John Ford
John Ford | |
---|---|
Born | John Martin Feeney February 1, 1894 Cape Elizabeth, Maine, U.S. |
Died | August 31, 1973 Palm Desert, California, U.S. | (aged 79)
Resting place | Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City, California[1] |
Occupations |
|
Years active | 1913–1966 |
Political party | Democratic (until 1951) |
Other political affiliations | Republican (after 1951) |
Spouse |
Mary McBride Smith (m. 1920) |
Children | 2 |
Military career | |
Service/ | United States Navy |
Years of service |
|
Rank |
|
Unit | |
Battles/wars |
|
Awards |
John Martin Feeney (February 1, 1894 – August 31, 1973), known professionally as John Ford, was an American film director and producer. He is regarded as one of the most important and influential filmmakers during the
Ford is renowned for his Westerns, such as Stagecoach (1939), My Darling Clementine (1946), Fort Apache (1948), The Searchers (1956), and The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962); though he worked in many other genres, including comedies, period dramas, and documentaries. He made frequent use of location shooting and wide shots, in which his characters were framed against a vast, harsh, and rugged natural terrain. He is credited with launching the careers of some of Hollywood's biggest stars during the 1930s, '40s, and '50s, including John Wayne, Henry Fonda, Maureen O'Hara and James Stewart.
Ford's work was held in high regard by his contemporaries, with Akira Kurosawa, Orson Welles, Frank Capra,[5] Andrei Tarkovsky, and Ingmar Bergman naming him one of the greatest directors of all time.[6] Subsequent generations of directors, including many of the major figure of the New Hollywood movement, have cited his influence.[5][7] The Harvard Film Archive writes that "the breadth and measure of Ford’s major contributions to the Golden Age of Hollywood cinema, and to film language in general, remains somewhat difficult to discern.... Rarely recognized in full are Ford’s great achievements as a consummate visual stylist and master storyteller."[4]
Early life
Ford was born John Martin "Jack"
John Augustine and Barbara Curran arrived in Boston and Portland respectively in May and June 1872. They filed their intentions to marry on July 31, 1875, and became American citizens five years later on September 11, 1880.[9] The John Augustine Feeney family resided on Sheridan Street, in the Irish neighborhood of Munjoy Hill in Portland, Maine, and his father worked a variety of odd jobs to support the family—farming, fishing, a laborer for the gas company, saloon keeping, and an alderman.[9] In interviews John Ford said that his family was well off, he said that they had a farm and his father fished. John and Barbara had eleven children: Mamie (Mary Agnes), born 1876; Delia (Edith), 1878–1881; Patrick; Francis Ford, 1881–1953; Bridget, 1883–1884; Barbara, born and died 1888; Edward, born 1889; Josephine, born 1891; Hannah (Joanna), born and died 1892; John Martin, 1894–1973; and Daniel, born and died 1896 (or 1898).[9]
Feeney attended
He married Mary McBride Smith on July 3, 1920, and they had two children. His daughter Barbara was married to singer and actor Ken Curtis from 1952 to 1964. The marriage between Ford and Smith lasted for life despite various issues, one being that Ford was Catholic[13] while she was a non-Catholic divorcée.[14] What difficulty was caused by this is unclear as the level of Ford's commitment to the Catholic faith is disputed.[15] Another strain was Ford's many extramarital relationships.[16]
Directing career
Ford began his career in film after moving to California in July 1914. He followed in the footsteps of his multi-talented older brother Francis Ford, twelve years his senior, who had left home years earlier and had worked in
Ford started out in his brother's films as an assistant, handyman, stuntman and occasional actor, frequently doubling for his brother, whom he closely resembled.[18] Francis gave his younger brother his first acting role in The Mysterious Rose (November 1914).[19] Despite an often combative relationship, within three years Jack had progressed to become Francis' chief assistant and often worked as his cameraman.[20] By the time Jack Ford was given his first break as a director, Francis' profile was declining and he ceased working as a director soon after.
Ford's films used a 'stock company' of actors, far more so than many directors. Many famous stars appeared in at least two or more Ford films, including Harry Carey Sr., (the star of 25 Ford silent films), Will Rogers, John Wayne, Henry Fonda, Maureen O'Hara, James Stewart, Woody Strode, Richard Widmark, Victor McLaglen, Vera Miles and Jeffrey Hunter. Many of his supporting actors appeared in multiple Ford films, often over a period of several decades, including Ben Johnson, Chill Wills, Andy Devine, Ward Bond, Grant Withers, Mae Marsh, Anna Lee, Harry Carey Jr., Ken Curtis, Frank Baker, Dolores del Río, Pedro Armendáriz, Hank Worden, John Qualen, Barry Fitzgerald, Arthur Shields, John Carradine, O. Z. Whitehead and Carleton Young. Core members of this extended 'troupe', including Ward Bond, John Carradine, Harry Carey Jr., Mae Marsh, Frank Baker, and Ben Johnson, were informally known as the John Ford Stock Company.
Likewise, Ford enjoyed extended working relationships with his production team, and many of his crew worked with him for decades. He made numerous films with the same major collaborators, including producer and business partner
Silent era
During his first decade as a director Ford worked on dozens of features (including many westerns) but only ten of the more than sixty silent films he made between 1917 and 1928 still survive in their entirety.
Throughout his career, Ford was one of the busiest directors in Hollywood, but he was extraordinarily productive in his first few years as a director—he made ten films in 1917, eight in 1918 and fifteen in 1919—and he directed a total of 62 shorts and features between 1917 and 1928, although he was not given a screen credit in most of his earliest films.
