John Cassavetes

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

John Cassavetes
Γιάννης Κασσαβέτης
Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery
Occupations
  • Filmmaker
  • actor
Years active1951–1989
Spouse
​
(m. 1954)​
Children
RelativesKatherine Cassavetes (mother)
Signature

John Nicholas Cassavetes

Emmy Award
.

After studying at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts, Cassavetes started his career in television acting in numerous network dramas. From 1959 to 1960 he played the title role in the NBC detective series Johnny Staccato. He then acted in notable films such as Martin Ritt's film noir Edge of the City (1957), Roman Polanski's horror film Rosemary's Baby (1968) and Elaine May's crime drama Mikey and Nicky (1976). He earned an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor nomination for his performance in the Robert Aldrich war film The Dirty Dozen (1967).[3][4]

Cassavetes became known for directing a string of critically acclaimed independent films including

Academy Award
nominations for Best Original Screenplay (Faces) and Best Director (A Woman Under the Influence).

He frequently collaborated with American actress Gena Rowlands (to whom he was married from 1954 until his death in 1989) and friends Peter Falk, Ben Gazzara, and Seymour Cassel. Many of his films were shot and edited in his and Rowlands' own Los Angeles home. He and Rowlands had a son named Nick and two daughters named Alexandra and Zoe, all of whom followed them into acting and filmmaking.

Early life and education

John Nicholas Cassavetes was born in New York City on December 9, 1929, the son of Greek-American actress Katherine Cassavetes (née Demetre), who was later featured in some of his films, and Greek immigrant Nicholas John Cassavetes. His early years were spent with his family in Greece; when he returned to New York at the age of seven, he spoke no English.[6] He was then raised on Long Island, where he attended Paul D. Schreiber Senior High School (then known as Port Washington High School) from 1945 to 1947 and participated in Port Weekly (the school paper), Red Domino (interclass play), football, and the Port Light (yearbook).

Cassavetes attended Blair Academy in New Jersey and spent a semester at Champlain College in Plattsburgh, New York, but was expelled due to his failing grades.[c][9] He spent a few weeks hitchhiking to Florida and then transferred to the American Academy of Dramatic Arts, encouraged by recently enrolled friends who told him the school was "packed with girls".[10] He graduated in 1950 and met his future wife Gena Rowlands at her audition to enter the Academy[11] in 1953. They were married four months later in 1954.[12] He continued acting in the theater, took small parts in films, and began working on television in anthology series such as Alcoa Theatre.

Career

Acting workshop

By 1956, Cassavetes had begun teaching an alternative to method acting in his own workshop—co-founded with friend Burt Lane in New York City—in which performance would be based on character creation, rather than backstory or narrative requirements.[13] Cassavetes particularly scorned Lee Strasberg's Method-based Actors Studio, believing that the Method was "more a form of psychotherapy than of acting" which resulted in sentimental cliches and self-indulgent emotion.[13] In contrast to the Actors Studio's "moody, broody anguish", the Cassavetes-Lane approach held that acting should be an expression of creative joy and exuberance, with emphasis put on the character's creation of "masks" in the process of interacting with other characters.[13]

Shortly after opening the workshop, Cassavetes was invited to audition at the Actors Studio, and he and Lane devised a prank: they claimed to be performing a scene from a recent stage production but in fact improvised a performance on the spot, fooling an impressed Strasberg.[13] Cassavetes then fabricated a story about his financial troubles, prompting Strasberg to offer him a full scholarship to the Studio; Cassavetes immediately rejected it, feeling that Strasberg did not know anything about acting if he had been so easily fooled by the two ruses.[13]

An improvisation exercise in the workshop inspired the idea for his writing and directorial debut, Shadows (1959; first version 1957). Cassavetes raised the funds for the production from friends and family, as well as listeners to Jean Shepherd's late-night radio talk-show Night People. His stated purpose was to make a film about modest-income “little people”, unlike Hollywood studio productions, which focused on stories about wealthy people. Cassavetes was unable to gain American distribution of Shadows, but it won the Critics Award at the Venice Film Festival. European distributors later released the movie in the United States as an import. Although the box-office returns of Shadows in the United States were slight, it did gain attention from the Hollywood studios.

