1971), p. 247
- ^ Kennedy (1971), p. 341
- ^ Kennedy (1971), pp. 341–342
- ^ a b c "John Barbirolli" Archived 3 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Naxos records, accessed 7 February 2010
- ^ Kennedy, Michael (2000). Liner notes to EMI CD 5-67240-2.
- ^ Kennedy (1971), pp. 55–56
- ^ Kennedy (1971), pp. 362–372
- ^ "Pye-Barbirolli", The Gramophone, July 1956, p. 40
- ^ Kennedy (1971), pp. 373–384
- ^ Robertson, Alec, "Dido and Aeneas", The Gramophone, October 1966, p. 77
- ^ Blyth, Alan, "Verdi: Otello", The Gramophone, October 1969, p. 97
- ^ Anderson, Robert Kinloch, "Barbirolli's Roman Butterfly", The Gramophone, September 1967, p. 25; Oliver, Michael, "Madama Butterfly", Gramophone, May 1989, p. 90; and O'Connor, Patrick, "Madama Butterfly", Gramophone, March 2009, p. 93
- ^ Kennedy (1971), pp. 306–307, and "Opera: Wagner", The Gramophone, October 1971, p. 102
Sources
- Ayre, Leslie (1966). The Wit of Music: Introduction by Sir John Barbirolli. London: Leslie Frewin. OCLC 857354.
- Brookes, Christopher (1985). His Own Man: The Life of Neville Cardus. London: Methuen. ISBN 0-413-50940-0.
- Cox, David (1980). The Henry Wood Proms. London: British Broadcasting Corporation. ISBN 0-563-17697-0.
- Haltrecht, Montague (1975). The Quiet Showman: Sir David Webster and the Royal Opera House. London: Collins. ISBN 0-00-211163-2.
- Horowitz, Joseph (1997). Understanding Toscanini. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08542-6.
- Kennedy, Michael (1987). Adrian Boult. London: Papermac. ISBN 0-333-48752-4.
- Kennedy, Michael (1971). Barbirolli, Conductor Laureate: The Authorised Biography. London: MacGibbon and Key. ISBN 0-261-63336-8.
- Kennedy, Michael (1982). The Hallé, 1858–1983: A History of the Orchestra. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-7190-0921-9.
- Kennedy, Michael (1989). William Walton. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-315418-8.
- Lindsay, Maurice (1951). "Northern Diary". In Ralph Hill (ed.). Music 1951. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. OCLC 26147349.
- Osborne, Richard (1998). Herbert von Karajan: A Life in Music. London: Chatto and Windus. ISBN 1-85619-763-8.
- Previn, André (1979). Orchestra. London: Macdonald and Jane's. ISBN 0-354-04420-6.
- Reid, Charles (1957). "John Barbirolli". In Milein Cosman (ed.). Musical Sketchbook. Oxford: OCLC 3225493.
- Reid, Charles (1971). John Barbirolli – A Biography. London: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 0-241-01819-6.
- Reid, Charles (1968). Malcolm Sargent. London: Hamish Hamilton. OCLC 500687986.
- Rennison, Nick (2003). The London Blue Plaque Guide. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-3388-7.
- Rigby, Charles (1948). John Barbirolli. Altrincham: John Sherratt and Son. OCLC 500687986.
- Rothwell, Evelyn (2002). Life with Glorious John. London: Robson Books. ISBN 1-86105-474-2.
External links
- John Barbirolli at AllMusic
- Portraits of John Barbirolli at the National Portrait Gallery, London
- Photos of Barbirolli throughout his career
- John Barbirolli at Find a Grave