There is some uncertainty about the identity of Ford's first film as director—film writer Ephraim Katz notes that Ford might have directed the four-part film Lucille the Waitress as early as 1914[24]—but most sources cite his directorial début as the silent two-reeler The Tornado, released in March 1917. According to Ford's own story, he was given the job by Universal boss Carl Laemmle who supposedly said, "Give Jack Ford the job—he yells good". The Tornado was quickly followed by a string of two-reeler and three-reeler "quickies"—The Trail of Hate, The Scrapper, The Soul Herder and Cheyenne's Pal; these were made over the space of a few months and each typically shot in just two or three days; all are now presumed lost. The Soul Herder is also notable as the beginning of Ford's four-year, 25-film association with veteran writer-actor Harry Carey,[25] who (with Ford's brother Francis) was a strong early influence on the young director, as well as being one of the major influences on the screen persona of Ford's protege John Wayne. Carey's son Harry "Dobe" Carey Jr., who also became an actor, was one of Ford's closest friends in later years and featured in many of his most celebrated westerns.
Ford's first feature-length production was Straight Shooting (August 1917), which is also his earliest complete surviving film as director, and one of only two survivors from his twenty-five film collaboration with Harry Carey. In making the film Ford and Carey ignored studio orders and turned in five reels instead of two, and it was only through the intervention of Carl Laemmle that the film escaped being cut for its first release, although it was subsequently edited down to two reels for re-release in the late 1920s.[26] Ford's last film of 1917, Bucking Broadway, was long thought to have been lost, but in 2002 the only known surviving print was discovered in the archives of the French National Center for Cinematography[27] and it has since been restored and digitized.
Ford directed around 36 films over three years for Universal before moving to the
Ford's first major success as a director was the historical drama
Although Ford was to become one of the most honored of Hollywood directors (by film-makers as well as critics) his reputation in 1928 was modest at best. While he proved himself a commercially responsible director, only two or three of his films had earned more than passing notice. The pre-1929 Ford, according to Andrew Sarris, seemed to deserve "at most a footnote in film history".
—Film historian Richard Koszarski, 1976[29]
Ford's brother Eddie was a crew member and they fought constantly; on one occasion Eddie reportedly "went after the old man with a pick handle". There was only a short synopsis written when filming began and Ford wrote and shot the film day by day. Production fell behind schedule, delayed by constant bad weather and the intense cold, and Fox executives repeatedly demanded results, but Ford would either tear up the telegrams or hold them up and have stunt gunman Edward "Pardner" Jones shoot holes through the sender's name.[30] Despite the pressure to halt the production, studio boss William Fox finally backed Ford and allowed him to finish the picture and his gamble paid off handsomely—The Iron Horse became one of the top-grossing films of the decade, taking over US$2 million worldwide, against a budget of $280,000.[28]
Ford made a wide range of films in this period, and he became well known for his Western and "frontier" pictures, but the genre rapidly lost its appeal for major studios in the late 1920s. Ford's last silent Western was 3 Bad Men (1926), set during the Dakota land rush and filmed at Jackson Hole, Wyoming and in the Mojave Desert. It would be thirteen years before he made his next Western, Stagecoach, in 1939.
During the 1920s, Ford also served as president of the Motion Picture Directors Association, a forerunner to today's Directors Guild of America.
Talkies: 1928–1939
Ford was one of the pioneer directors of sound films; he shot Fox's first song sung on screen, for his film Mother Machree (1928) of which only four of the original seven reels survive; this film is also notable as the first Ford film to feature the young John Wayne (as an uncredited extra) and he appeared as an extra in several of Ford's films over the next two years. Moreover, Hangman's House (1928) is notable as it features John Wayne's first confirmed onscreen appearance in a Ford film, playing an excitable spectator during the horse race sequence. [2]
Just before the studio converted to talkies, Fox gave a contract to the German director F. W. Murnau, and his film Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans (1927), still highly regarded by critics, had a powerful effect on Ford.[31] Murnau's influence can be seen in many of Ford's films of the late 1920s and early 1930s—Four Sons (1928), was filmed on some of the lavish sets left over from Murnau's production.
In November that year, Ford directed Fox's first all-talking dramatic featurette Napoleon's Barber (1928), a 3-reeler which is now considered a lost film.[32] Napoleon's Barber was followed by his final two silent features Riley the Cop (1928) and Strong Boy (1929), starring Victor McLaglen; which were both released with synchronised music scores and sound effects, the latter is now lost (although Tag Gallagher's book records that the only surviving copy of Strong Boy, a 35 mm nitrate print, was rumored to be held in a private collection in Australia[33]). The Black Watch (1929), a colonial army adventure set in the Khyber Pass starring Victor McLaglen and Myrna Loy is Ford's first all-talking feature; it was remade in 1954 by Henry King as King of the Khyber Rifles.
Ford's output was fairly constant from 1928 to the start of World War II; he made five features in 1928 and then made either two or three films every year from 1929 to 1942, inclusive. Three films were released in 1929—Strong Boy, The Black Watch and Salute. His three films of 1930 were Men Without Women, Born Reckless and Up the River, which is notable as the debut film for both Spencer Tracy and Humphrey Bogart, who were both signed to Fox on Ford's recommendation (but subsequently dropped). Ford's films in 1931 were Seas Beneath, The Brat and Arrowsmith; the last-named, adapted from the Sinclair Lewis novel and starring Ronald Colman and Helen Hayes, marked Ford's first Academy Awards recognition, with five nominations including Best Picture.
