John Cartwright (political reformer)

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For other people with this name, see John Cartwright (disambiguation).

John Cartwright
Born17 September 1740
Marnham, Bassetlaw, Nottinghamshire, England, Great Britain
Died23 September 1824(1824-09-23) (aged 84)
Burton Crescent, England
NationalityEnglish
Spouse
Ann Catherine Dashwood
​
​
(after 1780)​
Era18th-century philosophy
RegionWestern Philosophy
Main interests
Politics

John Cartwright (17 September 1740 – 23 September 1824) was an English naval officer, Nottinghamshire militia major and prominent campaigner for parliamentary reform. He subsequently became known as the Father of Reform. His younger brother Edmund Cartwright became famous as the inventor of the power loom.

Early life

Further information: Great Britain in the Seven Years' War

He was born at Marnham in Nottinghamshire on 17 September 1740 to Anne and William Cartwright of Marnham Hall.[1] He was the elder brother of Edmund Cartwright, inventor of the power loom and the younger brother of George Cartwright, trader and explorer of Labrador.[2]

He was educated at Newark-on-Trent grammar school and Heath Academy in Yorkshire, and at the age of eighteen entered the Royal Navy.[2]

Early career

He was present, in his first year of service, at the

Edward Hawke and Admiral Hubert de Brienne. Engaged afterwards under Sir Hugh Palliser and Admiral John Byron on the Newfoundland Station, he was appointed to act as chief magistrate of the settlement. He served in the post for five years (1765–1770).[2]

From 1763 to 14 May 1766, Cartwright was commander of HM Cutter Sherborne.[3] His brother George, when at loose ends, went with him on a cruise out of Plymouth to chase smugglers in Sherborne.

Inscription from the Cartwright Gardens statue.

Ill-health necessitated Cartwright's retirement from active service for a time in 1771.

When the disputes with the American colonies began, he believed that the colonists had right on their side, warmly supported their cause and, at the outbreak of the ensuing

American War of Independence, refused an appointment as first lieutenant to the Duke of Cumberland
. Thus he gave up a path to certain promotion, since he did not wish to fight against the cause which he felt to be just. In 1774 he published his first plea on behalf of the colonists, entitled "American Independence the Glory and Interest of Great Britain."[2]

In 1765, when the

Nottinghamshire Militia
was first raised, he was appointed major, and in this capacity he served for seventeen years. He was at last illegally superseded.

Constitutional Reformer

In 1776 appeared his first work on reform in parliament, which, with the exception of Earl Stanhope's pamphlets (1774), appears to have been the earliest publication on the subject. It was entitled, Take your Choice,.[4] a second edition appearing under the new title of The Legislative Rights of the Commonalty Vindicated (1777)[5] and advocated annual parliaments, the secret ballot and manhood suffrage.[2]

The task of his life was thenceforth chiefly the attainment of universal suffrage and annual parliaments. In 1798, he conceived the project of a political association, which took shape in 1780 as the Society for Constitutional Information, including among its members some of the most distinguished men of the day. From this society sprang the more famous London Corresponding Society. Major Cartwright worked unweariedly for the promotion of reform. He was one of the witnesses on the trial of his friends, John Horne Tooke, John Thelwall and Thomas Hardy, in 1794.[2]

Statue by sculptor George P Clarke of John Cartwright from Cartwright Gardens

He left his large estate in Lincolnshire in 1803[6] or 1805

Sir Francis Burdett, 5th Baronet, William Cobbett and Francis Place
.

In 1812, he initiated the

Hampden Clubs, named after John Hampden, an English Civil War Parliamentary leader, aiming to bring together middle class moderates and lower class radicals in the reform cause. To promote the idea, he toured northwest England later in 1812, in 1813 (getting arrested in Huddersfield) and in 1815. He recruited John Knight who founded the first Hampden Club in Lancashire. In 1818, Knight, John Saxton and James Wroe formed the reformist and popularist newspaper the Manchester Observer. In 1819, the same team formed the Patriotic Union Society, which invited Henry "Orator" Hunt and Major Cartwright to speak at a reformist public rally in Manchester, but the elderly Cartwright was unable to attend what became the Peterloo Massacre. Later in 1819, Cartwright was arrested for speaking at a parliamentary reform meeting in Birmingham, indicted for conspiracy and was condemned to pay a fine of £100.[2]

Cartwright then wrote The English Constitution, which outlined his ideas including government by the people and legal equality which he considered could only be achieved by universal suffrage, the secret ballot and equal electoral districts. He became the main patron of the

Radical publisher Thomas Jonathan Wooler, best known for his satirical journal The Black Dwarf
, who actively supported Cartwright's campaigning.