Television and acting jobs

Cassavetes with his wife, actress Gena Rowlands, in 1959
A still from the Edge of the City trailer

Cassavetes played bit-parts in

crime drama, Decoy, about a New York City woman police undercover detective. Thereafter, he played Johnny Staccato, the title character in a television series about a jazz pianist who also worked as a private detective. In total he directed five episodes of the series, which also features a guest appearance by his wife Gena Rowlands. It was broadcast on NBC between September 1959 and March 1960, and then acquired by ABC; although critically acclaimed, the series was cancelled in September 1960. Cassavetes would appear on the NBC interview program, Here's Hollywood
.

1960s

In 1961 Cassavetes signed a seven-year deal with Paramount.[14] Cassavetes directed two movies for Hollywood in the early 1960s – Too Late Blues (1961) and A Child Is Waiting (1963). A Child Is Waiting (1963) starred Burt Lancaster and Judy Garland. He also starred in the CBS western series Rawhide, in the episode "Incident Near Gloomy River" (1961). In the 1963–1964 season he was cast in the ABC medical drama about psychiatry, Breaking Point. In 1964, he again co-starred with his wife, this time in an episode of The Alfred Hitchcock Hour anthology program, and in 1965, he appeared on ABC's western series, The Legend of Jesse James. In the same year, he also guest-starred in the World War II series Combat!, in the episode "S.I.W.", and as the insane nuclear scientist Everett Lang in Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea, season 2, episode "The Peacemaker".

Cassavetes and Mia Farrow in Rosemary's Baby (1968)

With payment for his work on television, as well as a handful of film acting jobs, he was able to relocate to California and to make his subsequent films independent of any studio, as Shadows had been made. The films in which he acted with this intention include

The Fury (1978). Cassavetes portrayed the murderer in a 1972 episode of the TV crime series Columbo, titled "Étude in Black". Cassavetes and series star Peter Falk had previously starred together in the 1969 mob action thriller Machine Gun McCain
.

Best Original Screenplay,[15] Best Supporting Actor,[16] and Best Supporting Actress.[17]
Around this time, Cassavetes formed "Faces International" as a distribution company to handle all of his films.

1970s

In 1970, Cassavetes directed and acted in Husbands, with actors Peter Falk and Ben Gazzara. They played a trio of married men on a spree in New York and London after the funeral of one of their best friends.[18] Cassavetes stated that this was a personal film for him; his elder brother had died at the age of 30.[19]

Best Director.[20] In The Killing of a Chinese Bookie
(1976), Gazzara plays a small-time strip-club owner with an out-of-control gambling habit, pressured by mobsters to commit a murder to pay off his debt.

In Opening Night (1977), Rowlands plays the lead alongside Cassavetes; the film also stars Gazzara and Joan Blondell. Rowlands portrays an aging film star named Myrtle Gordon, who is working in the theater and suffering a personal crisis. Alone and unloved by her colleagues, afraid of aging and always removed from others due to her stardom, she succumbs to alcohol and hallucinations after witnessing a young fan accidentally die. Ultimately, Gordon fights through it all, delivering the performance of her life in a play. Rowlands won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the 28th Berlin International Film Festival for her performance.[21]

1980s

Cassavetes directed the film

Raúl Juliá and Vittorio Gassman
.