Ford's efficiency and his ability to craft films combining artfulness with strong commercial appeal won him increasing renown. By 1940 he was acknowledged as one of the world's foremost movie directors.[citation needed] His growing prestige was reflected in his remuneration—in 1920, when he moved to Fox, he was paid $300–600 per week. As his career took off in the mid-Twenties his annual income significantly increased. He earned nearly $134,000 in 1929, and made over $100,000 per annum every year from 1934 to 1941, earning a staggering $220,068 in 1938[34]—more than double the salary of the U.S. president at that time (although this was still less than half the income of Carole Lombard, Hollywood's highest-paid star of the 1930s, who was earning around $500,000 per year at the time).
With film production affected by the Depression, Ford made two films each in 1932 and 1933—Air Mail (made for Universal) with a young Ralph Bellamy and Flesh (for MGM) with Wallace Beery. In 1933, he returned to Fox for Pilgrimage and Doctor Bull, the first of his three films with Will Rogers.
The World War I desert drama The Lost Patrol (1934), based on the book Patrol by Philip MacDonald, was a superior remake of the 1929 silent film Lost Patrol. It starred Victor McLaglen as The Sergeant—the role played by his brother Cyril McLaglen in the earlier version—with Boris Karloff, Wallace Ford, Alan Hale and Reginald Denny (who went on to found a company that made radio-controlled target aircraft during World War II). It was one of Ford's first big hits of the sound era—it was rated by both the National Board of Review and The New York Times as one of the Top 10 films of that year and won an Oscar nomination for its stirring Max Steiner score.[35] It was followed later that year by The World Moves On with Madeleine Carroll and Franchot Tone, and the highly successful Judge Priest, his second film with Will Rogers, which became one of the top-grossing films of the year.
Ford's first film of 1935 (made for
Ford confirmed his position in the top rank of American directors with the
The politically charged
The longer revised version of Directed by John Ford shown on Turner Classic Movies in November 2006 features directors Steven Spielberg, Clint Eastwood, and Martin Scorsese, who suggest that the string of classic films Ford directed during 1936 to 1941 was due in part to an intense six-month extramarital affair with Katharine Hepburn, the star of Mary of Scotland (1936), an Elizabethan costume drama.
1939–1941
Stagecoach (1939) was Ford's first western since 3 Bad Men in 1926, and it was his first with sound. Orson Welles claimed that he watched Stagecoach forty times in preparation for making Citizen Kane. It remains one of the most admired and imitated of all Hollywood movies, not least for its climactic stagecoach chase and the hair-raising horse-jumping scene, performed by the stuntman Yakima Canutt.
The Dudley Nichols–Ben Hecht screenplay was based on an Ernest Haycox story that Ford had spotted in Collier's magazine and he purchased the screen rights for just $2500. Production chief Walter Wanger urged Ford to hire Gary Cooper and Marlene Dietrich for the lead roles, but eventually accepted Ford's decision to cast Claire Trevor as Dallas and a virtual unknown, his friend John Wayne, as Ringo; Wanger reportedly had little further influence over the production.[36]
In making Stagecoach, Ford faced entrenched industry prejudice about the now-hackneyed genre which he had helped to make so popular. Although low-budget western features and serials were still being churned out in large numbers by "
Stagecoach is significant for several reasons—it exploded industry prejudices by becoming both a critical and commercial hit, grossing over US$1 million in its first year (against a budget of just under $400,000), and its success (along with the 1939 Westerns
John Wayne had good reason to be grateful for Ford's support; Stagecoach provided the actor with the career breakthrough that elevated him to international stardom. Over 35 years Wayne appeared in 24 of Ford's films and three television episodes. Ford is credited with playing a major role in shaping Wayne's screen image. Cast member Louise Platt, in a letter recounting the experience of the film's production, quoted Ford saying of Wayne's future in film: "He'll be the biggest star ever because he is the perfect 'everyman.'"[39]
Stagecoach marked the beginning of the most consistently successful phase of Ford's career—in just two years between 1939 and 1941 he created a string of classics films that won numerous Academy Awards. Ford's next film, the biopic
Drums Along the Mohawk (1939) was a lavish frontier drama co-starring Henry Fonda, Claudette Colbert and John Carradine; it was also Ford's first movie in color and included uncredited script contributions by William Faulkner. It was a big box-office success, grossing $1.25 million in its first year in the US and earning Edna May Oliver a Best Supporting Actress Oscar nomination for her performance.
