John Bingham
John Armor Bingham | |
---|---|
Andrew Stuart | |
Succeeded by | District abolished until 1883 |
Constituency | 21st district |
Personal details | |
Born | Mercer, Pennsylvania, U.S. | January 21, 1815
Died | March 19, 1900 Cadiz, Ohio, U.S. | (aged 85)
Political party | Republican |
Spouse | Amanda Bingham |
Profession | Politician, lawyer, judge |
Signature | |
John Armor Bingham (January 21, 1815 – March 19, 1900) was an American politician who served as a
Early life and education
Born in Mercer County, Pennsylvania, where his carpenter and bricklayer father Hugh had moved after service in the War of 1812, Bingham attended local public schools. After his mother's death in 1827, his father remarried. John moved west to Ohio to live with his merchant uncle Thomas after clashing with his new stepmother. He apprenticed as a printer for two years, helping to publish the Luminary, an anti-Masonic newspaper.[2] He then returned to Pennsylvania to study at Mercer College and then studied law at Franklin College in New Athens, Harrison County, Ohio. There, Bingham befriended former slave Titus Basfield, who became the first African-American to graduate college in Ohio. They continued to correspond for many years.[3]
Hugh and Thomas Bingham were longtime abolitionists who were both active in local politics. They initially allied with the
Early legal career
After graduation, Bingham returned to Mercer, Pennsylvania, to read law with John James Pearson and William Stewart, and he was admitted to the Pennsylvania bar on March 25, 1840, and the Ohio bar by year's end. Bingham then returned to Cadiz, Ohio, to begin his legal and political career. An active Whig, Bingham campaigned for President William Henry Harrison. His uncle, Thomas, a prominent Presbyterian in the area, had served as associate judge in the Harrison County Court of Common Pleas from 1825 to 1839. The young lawyer's practice extended to Tuscarawas County, Ohio, and its seat, New Philadelphia. In 1846, Bingham won his first election as district attorney for Tuscarawas County, serving from 1846 to 1849.[5]
Early political career
Bingham's political activity continued despite the Whig Party's decline. Campaigning as candidate of the
During the
United States House of Representatives
Bingham defeated incumbent congressman
Lincoln assassination trial
The following month, the capital fell into chaos as
The accused conspirators were
Fourteenth Amendment
In 1866, during the
In the closing debate in the House, Bingham stated:
[M]any instances of State injustice and oppression have already occurred in the State legislation of this Union, of flagrant violations of the guarantied privileges of citizens of the United States, for which the national Government furnished and could furnish by law no remedy whatever. Contrary to the express letter of your Constitution, 'cruel and unusual punishments' have been inflicted under State laws within this Union upon citizens, not only for crimes committed, but for sacred duty done, for which and against which the Government of the United States had provided no remedy and could provide none. It was an opprobrium to the Republic that for fidelity to the United States they could not by national law be protected against the degrading punishment inflicted on slaves and felons by State law. That great want of the citizen and stranger, protection by national law from unconstitutional State enactments, is supplied by the first section of this amendment.[10]
Except for the addition of the first sentence of Section 1, which defined citizenship, the amendment weathered the Senate debate without substantial change. The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in 1868.
Despite Bingham's likely intention for the Fourteenth Amendment to apply the first eight amendments of the Bill of Rights to the states, the
Ohio ratified the Fourteenth Amendment on January 4, 1867, but Bingham continued to explain its extension of citizenship during the fall election season.
Later congressional career
Bingham continued his career as a representative and was reelected to the 40th, 41st and 42nd Congresses. He served as chairman of the Committee on Claims from 1867 to 1869 and a member of the Committee on the Judiciary from 1869 to 1873.
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
Bingham played a prominent role in combatting a number of early efforts by Radical Republicans to impeach President Andrew Johnson.[14]
On March 7, 1867, during House debate on a proposed amendment to a resolution renewing the
On February 24, 1868, Bingham voted to impeach Johnson when
Failure to be reelected in 1872
Bingham was implicated in the Crédit Mobilier scandal and in 1872, he lost the election. Three local Republican political bosses made a deal to cut Bingham out, instead selecting Lorenzo Danford as the party's candidate. Thus, Danford came to represent the 16th district in the 43rd Congress and was reelected several times, but with a hiatus.
Minister to Japan
President
Bingham moved the embassy from an unsuitable location and replaced a problematic interpreter with a Presbyterian missionary from Ohio. He then managed to curtail the imperialistic ambitions of fellow Union veteran Charles Le Gendre.[19] Bingham came to greatly respect Japanese culture, but he also presciently expressed his fear that Japan's military culture would hurt the country's development.[20][21]
Bingham most prominently distinguished himself from other Western diplomats by fighting against the unequal treaties imposed upon Japan by Britain, particularly provisions for extraterritoriality and tariff control by Westerners.