Cassavetes penned the stage play Knives, the earliest version of which he allowed to be published in the 1978 premiere issue of On Stage, the quarterly magazine of the American Community Theatre Association, a division of the American Theatre Association.[24] The play was produced and directed as one of his Three Plays of Love and Hate at Hollywood, California's Center Theater in 1981. The trio of plays included versions of Canadian playwright Ted Allan's The Third Day Comes and Love Streams, the latter of which served as the blueprint for Cassavetes' 1984 film of the same name.[25]

Cassavetes made the

Cannon Films-financed[26][27] Love Streams (1984), which featured him as an aging playboy who suffers the overbearing affection of his recently divorced sister. It was entered into the 34th Berlin International Film Festival where it won the Golden Bear.[28] The film is often considered Cassavetes' "last film" in that it brought together many aspects of his previous films. He despised the film Big Trouble (1986), which he took over during filming from Andrew Bergman, who wrote the original screenplay. Cassavetes came to refer to the film as "The aptly titled 'Big Trouble,'" since the studio vetoed many of his decisions for the film and eventually edited most of it in a way with which Cassavetes disagreed.[29]

In January 1987, Cassavetes was facing health problems, but he wrote the three-act play Woman of Mystery and brought it to the stage in May and June at the Court Theatre, Los Angeles.[30]

Cassavetes worked during the last year of his life to produce a last film that was to be titled She's Delovely. He was in talks with Sean Penn to star, though legal and financial hurdles proved insurmountable and the project was forgotten about until after Cassavetes' death, when his son Nick finally directed it as She's So Lovely (1997).[31]

Filmmaking style

Directing

Cassavetes' films aim to capture "small feelings" often repressed by Hollywood filmmaking, emphasizing intimate character examination and relationships rather than plot, backstory, or stylization.[32] He often presented difficult characters whose behaviors were not easily understood, rejecting simplistic psychological or narrative explanations for their actions.[33] Cassavetes also disregarded the "impressionistic cinematography, linear editing, and star-centred scene making" fashionable in Hollywood and art films.[34] Instead, he worked to create a comfortable and informal environment where actors could freely experiment with their performances and go beyond acting clichés or "programmed behaviors."[33]

Cassavetes also rejected the dominance of the director's singular vision, instead believing each character must be the actor's "individual creation" and refusing to explain the characters to his actors in any significant detail.[35] He claimed that "stylistic unity drains the humanity out of a text [...] The stories of many different and potentially inarticulate people are more interesting than a contrived narrative that exists only in one articulate man's imagination."[35] He frequently filmed scenes in long, uninterrupted takes, explaining that:

The drama of the scenes comes naturally from the real passage of time lived by the actors [...] The camera isn't content to just follow the characters' words and actions. I focus in on specific gestures and mannerisms. It's from focusing on these little things—the moods, silences, pauses, or anxious moments—that the form arises.[36]

Cassavetes also said that he strove "to put [actors] in a position where they may make asses of themselves without feeling they're revealing things that will eventually be used against them."[37]

The manner in which Cassavetes employed improvisation is frequently misunderstood: with the exception of the original version of Shadows, his films were tightly scripted.[5] However, he allowed actors to interpret characters in their own way, and often rewrote scripts based on the results of rehearsals and performances.[5] He explained that "I believe in improvising on the basis of the written word and not on undisciplined creativity."[5]

Cassavetes said: "The hardest thing for a film-maker, or a person like me, is to find people … who really want to do something … They've got to work on a project that's theirs."[38]

According to Marshall Fine, "Cassavetes, who provided the impetus of what would become the independent film movement in America … spent the majority of his career making his films 'off the grid' so to speak … unfettered by the commercial concerns of Hollywood.[39] To make the kind of films he wanted to make, it was essential to work in this 'communal', 'off the grid' atmosphere because Hollywood's "basis is economic rather than political or philosophical",[40] and no Hollywood executives were interested in Cassavetes' studies of human behaviour. He mortgaged his house to acquire the funds to shoot A Woman Under the Influence, instead of seeking money from an investor who might try to change the script so as to make the film more marketable.