Despite its uncompromising humanist and political stance, Ford's screen adaptation of
The Grapes of Wrath was followed by two less successful and lesser-known films. The Long Voyage Home (1940) was, like Stagecoach, made with Walter Wanger through United Artists. Adapted from four plays by Eugene O'Neill, it was scripted by Dudley Nichols and Ford, in consultation with O'Neill. Although not a significant box-office success (it grossed only $600,000 in its first year), it was critically praised and was nominated for seven Academy Awards—Best Picture, Best Screenplay, (Nichols), Best Music, Original Score (Richard Hageman), Best Photography (Gregg Toland), Best Editing (Sherman Todd), Best Effects (Ray Binger & R.T. Layton), and Best Sound (Robert Parrish). It was one of Ford's personal favorites; stills from it decorated his home and O'Neill also reportedly loved the film and screened it periodically.[43]
Tobacco Road (1941) was a rural comedy scripted by Nunnally Johnson, adapted from the long-running Jack Kirkland stage version of the novel by Erskine Caldwell. It starred veteran actor Charley Grapewin and the supporting cast included Ford regulars Ward Bond and Mae Marsh, with Francis Ford in an uncredited bit part; it is also notable for early screen appearances by future stars Gene Tierney and Dana Andrews. Although not highly regarded by some critics—Tag Gallagher devotes only one short paragraph to it in his book on Ford[44]—it was fairly successful at the box office, grossing $900,000 in its first year. The film was banned in Australia.[45]
Ford's last feature before America entered World War II was his screen adaptation of How Green Was My Valley (1941), starring Walter Pidgeon, Maureen O'Hara and Roddy McDowall in his career-making role as Huw. The script was written by Philip Dunne from the best-selling novel by Richard Llewellyn. It was originally planned as a four-hour epic to rival Gone with the Wind—the screen rights alone cost Fox $300,000—and was to have been filmed on location in Wales, but this was abandoned due to the heavy German bombing of Britain. A search of Southern California locations resulted in the set for the village being built on the grounds of the Crags Country Club (later the Fox ranch, now the core of Malibu Creek State Park).[46] Another reported factor was the nervousness of Fox executives about the pro-union tone of the story.[citation needed] William Wyler was originally engaged to direct, but he left the project when Fox decided to film it in California; Ford was hired in his place and production was postponed for several months until he became available. Producer Darryl F. Zanuck had a strong influence over the movie and made several key decisions, including the idea of having the character of Huw narrate the film in voice-over (then a novel concept), and the decision that Huw's character should not age (Tyrone Power was originally slated to play the adult Huw).[47]
How Green Was My Valley became one of the biggest films of 1941. It was nominated for ten Academy Awards including Best Supporting Actress (
War years
During
Ford was also present on
Ford eventually rose to become a top adviser to OSS head
His last wartime film was They Were Expendable (MGM, 1945), an account of America's disastrous defeat in The Philippines, told from the viewpoint of a PT boat squadron and its commander. Ford created a part for the recovering Ward Bond, who needed money. Although he was seen throughout the movie, he never walked until they put in a part where he was shot in the leg. For the rest of the picture, he was able to use a crutch on the final march. Ford repeatedly declared that he disliked the film and had never watched it, complaining that he had been forced to make it,[59] although it was strongly championed by filmmaker Lindsay Anderson.[60] Released several months after the end of the war, it was among the year's top 20 box-office draws, although Tag Gallagher notes that many critics have incorrectly claimed that it lost money.[61]
Post-war career
After the war, Ford remained an officer in the United States Navy Reserve. He returned to active service during the Korean War, and was promoted to Rear Admiral the day he left service.
Ford directed sixteen features and several documentaries in the decade between 1946 and 1956. As with his pre-war career, his films alternated between (relative) box office flops and major successes, but most of his later films made a solid profit, and Fort Apache, The Quiet Man, Mogambo and The Searchers all ranked in the Top 20 box-office hits of their respective years.[62]
Ford's first postwar movie
Argosy years
Refusing a lucrative contract offered by Zanuck at 20th Century Fox that would have guaranteed him $600,000 per year,[63] Ford launched himself as an independent director-producer and made many of his films in this period with Argosy Pictures Corporation, which was a partnership between Ford and his old friend and colleague Merian C. Cooper. Ford and Cooper had previously been involved with the distinct Argosy Corporation, which was established after the success of Stagecoach (1939); Argosy Corporation produced one film, The Long Voyage Home (1940), before the Second World War intervened.[64][65] The Fugitive (1947), again starring Fonda, was the first project of Argosy Pictures. It was a loose adaptation of Graham Greene's The Power and the Glory, which Ford had originally intended to make at Fox before the war, with Thomas Mitchell as the priest. Filmed on location in Mexico, it was photographed by distinguished Mexican cinematographer Gabriel Figueroa (who later worked with Luis Buñuel). The supporting cast included Dolores del Río, J. Carrol Naish, Ward Bond, Leo Carrillo and Mel Ferrer (making his screen début) and a cast of mainly Mexican extras. Ford reportedly considered this his best film[66] but it fared relatively poorly compared to its predecessor, grossing only $750,000 in its first year. It also caused a rift between Ford and scriptwriter Dudley Nichols that brought about the end of their highly successful collaboration.[67] Greene himself had a particular dislike of this adaptation of his work.[67]
During that year Ford also assisted his friend and colleague Howard Hawks, who was having problems with his current film Red River (which starred John Wayne) and Ford reportedly made numerous editing suggestions, including the use of a narrator.[69] Fort Apache was followed by another Western, 3 Godfathers, a remake of a 1916 silent film starring Harry Carey (to whom Ford's version was dedicated), which Ford had himself already remade in 1919 as Marked Men, also with Carey and thought lost. It starred John Wayne, Pedro Armendáriz and Harry "Dobe" Carey Jr (in one of his first major roles) as three outlaws who rescue a baby after his mother (Mildred Natwick) dies giving birth, with Ward Bond as the sheriff pursuing them.[70][71] The recurrent theme of sacrifice can also be found in The Outcasts of Poker Flat, Three Godfathers, The Wallop, Desperate Trails, Hearts of Oak, Bad Men, Men without Women.[72]
In 1949, Ford briefly returned to Fox to direct Pinky. He prepared the project but worked only one day before being taken ill, supposedly with shingles, and Elia Kazan replaced him (although Tag Gallagher suggests that Ford's illness was a pretext for leaving the film, which Ford disliked.[73]
His only completed film of that year was the second installment of his Cavalry Trilogy, She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (Argosy/RKO, 1949), starring John Wayne and Joanne Dru, with Victor McLaglen, John Agar, Ben Johnson, Mildred Natwick and Harry Carey Jr. Again filmed on location in Monument Valley, it was widely acclaimed for its stunning Technicolor cinematography (including the famous cavalry scene filmed in front of an oncoming storm); it won Winton Hoch the 1950 Academy Award for Best Color Cinematography and it did big business on its first release, grossing more than $5 million worldwide. John Wayne, then 41, also received wide praise for his role as the 60-year-old Captain Nathan Brittles.