Later life and death
Bingham was a delegate to the 1888 Republican National Convention.[24] In his later years, he was frequently interviewed by journalists on topics ranging from current events in Japan to his 1857 appointment of George Armstrong Custer to the United States Military Academy.[25][26] He died in Cadiz on March 19, 1900, nine years after his wife Amanda had died. He was interred next to her in the Old Cadiz (Union) Cemetery in Cadiz.
Legacy
In 1901, Harrison County erected a bronze statue honoring Bingham in Cadiz.[27]
Bingham's house now serves as Mercer County's Republican headquarters.[citation needed]
References
- ^ Bingham, John Armor; Miscellaneous Pamphlet Collection (Library of Congress) DLC [from old catalog] (1866). "One country, one Constitution, and one people. Speech of Hon. John A. Bingham, of Ohio, in the House of representatives, February 28, 1866, in support of the proposed amendment to enforce the bill of rights". [Washington, Printed at the Congressional globe office – via Internet Archive.
- ^ "John Armor Bingham (1815–1900)".
- ^ Erving T. Beauregard, Ohio's First Black College Graduate, available at http://www.harrisonhistory.org/Notables/Entries/2010/12/2_Ohios_First_Black_College_Graduate_from_Queen_City_Heritage_45_By_Erving_E._BeauregardUsed_with_permission_from_Cincinnati_Museum_Center_at_Union_Terminal_files/ohi-019.pdf Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Richard L. Aynes, The Continuing Importance of Congressman John A. Bingham and the Fourteenth Amendment, at pp. 592-593, available at https://www.uakron.edu/dotAsset/727357.pdf
- ^ "John A. Bingham". 10 August 2021.
- ^ Aynes, p. 600
- ^ "THE IMPEACHMENT MANAGERS". www.impeach-andrewjohnson.com. Harper's Weekly. March 21, 1868. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- ^ Joshua E. Kastenberg, Law in War, Law as War: Brigadier General Joseph Holt and the Judge Advocate General’s Department in the Civil War and Early Reconstruction, 1861-1865 (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2011), 130, 188-89, and 363-370
- ^ Adamson v. California, 332 U.S. 46, 103-104 (1947)
- ^ Adamson v. California, 332 U.S. 46, 107 (1947)
- ^ Adamson v. California, 332 U.S. 46, 92-118 (1947)
- ^ Aynes p. 615
- ^ "Primary Documents in American History", Library of Congress
- JSTOR 2658078.
- ^ "1st Edition". Newspapers.com. Chicago Evening Post. March 7, 1867. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
- ^ "TO PASS THE IMPEACHMENT OF PRESIDENT RESOLUTION. -- House Vote #119 -- Dec 7, 1867". GovTrack.us.
- ^ "Journal of the United States House of Representatives (40th Congress, Second Session) pages 392 and 393". voteview.com. United States House of Representatives.
- ^ Leonard Hammersmith, Spoilsmen in a "flowery Fairyland": The Development of the U.S. Legation in Japan (Kent State University Press) p. 108
- ^ Hammersmith, pp. 112-113.
- ^ Hammersmith, p. 117 et seq.
- ^ "John Bingham on Japan (1895)". concurringopinions.com.
- ^ Philip Dare, John A. Bingham and Treaty Revision with Japan 1871–1885 (University of Kentucky PhD thesis 1975).
- ^ Erving E. Beauregard, John A. Bingham, First American Minister Plenipotentiary to Japan (1873–1885). Journal of Asian History, Vol. 22, No. 2 (1988), pp. 101–130.
- ^ "Hon. John A. Bingham and Hon. Robt. Sherrard Delegates to Chicago Convention". Belmont Chronicle. Belmont, OH. May 17, 1888. p. 3 – via Chronicling America.
- Newspapers.com.
- Newspapers.com.
- ^ "John Armor Bingham," Ohio Civil War Central, 2015, Ohio Civil War Central. 23 Jan 2015 <http://www.ohiocivilwarcentral.com/entry.php?rec=1015>
Sources
- Gerard N. Magliocca, American Founding Son: John Bingham and the Invention of the Fourteenth Amendment. New York: New York University Press, 2013.
- Sam Kidder, Of One Blood All Nations: John Bingham: Ohio Congressman's Diplomatic Career in Meiji Japan (1873–1885). Portsmouth, New Hampshire: Piscataqua Press. 2020.
External links
- United States Congress. "John Bingham (id: B000471)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.. Includes Guide to Research Collections where his papers are located.
- Bio at Spartacus Educational
- Bio at The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson website
- "John Bingham and the 14th Amendment", C-Span(March 20, 2000).
- Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900. .