Music

Cassavetes was passionate about a wide range of music, from jazz to classical to rock, saying "I like all music. It makes you feel like living. Silence is death."[41]

For the soundtrack of Shadows, Cassavetes worked with jazz composer and musician Charles Mingus and Shafi Hadi to provide the score. Mingus's friend, Diane Dorr-Dorynek, described Cassavetes' approach to film-making in jazz terms:

The script formed the skeleton around which the actors might change or ad lib lines according to their response to the situation at the moment, so that each performance was slightly different. A jazz musician works in this way, using a given musical skeleton and creating out of it, building a musical whole related to a particular moment by listening to and interacting with his fellow musicians. Jazz musicians working with actors could conceivably provide audiences with some of the most moving and alive theater they have ever experienced.[42]

When asked by

Dostoyevsky's Crime and Punishment.[43]

Cassavetes worked with Bo Harwood from 1970 to 1984 on six films in several different capacities, even though Harwood had initially only signed on to do "a little editing" for Husbands, and "a little sound editing" for Minnie and Moskowitz. Harwood composed poignant music for Cassavetes' following three films, and was also credited as "Sound" for two of them. During these projects Harwood wrote several songs, some with Cassavetes contributing lyrics and rudimentary tunes.[44]

During his work with Cassavetes, Harwood claimed the notoriously unpredictable director preferred to use the "scratch track" version of his compositions, rather than to let Harwood refine and re-record them with an orchestra. Some of these scratch tracks were recorded in Cassavetes' office, with piano or guitar, as demos, and then eventually ended up in the final film. While this matched the raw, unpolished feel that marks most of Cassavetes' films, Harwood was sometimes surprised and embarrassed.[45]

The relationship between Harwood and Cassavetes ended amicably. When asked by documentarian Michael Ventura during the making of Cassavetes' last film Love Streams, what he had learned from working with Cassavetes, Harwood replied:

I learned a lot through John. I've done a lot of editing for him.

shot sound, composed score, and I've learned a lot about integrity ... I think you know what I mean. You know, thirty years from now, I can say I rode with Billy the Kid.[46]

Personal life

Marriage

Cassavetes was married to American actress Gena Rowlands from 1954 until his death in 1989. Many of his films were shot and edited in his and Rowlands' own Los Angeles home. He and Rowlands had a son named Nick and two daughters named Alexandra and Zoe, all of whom followed them into acting and filmmaking.

Death

A long-time

Westwood Village Memorial Park
cemetery in Los Angeles.

At the time of his death, Cassavetes had amassed a collection of more than 40 unproduced screenplays, as well as a novel, Husbands.[48] He also left three unproduced plays: Sweet Talk, Entrances and Exits, and Begin the Beguine, the last of which, in German translation, was co-produced by Needcompany of Belgium and Burgtheater of Vienna, and premiered on stage at Vienna's Akademietheater in 2014.[49][50]

Legacy and reception

Cassavetes' grave

Cassavetes is the subject of several biographies. Cassavetes on Cassavetes is a collection of interviews collected or conducted by Boston University film scholar Ray Carney, in which the filmmaker recalled his experiences, influences and outlook on the film industry. In the Oscar 2005 edition of Vanity Fair, one article features a tribute to Cassavetes by three members of his stock company, Rowlands, Gazzara, and Falk.

Many of Cassavetes' films are owned by Faces Distribution, a company overseen by Gena Rowlands and

Shout! Factory
, which acquired the films' holding parent company, Westchester Films.

Cassavetes' son Nick followed in his father's footsteps as an actor and director, adapting the She's Delovely screenplay his father had written into the 1997 film She's So Lovely, which starred Sean Penn, as John Cassavetes had wanted. Alexandra Cassavetes directed the documentary Z Channel: A Magnificent Obsession in 2004, and in 2006 served as 2nd Unit Director on her brother Nick's film, Alpha Dog. Cassavetes' younger daughter Zoe wrote and directed the 2007 film Broken English, featuring Rowlands and Parker Posey.