1950s
Ford's first film of 1950 was the offbeat military comedy When Willie Comes Marching Home, starring Dan Dailey and Corinne Calvet, with William Demarest, from Preston Sturges 'stock company', and early (uncredited) screen appearances by Alan Hale Jr. and Vera Miles. It was followed by Wagon Master, starring Ben Johnson and Harry Carey Jr, which is particularly noteworthy as the only Ford film since 1930 that he scripted himself. It was subsequently adapted into the long-running TV series Wagon Train (with Ward Bond reprising the title role until his sudden death in 1960). Although it did far smaller business than most of his other films in this period, Ford cited Wagon Master as his personal favorite out of all his films, telling Peter Bogdanovich that it "came closest to what I had hoped to achieve".[74]
Republic's anxiety was erased by the resounding success of
The Sun Shines Bright (1953), Ford's first entry in the Cannes Film Festival, was a western comedy-drama with Charles Winninger reviving the Judge Priest role made famous by Will Rogers in the 1930s. Ford later referred to it as one of his favorites, but it was poorly received, and was drastically cut (from 90 mins to 65 mins) by Republic soon after its release, with some excised scenes now presumed lost. It fared poorly at the box office and its failure contributed to the subsequent collapse of Argosy Pictures.
Ford's next film was the romance-adventure Mogambo (MGM, 1953), a loose remake of the celebrated 1932 film Red Dust. Filmed on location in Africa, it was photographed by British cinematographer Freddie Young and starred Ford's old friend Clark Gable, with Ava Gardner, Grace Kelly (who replaced an ailing Gene Tierney) and Donald Sinden. Although the production was difficult (exacerbated by the irritating presence of Gardner's then husband Frank Sinatra), Mogambo became one of the biggest commercial hits of Ford's career, with the highest domestic first-year gross of any of his films ($5.2 million); it also revitalized Gable's waning career and earned Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress Oscar nominations for Gardner and Kelly (who was rumored to have had a brief affair with Gable during the making of the film).
In 1955, Ford made the lesser-known
Ford also made his first forays into television in 1955, directing two half-hour dramas for network TV. In the summer of 1955 he made Rookie of the Year (Hal Roach Studios) for the TV series Studio Directors Playhouse; scripted by Frank S. Nugent, it featured Ford regulars John and Pat Wayne, Vera Miles and Ward Bond, with Ford himself appearing in the introduction. In November he made The Bamboo Cross (Lewman Ltd-Revue, 1955) for the
Ford returned to the big screen with
The Searchers was accompanied by one of the first "making of" documentaries, a four-part promotional program created for the "Behind the Camera" segment of the weekly Warner Bros. Presents TV show, (the studio's first foray into TV) which aired on the ABC network in 1955–56. Presented by Gig Young, the four segments included interviews with Jeffrey Hunter and Natalie Wood and behind-the-scenes footage shot during the making of the film.
The Wings of Eagles (MGM, 1957) was a fictionalized biography of Ford's old friend, aviator-turned-scriptwriter Frank "Spig" Wead, who had scripted several of Ford's early sound films. It starred John Wayne and Maureen O'Hara, with Ward Bond as John Dodge (a character based on Ford himself). It was followed by one of Ford's least known films, The Growler Story, a 29-minute dramatized documentary about the USS Growler. Made for the US Navy and filmed by the Pacific Fleet Command Combat Camera Group, it featured Ward Bond and Ken Curtis alongside real Navy personnel and their families.
Ford's next two films stand somewhat apart from the rest of his films in terms of production, and he notably took no salary for either job. The Rising of the Moon (Warner Bros, 1957) was a three-part 'omnibus' movie shot on location in Ireland and based on Irish short stories. It was made by Four Province Productions, a company established by Irish tycoon Lord Killanin, who had recently become Chair of the International Olympic Committee, and to whom Ford was distantly related. Killanin was also the actual (but uncredited) producer of The Quiet Man.[citation needed] The film failed to recoup its costs, earning less than half ($100,000) its negative cost of just over $256,000 and it stirred up some controversy in Ireland.
Both of Ford's 1958 films were made for Columbia Pictures and both were significant departures from Ford's norm. Gideon's Day (titled Gideon of Scotland Yard in the US) was adapted from the novel by British writer John Creasey. It is Ford's only police genre film, and one of the few Ford films set in the present day of the 1950s. It was shot in England with a British cast headed by Jack Hawkins, whom Ford (unusually) lauded as "the finest dramatic actor with whom I have worked".[76] It was poorly promoted by Columbia, who only distributed it in B&W, although it was shot in color,[76] and it too failed to make a profit in its first year, earning only $400,000 against its budget of $453,000.
The Last Hurrah, (Columbia, 1958), again set in present-day of the 1950s, starred Spencer Tracy, who had made his first film appearance in Ford's Up The River in 1930. Tracy plays an aging politician fighting his last campaign, with Jeffrey Hunter as his nephew. Katharine Hepburn reportedly facilitated a rapprochement between the two men, ending a long-running feud, and she convinced Tracy to take the lead role, which had originally been offered to Orson Welles (but was turned down by Welles' agent without his knowledge, much to his chagrin). It did considerably better business than either of Ford's two preceding films, grossing $950,000 in its first year[77] although cast member Anna Lee stated that Ford was "disappointed with the picture" and that Columbia had not permitted him to supervise the editing.