In 1821, he invited Jeremy Bentham to serve with him as one of "seven wise men" to act as "Guardians of Constitutional Reform", their reports and observations to concern "the entire Democracy or Commons of the United Kingdom". Among the other names Cartwright proposed—Sir Francis Burdett, Rev. William Draper; George Ensor, Rev. Richard Hayes, Robert Williams, Sir Charles Wolseley, and Matthew Wood—Bentham described himself as a "nonentity", and declined the offer.[8]

Cartwright had sent a copy of The English Constitution to former President of the United States, Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson wrote to Cartwright in July 1824:

Your age of eighty-four, and mine of eighty-one years, ensure us a speedy meeting. We may then commune at leisure, and more fully, on the good and evil, which in the course of our long lives, we have both witnessed; and in the mean time, I pray you to accept assurances of my high veneration and esteem for your person and character.[9]

Industrial and agricultural innovator

In 1788, Major Cartwight sold his heavily mortgaged estates at Marnham, buying others at Brothertoft, Lincolnshire. The same year with 18 others, he erected a large mill at the bottom of Spital Hill in Retford. It was called the Revolution Mill in celebration of the centenary of the Glorious Revolution. He hoped to weave cloth using the weaving patents of his brother Edmund Cartwright. He also began the mechanical spinning of wool, or rather worsted. This business was not successful. The mill stood idle within a few years and was advertised to sale in 1798 and 1805.[10] The mill was later largely demolished and only one building remains.

Cartwright took a keen interest in agricultural improvement and used his estate at Brothertoft to conduct crop trials and to develop new agricultural implements, several of which were invented by his bailiff and later estate steward,

woad, creating dedicated buildings and improving the apparatus used to process the crop.[12]

Personal life

The monument to John Cartwright at St Mary's Church in Finchley in 2021
The inscriptions to John and Elizabeth Cartwright on the Cartwright monument at St Mary's Church in Finchley

In 1780, he married Ann Catherine Dashwood, a daughter of prominent Lincolnshire landowner Samuel Dashwood and Anne (née Bateman) Dashwood. She was a granddaughter of George Dashwood, MP for Stockbridge (and son of Lord Mayor of London Sir Samuel Dashwood), and James Bateman, MP for Carlisle (and son of banker Sir James Bateman).[13] He adopted his niece Frances Dorothy Cartwright, daughter of his brother Edmund.

Cartwright died in London on 23 September 1824, and was buried at St Mary's Church, Finchley, north London.

Legacy

In 1835, a monument to him was erected in the churchyard, paid for by public subscription. It is a Grade II listed building and was on the English Heritage Heritage at Risk Register due to its dangerous condition.[14] However the monument has since been removed from the register after being restored in 2019, as a result of a £79,000 grant from Historic England.[15]

In 1831, a monument from a design by Macdowell was erected to him in

hall of residence and backs onto tennis courts and a terrace of houses
, most of which serve as small hotels.

Captain George Vancouver named Cartwright Sound - on the west coast of Graham Island in Haida Gwaii, British Columbia, Canada - in his honour in relation to his Royal Navy service under Admiral Howe.[16]

The Life and Correspondence of Major Cartwright, edited by his niece

Tower Hamlets Council and a number of the blocks were named after social and political reformers. In 2006, the Estate transferred to Tower Hamlets Community Housing, a local housing association
.

References

  1. ^ Burke, Bernard (1879). A genealogical and heraldic history of the landed gentry of Great Britain & Ireland. London, Harrison. p. 279. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cartwright, John". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  3. ^ Tobias Smollett. January 1793. The Critical Review, or Annals of Literature. (London: W. Simpkin and R. Marshal), pp. 32–33.
  4. ^ CARTWRIGHT (Major.), John (1776). Take Your Choice! Representation and Respect; Imposition and Contempt. Annual Parliaments and Liberty, Long Parliaments and Slavery. [By John Cartwright.]. London.
  5. ^ Cartwright, John (1777). The legislative rights of the commonalty vindicated; or, Take your choice.
  6. ^ "John Cartwright, Esquire". The New Monthly Magazine. XII (1 November). Henry Colburn: 522. 1824. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  7. ^ Cartwright, Major John (1826). Cartwright, F D (ed.). The Life and Correspondence of Major Cartwright. Vol. 1. London: H Colburn. p. 322.
  8. ^ Bentham, Jeremy (1843). The Works of Jeremy Bentham: Memoirs of Bentham. London: W. Tait. pp. 522–523.
  9. ^ John W. Osborne, John Cartwright (Cambridge University Press, 1972), p. 152.
  10. ^ W. H. Challoner, People and Industries (1963), 48–9. S. D. Chapman, 'The Pioneers of worsted spinning by power' Business History 7(2) (1965), 103–5.
  11. Arthur Young
    , General View of the Agriculture of Lincolnshire, London, 2nd edn, 1813, pp. 76–77, 163.
  12. ^ Young, General View of Agriculture in Lincolnshire, pp. 174–182.
  13. ^ "WELL HALL, Claxby St. Andrew – 1000992". historicengland.org.uk. Historic England. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  14. ^ "Heritage at Risk Register, London" (PDF). English Heritage. 2012. p. 20. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
  15. ^ ""Father of Reform" Memorial in Finchley Churchyard Saved | Historic England". historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
  16. ^ "Cartwright Sound". BC Geographical Names.
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