The New Yorker wrote that Cassavetes "may be the most influential American director of the last half century"—this in announcing that all the films he directed, plus others he acted in, were being screened in a retrospective tribute at the Brooklyn Academy of Music throughout July 2013.[51] AllMovie called Cassavetes "an iconoclastic maverick".[32]

The

Independent Spirit Awards named one of their categories after Cassavetes, the Independent Spirit John Cassavetes Award. A one-person show about John Cassavetes titled Independent[52] premiered at Essential Theatre in Atlanta in August 2017. The play was written by John D. Babcock III and starred actor Dan Triandiflou as Cassavetes. The song "What's Yr Take on Cassavetes?" by the band Le Tigre is about John Cassavetes and questions whether he can be considered a feminist.[53] The song "Cassavetes" by the band Fugazi parallels John Cassavetes' independence from the film industry with the band's own independence from the record industry.[54] In concert, singer Guy Picciotto introduced it as "a song about making your own road."[55]

Filmography
Main article: John Cassavetes filmography

As director

Year Title Distributor
1959 Shadows British Lion Films
1961 Too Late Blues Paramount Pictures
1963 A Child Is Waiting United Artists
1968 Faces Continental Distributing
1970 Husbands Columbia Pictures
1971 Minnie and Moskowitz Universal Pictures
1974 A Woman Under the Influence Faces Distribution
1976 The Killing of a Chinese Bookie
1977 Opening Night
1980 Gloria Columbia Pictures
1984 Love Streams
Cannon Films
1986 Big Trouble Columbia Pictures

Awards and nominations

As a filmmaker, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for Faces (1968)[56][15] and the Academy Award for Best Director for A Woman Under the Influence (1974).[57][58] The Independent Spirit Awards named the John Cassavetes Award in his honor.

Year Award Category Nominated work Result Ref.
1960
Venice International Film Festival
 Pasinetti Award Shadows Nominated [59]
1960 British Academy Film Awards Best Film Nominated
Un Award Nominated
1967 Academy Awards Best Supporting Actor The Dirty Dozen Nominated
1968
Golden Globes
Best Supporting Actor
 Nominated
1968 Academy Awards Best Original Screenplay Faces Nominated
1968
Venice International Film Festival
 Pasinetti Award Won
Golden Lion Nominated
1969 Writers Guild of America Best Original Screenplay Nominated
1969 National Society of Film Critics Best Screenplay Won
1969 New York Film Critics Circle Best Director Nominated
1973 Writers Guild of America Best Original Screenplay Minnie and Moskowitz Nominated
1974 Academy Awards Best Director A Woman Under the Influence Nominated
1974 Golden Globe Awards Best Director Nominated
Best Screenplay Nominated
1975 Writers Guild of America Best Original Screenplay Nominated
1978 Berlin International Film Festival Golden Bear Opening Night Nominated
1980 Venice Film Festival Golden Lion Gloria Won
Honorable Mention Won
1980
Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie
 Flesh & Blood Nominated
1984 Berlin International Film Festival Golden Bear Love Streams Won
FIPRESCI Award Won
1986 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Lifetime Achievement Award John Cassavetes Won

Notes

  1. ^ Greek: Γιάννης Κασσαβέτης /ˌjɑːnɪs/ /kəˈsævəˌtiːz/. Pronounced YAHN-is KASS-ə-VET-eez.[1]
  2. ^ Cassavetes' use of improvisation is often misunderstood; his films were almost entirely scripted, but he neglected to dictate his actors' deliveries, allowing them to develop their own interpretations of the lines. Additionally, he frequently rewrote scripts based on rehearsals and suggestions from his actors.[5]
  3. ^ Cassavetes attended the Champlain College that began as a higher education facility for World War II veterans.[7] It operated at the former Plattsburgh Barracks from 1946 to 1953, and closed when the U.S. military reclaimed the site for use as part of Plattsburgh Air Force Base.[7] He did not attend the Champlain College that is located in Burlington, Vermont.[8]