Korea: Battleground for Liberty (1959), Ford's second documentary on the
It was followed by his last feature of the decade, The Horse Soldiers (Mirisch Company-United Artists, 1959), a heavily fictionalised Civil War story starring John Wayne, William Holden and Constance Towers. Although Ford professed unhappiness with the project, it was a commercial success, opening at #1 and ranking in the year's Top 20 box-office hits, grossing $3.6 million in its first year, and earning Ford his highest-ever fee—$375,000, plus 10% of the gross.[77] The production was reportedly a difficult one for director and cast, and it incurred significant cost overruns, exacerbated by the unprecedented salaries awarded to Holden and Wayne ($750,000, plus 20% of the overall profit, each). Mirroring the on-screen tensions between Wayne and Holden's characters, the two actors argued constantly; Wayne was also struggling to help his wife Pilar overcome a barbiturate addiction, which climaxed with her attempted suicide while the couple were on location together in Louisiana. Ford's problems peaked with the tragic death of stuntman Fred Kennedy, who suffered a fatal neck fracture while executing a horse fall during the climactic battle sequence. Ford was devastated by the accident and lost interest in the film, moving the production back to Hollywood. He also scrapped the planned ending, depicting the Marlowe's triumphant entry into Baton Rouge, instead concluding the film with Marlowe's farewell to Hannah Hunter and the crossing and demolition of the bridge.
Last years, 1960–1973
In his last years Ford was dogged by declining health, largely the result of decades of heavy drinking and smoking, and exacerbated by the wounds he suffered during the Battle of Midway. His vision, in particular, began to deteriorate rapidly and at one point he briefly lost his sight entirely; his prodigious memory also began to falter, making it necessary to rely more and more on assistants. His work was also restricted by the new regime in Hollywood, and he found it hard to get many projects made. By the 1960s he had been pigeonholed as a Western director and complained that he now found it almost impossible to get backing for projects in other genres.
Sergeant Rutledge (Ford Productions-Warner Bros, 1960) was Ford's last cavalry film. Set in the 1880s, it tells the story of an African-American cavalryman (played by Woody Strode) who is wrongfully accused of raping and murdering a white girl. It was erroneously marketed as a suspense film by Warners and was not a commercial success. During 1960, Ford made his third TV production, The Colter Craven Story, a one-hour episode of the network TV show Wagon Train, which included footage from Ford's Wagon Master (on which the series was based). He also visited the set of The Alamo, produced, directed by, and starring John Wayne, where his interference caused Wayne to send him out to film second-unit scenes which were never used (nor intended to be used) in the film.[78]
Two Rode Together (Ford Productions-Columbia, 1961) co-starred James Stewart and Richard Widmark, with Shirley Jones and Stock Company regulars Andy Devine, Henry Brandon, Harry Carey Jr, Anna Lee, Woody Strode, Mae Marsh and Frank Baker, with an early screen appearance by Linda Cristal, who went on to star in the Western TV series The High Chaparral. It was a fair commercial success, grossing $1.6m in its first year.
After completing Liberty Valance, Ford was hired to direct the Civil War section of MGM's epic How The West Was Won, the first non-documentary film to use the Cinerama wide-screen process. Ford's segment featured George Peppard, with Andy Devine, Russ Tamblyn, Harry Morgan as Ulysses S. Grant, and John Wayne as William Tecumseh Sherman. Wayne had already played Sherman in a 1960 episode of the television series Wagon Train that Ford directed in support of series star Ward Bond, "The Coulter Craven Story", for which he brought in most of his stock company. Also in 1962, Ford directed his fourth and last TV production, Flashing Spikes a baseball story made for the Alcoa Premiere series and starring James Stewart, Jack Warden, Patrick Wayne and Tige Andrews, with Harry Carey Jr. and a lengthy surprise appearance by John Wayne, billed in the credits as "Michael Morris", as he also had been for the Wagon Train episode directed by Ford.
Donovan's Reef (Paramount, 1963) was Ford's last film with John Wayne. Filmed on location on the Hawaiian island of Kauai (doubling for a fictional island in French Polynesia), it was a morality play disguised as an action-comedy, which subtly but sharply engaged with issues of racial bigotry, corporate connivance, greed and American beliefs of societal superiority. The supporting cast included Lee Marvin, Elizabeth Allen, Jack Warden, Dorothy Lamour, and Cesar Romero. It was also Ford's last commercial success, grossing $3.3 million against a budget of $2.6 million.
In 1965 Ford began work on Young Cassidy (MGM), a biographical drama based upon the life of Irish playwright Seán O'Casey, but he fell ill early in the production and was replaced by Jack Cardiff.
Ford's last completed feature film was 7 Women (MGM, 1966), a drama set in about 1935, about missionary women in China trying to protect themselves from the advances of a barbaric Mongolian warlord. Anne Bancroft took over the lead role from Patricia Neal, who suffered a near-fatal stroke two days into shooting. The supporting cast included Margaret Leighton, Flora Robson, Sue Lyon, Mildred Dunnock, Anna Lee, Eddie Albert, Mike Mazurki and Woody Strode, with music by Elmer Bernstein. Unfortunately, it was a commercial flop, grossing only about half of its $2.3 million budget. Unusual for Ford, it was shot in continuity for the sake of the performances and he, therefore, exposed about four times as much film as he usually shot. Anna Lee recalled that Ford was "absolutely charming" to everyone and that the only major blow-up came when Flora Robson complained that the sign on her dressing room door did not include her title ("Dame") and as a result, Robson was "absolutely shredded" by Ford in front of the cast and crew.
Ford's next project, The Miracle of Merriford, was scrapped by MGM less than a week before shooting was to have begun. His last completed work was Chesty: A Tribute to a Legend, a documentary on the most decorated U.S. Marine, General Lewis B. Puller, with narration by John Wayne, which was made in 1970 but not released until 1976, three years after Ford's death.