References

  1. ^ "Martin Scorsese on John Cassavetes". Archived from the original on November 2, 2021 – via www.youtube.com.
  2. ^ "John + Gena: dynamite on screen and off". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on June 7, 2016. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
  3. ^ "George Kennedy winning Best Supporting Actor". Archived from the original on November 2, 2021 – via www.youtube.com.
  4. ^ "The 40th Academy Awards | 1968". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on August 19, 2016. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
  5. ^
    Faber and Faber
    , 2001: pp. 217.
  6. ISBN 1-84243-228-1
    ; p. 176
  7. ^ a b "Champlain College, Plattsburgh, New York, 1946-1953". Associated Colleges of Upper New York, Hobart, Plattsburgh, and Utica, NY. Lost Colleges.com. Archived from the original on September 29, 2020. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
  8. ^ Fine, pp. 4, 10, 16.
  9. ISBN 978-1-4013-5249-3. Archived from the original on April 13, 2023. Retrieved November 14, 2020 – via Google Books
    .
  10. ^ "A Constant Forge documentary", 2000. Written and directed by Charles Kiselyak
  11. ^ Feinberg, Scott (March 29, 2015). "Gena Rowlands: 'I Never Wanted to Be Anything But an Actress' (Q&A)". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on August 13, 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
  12. ^ "A Constant Forge" documentary, 2000. Written and directed by Charles Kiselyak
  13. ^ a b c d e Carney, Ray, Cassavetes on Cassavetes, London: Faber and Faber, 2001: pp. 52-53.
  14. ^ Cassavetes Signs Seven-Year Pact: Will Direct Sidney Poitier; Elvis on Movies, Cooking. Hopper, Hedda. Los Angeles Times. May 19, 1961: B8.
  15. ^ a b "The 41st Academy Awards | 1969". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on September 10, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  16. ^ "Jack Albertson Wins Supporting Actor: 1969 Oscars". Archived from the original on November 2, 2021 – via www.youtube.com.
  17. ^ "Ruth Gordon Wins Supporting Actress: 1969 Oscars". Archived from the original on November 2, 2021 – via www.youtube.com.
  18. ^ Lauer, Andy (August 18, 2009). "cinemadaily | Cassavetes' "Husbands" On DVD Today". Archived from the original on August 12, 2022. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
  19. ^ "Husbands (1970) - Overview - TCM.com". Turner Classic Movies. Archived from the original on November 2, 2020. Retrieved February 14, 2020.
  20. ^ "The 47th Academy Awards | 1975". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on September 1, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  21. ^ "Berlinale 1978: Prize Winners". berlinale.de. Archived from the original on January 7, 2017. Retrieved August 8, 2010.
  22. ^ "Sissy Spacek Wins Best Actress: 1981 Oscars". Archived from the original on November 2, 2021 – via www.youtube.com.
  23. ^ "The 53rd Academy Awards | 1981". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on May 14, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  24. ^ Cassavetes, John (1978). Bayshore, Irenedianna (ed.). "Knives". On Stage (premiere issue). American Community Theatre Association: 21–47journal 1978 Institute for Dramatic Research, Fullerton, California.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  25. ^ Linden, Sheri. "John Cassavetes 'Three Plays of Love and Hate'". cassevetesevent.com. Steve Reisch. Archived from the original on August 24, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
  26. ^ Abrams, Simon (October 2, 2015). "Cannon Films: A 10-Part Appreciation of the Studio That Revolutionized 'So Bad, It's Good' Movies". Vulture. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved August 3, 2019.
  27. ^ "The Cannon Canon: The Top 20 Cannon Films". February 21, 2016. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved August 3, 2019.