Ford's health deteriorated rapidly in the early 1970s; he suffered a broken hip in 1970 which put him in a wheelchair. He had to move from his Bel Air home to a single-level house in Palm Desert, California, near Eisenhower Medical Center, where he was being treated for stomach cancer. The Screen Directors Guild staged a tribute to Ford in October 1972, and in March 1973 the American Film Institute honored him with its first Lifetime Achievement Award at a ceremony which was telecast nationwide, with President Richard Nixon promoting Ford to full Admiral and presenting him with the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
According to Ford's longtime partner and friend, John Wayne, Ford could have continued to direct movies. He told Roger Ebert in 1976:
Up until the very last years of his life ... Pappy could have directed another picture, and a damned good one. But they said Pappy was too old. Hell, he was never too old. In Hollywood these days, they don't stand behind a fella. They'd rather make a goddamned legend out of him and be done with him.[79]
Ford died on August 31, 1973, at Palm Desert[9] and his funeral was held on September 5 at Hollywood's Church of the Blessed Sacrament. He was interred in Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California.[80]
Personality and directing style
Personality
Ford was renowned for his distinct and forceful personality, and his many idiosyncrasies and eccentricities. From the early Thirties onwards, he always wore dark glasses and a patch over his left eye, which was only partly to protect his poor eyesight. He was an inveterate pipe-smoker and while he was shooting he would chew on a linen handkerchief—each morning his wife would give him a dozen fresh handkerchiefs, but by the end of a day's filming the corners of all of them would be chewed to shreds. He always had music played on the set and would routinely break for tea (Earl Grey) at mid-afternoon every day during filming. He discouraged chatter and disliked bad language on set; its use, especially in front of a woman, would typically result in the offender being thrown off the production. He rarely drank during the making of a film, but when a production wrapped he would often lock himself in his study, wrapped only in a sheet, and go on a solitary drinking binge for several days, followed by routine contrition and a vow never to drink again. He was extremely sensitive to criticism and was always particularly angered by any comparison between his work and that of his elder brother Francis. He rarely attended premieres or award ceremonies, although his Oscars and other awards were proudly displayed on the mantel in his home.
There were occasional rumors about his sexual preferences,[81] and in her 2004 autobiography 'Tis Herself, Maureen O'Hara recalled seeing Ford kissing a famous male actor (whom she did not name) in his office at Columbia Studios.[82]
He was untidy, and his study was always littered with books, papers, and clothes. He bought a brand new Rolls-Royce in the 1930s, but never rode in it because his wife, Mary, would not let him smoke in it. His own car, a battered Ford roadster, was so dilapidated and messy that he was once late for a studio meeting because the guard at the studio gate did not believe that the real John Ford would drive such a car, and refused to let him in.
Ford held antipathy towards studio executives. On one early film for Fox he is said to have ordered a guard to keep studio boss Darryl F. Zanuck off the set, and on another occasion, he brought an executive in front of the crew, stood him in profile and announced, "This is an associate producer—take a good look, because you won't be seeing him on this picture again". While shooting Rio Grande in 1950, producer Herbert Yates and Republic executive Rudy Ralston visited the location and when Yates pointed out the time (it was 10am) and asked when Ford intended to start shooting, Ford barked: "Just as soon as you get the hell off my set!" At dinner, Ford reportedly recruited cast member Alberto Morin to masquerade as an inept French waiter, who proceeded to spill soup over them, break plates and cause general mayhem, but the two executives apparently didn't realise they were the victims of one of Ford's practical jokes.
He greatly enjoyed spending time on his yacht,
Ford was highly intelligent, erudite, sensitive and sentimental, but to protect himself in the cutthroat atmosphere of Hollywood he cultivated the image of a "tough, two-fisted, hard-drinking Irish sonofabitch".[81] One famous event, witnessed by Ford's friend, actor Frank Baker, strikingly illustrates the tension between the public persona and the private man. During the Depression, Ford—by then a very wealthy man—was accosted outside his office by a former Universal actor who was destitute and needed $200 for an operation for his wife. As the man related his misfortunes, Ford appeared to become enraged and then, to the horror of onlookers, he launched himself at the man, knocked him to the floor and shouted "How dare you come here like this? Who do think you are to talk to me this way?" before storming out of the room. However, as the shaken old man left the building, Frank Baker saw Ford's business manager Fred Totman meet him at the door, where he handed the man a cheque for $1,000 and instructed Ford's chauffeur to drive him home. There, an ambulance was waiting to take the man's wife to the hospital where a specialist, flown in from San Francisco at Ford's expense, performed the operation. Sometime later, Ford purchased a house for the couple and pensioned them for life. When Baker related the story to Francis Ford, he declared that the incident illustrated his brother's personality very well:
Any moment, if that old actor had kept talking, people would have realized what a softy Jack is. He couldn't have stood through that sad story without breaking down. He's built this whole legend of toughness around himself to protect his softness.[83]
In the book Wayne and Ford, The Films, the Friendship, and the Forging of an American Hero by Nancy Schoenberger, the author dissects the cultural impact of the masculinity portrayed in Ford's films. In an interview with Portland Magazine, Schoenberger states, "Regarding Ford and Wayne "tweaking the conventions of what a 'man' is today," I think Ford, having grown up with brothers he idolized, in a rough-and-tumble world of boxers, drinkers, and roustabouts, found his deepest theme in male camaraderie, especially in the military, one of the few places where men can express their love for other men. But he was concerned with men acting heroically, thus the most macho guy was not always the most heroic. McLaglen often presented the comic side of blustery masculinity. Ford brought out Wayne's tenderness as well as his toughness, especially in Stagecoach."[84]
General style
Ford had many distinctive stylistic trademarks and a suite of thematic preoccupations and visual and aural motifs recurs throughout his work as a director. Film journalist Ephraim Katz summarized some of the keynote features of Ford's work in his Collins Film Encyclopedia entry:
Of all American directors, Ford probably had the clearest personal vision and the most consistent visual style. His ideas and his characters are, like many things branded "American", deceptively simple. His heroes ... may appear simply to be loners, outsiders to established society, who generally speak through action rather than words. But their conflict with society embodies larger themes in the American experience.