  28. ^ "Berlinale: 1984 Winners". berlinale.de. Archived from the original on October 15, 2013. Retrieved January 4, 2011.
  29. ^ Carney, Ray, Cassavetes on Cassavetes, London: Faber and Faber, 2001: pp. 501–502.
  30. ^ Carney, Ray, Cassavetes on Cassavetes, London: Faber and Faber, 2001: p. 506.
  31. ^ Carney, Ray, Cassavetes on Cassavetes, London: Faber and Faber, 2001: pp. 508–510.
  32. ^ a b Ankeny, Jason. John Cassavetes Archived July 13, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. AllMovie.
  33. ^ a b Carney, Ray,Cassavetes on Cassavetes, London: Faber and Faber, 2001: pp. 283.
  34. ^ Bendedetto, Lucio. "Forging an Original Response: A Review of Cassavetes Criticism in English", Post Script V. 11 n. 2. (Winter 1992): 101.
  35. ^ a b Carney, Ray, Cassavetes on Cassavetes, London: Faber and Faber, 2001: pp. 65.
  36. ^ Carney, Ray, Cassavetes on Cassavetes, London: Faber and Faber, 2001: pp. 288.
  37. ^ Gelmis, Joseph. "John Cassavetes", in The Film Director as Superstar. London: Seckler & Warburg, 1971, p. 80.
  38. ^ Gelmis, Joseph. "John Cassavetes". The Film Director as Superstar. London: Seckler & Warburg, 1971. P. 79.
  39. ^ Fine, p. 99.
  40. ^ Powdermaker, Hortense. Hollywood: The Dream Factory. Little, Brown and Company: Boston, 1950. P. 327.
  41. YouTube
    , 1968.
  42. Ah Um (1959), as reprinted in Brian L. Knight's Four by Mingus Archived April 3, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
    .
  43. YouTube
    , 1968.
  44. ^ Carney, Ray, Cassavetes on Cassavetes, London: Faber and Faber, 2001: p. 349.
  45. ^ Carney, Ray, Cassavetes on Cassavetes, London: Faber and Faber, 2001: pp. 349–350.
  46. YouTube
    , 1984.
  47. ^ Sutherland, John (June 8, 2007). "Message in a bottle: Was alcohol John Cassavetes' magic ingredient?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on April 19, 2014. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
  48. ^ Carney, Ray, Cassavetes on Cassavetes, London: Faber and Faber, 2001: p. 503.
  49. ^ D.S.K. (January 19, 2015). "Begin at last". The Economist. Economist Group. Archived from the original on August 24, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
  50. ^ "World Premiere Begin the Beguine". Facebook events, Needcompany host. Facebook. Archived from the original on April 13, 2023. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
  51. ^ The New Yorker, July 1, 2013, p. 17 "On the Horizon: Movies: Wild Man Blues July 6–31"
  52. ^ "Essential Theatre presents: INDEPENDENT". February 28, 2017. Archived from the original on October 22, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  53. ^ "Le Tigre – What's Yr Take on Cassavetes?". Archived from the original on July 20, 2019. Retrieved April 4, 2019 – via genius.com.
  54. ISBN 978-1-5013-2139-9
    .
  55. ^ "Fugazi Live Series: New York City, NY USA 9/24/93". www.dischord.com. Archived from the original on June 30, 2019. Retrieved June 30, 2019.
  56. ^ "Mel Brooks Wins Original Screenplay: 1969 Oscars". Archived from the original on November 2, 2021 – via www.youtube.com.
  57. ^ "Francis Ford Coppola Wins Best Director: 1975 Oscars". Archived from the original on November 2, 2021 – via www.youtube.com.
  58. ^ "Ellen Burstyn Wins Best Actress: 1975 Oscars". Archived from the original on November 2, 2021 – via www.youtube.com.
  59. ^ "John Cassavetes". TV Guide. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.

Further reading

  • Carney, Raymond Francis, Junior, American Dreaming: The Films of John Cassavetes and the American Experience, Berkeley, CA / Los Angeles / London: University of California Press, 1985.
  • Warren, Charles, "Cavell, Altman and Cassavetes" in the Stanley Cavell special issue: Crouse, Jeffrey (ed.) Film International, Issue 22, Vol. 4, No. 4, 2006, pp. 14–20.

External links

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