Ford's films, particularly the Westerns, express a deep aesthetic sensibility for the American past and the spirit of the frontier ... his compositions have a classic strength in which masses of people and their natural surroundings are beautifully juxtaposed, often in breathtaking long shots. The movement of men and horses in his Westerns has rarely been surpassed for regal serenity and evocative power. The musical score, often variations on folk themes, plays a more important part than dialogue in many Ford films.
Ford also championed the value and force of the group, as evidenced in his many military dramas ... [he] expressed a similar sentiment for camaraderie through his repeated use of certain actors in the lead and supporting roles ... he also felt an allegiance to places ...[85]
In contrast to his contemporary
He was relatively sparing in his use of camera movements and close-ups, preferring static medium or long shots, with his players framed against dramatic vistas or interiors lit in an Expressionistic style, although he often used panning shots and sometimes used a dramatic dolly in (e.g. John Wayne's first appearance in Stagecoach). Ford is famous for his exciting tracking shots, such as the Apache chase sequence in Stagecoach or the attack on the Comanche camp in The Searchers.
Recurring visual motifs include trains and wagons—many Ford films begin and end with a linking vehicle such as a train or wagon arriving and leaving—doorways, roads, flowers, rivers, gatherings (parades, dances, meetings, bar scenes, etc.); he also employed gestural motifs in many films, notably the throwing of objects and the lighting of lamps, matches or cigarettes.[88] If a doomed character was shown playing poker (such as Liberty Valance or gunman Tom Tyler in Stagecoach), the last hand he plays is the "death hand"—two eights and two aces, one of them the ace of spades—so-called because Wild Bill Hickok is said to have held this hand when he was murdered. Many of his sound films include renditions or quotations of his favorite hymn, "Shall We Gather at the River?", such as its parodic use to underscore the opening scenes of Stagecoach, when the prostitute Dallas is being run out of town by local matrons. Character names also recur in many Ford films—the name Quincannon, for example, is used in several films including The Lost Patrol, Rio Grande, She Wore A Yellow Ribbon and Fort Apache, John Wayne's character is named "Kirby Yorke" in both Fort Apache and Rio Grande, and the names Tyree and Boone are also recur in several Ford films.
Recent works about Ford's depictions of Native Americans have argued that contrary to popular belief, his Indian characters spanned a range of hostile to sympathetic images from
Ford was legendary for his discipline and efficiency on-set
Ford usually gave his actors little explicit direction, although on occasion he would casually walk through a scene himself, and actors were expected to note every subtle action or mannerism; if they did not, Ford would make them repeat the scene until they got it right, and he would often berate and belittle those who failed to achieve his desired performance. On The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance, Ford ran through a scene with Edmond O'Brien and ended by drooping his hand over a railing. O'Brien noticed this but deliberately ignored it, placing his hand on the railing instead; Ford would not explicitly correct him and he reportedly made O'Brien play the scene forty-two times before the actor relented and did it Ford's way.
Despite his often difficult and demanding personality, many actors who worked with Ford acknowledged that he brought out the best in them. John Wayne remarked that "Nobody could handle actors and crew like Jack."
Ford's favorite location for his Western films was southern
Ford typically shot only the footage he needed and often filmed in sequence, minimizing the job of his film editors.[98] In the opinion of Joseph McBride,[49] Ford's technique of cutting in the camera enabled him to retain creative control in a period where directors often had little say on the final editing of their films. Ford noted:
I don't give 'em a lot of film to play with. In fact, Eastman used to complain that I exposed so little film. I do cut in the camera. Otherwise, if you give them a lot of film 'the committee' takes over. They start juggling scenes around and taking out this and putting in that. They can't do it with my pictures. I cut in the camera and that's it. There's not a lot of film left on the floor when I'm finished.[99]
Awards and honors
Ford won a total of four
Ford directed 10 different actors in Oscar-nominated performances: Victor McLaglen, Thomas Mitchell, Edna May Oliver, Jane Darwell, Henry Fonda, Donald Crisp, Sara Allgood, Ava Gardner, Grace Kelly and Jack Lemmon. McLaglen, Mitchell, Darwell, Crisp and Lemmon won an Oscar for one of their roles in one of Ford's movies.
In 1998, a statue of Ford was unveiled in Portland, Maine, across the street from where his father once owned a pub. Sculpted by artist George Kelly, the statue is surrounded by a memorial containing facts about Ford's life and his films.[100]
A television special featuring Ford, John Wayne, James Stewart, and Henry Fonda was broadcast over the
In 2007,
In 2019 Jean-Christophe Klotz released the documentary film John Ford, l'homme qui inventa l'Amérique ("the man who invented America"), about his influence in the legend of the American West in films like Stagecoach (1939), The Grapes of Wrath (1940), The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962) and Cheyenne Autumn (1964).[102]
Preservation
The Academy Film Archive has preserved a number of John Ford's films, including How Green Was My Valley, The Battle of Midway, Drums Along the Mohawk, Sex Hygiene, Torpedo Squadron 8, and Four Sons.[103]
Academy Awards
Year | Awards | Film | Winner |
---|---|---|---|
1932 | Best Picture | Arrowsmith | Irving G. Thalberg – Grand Hotel |
1935 | The Informer | Irving G. Thalberg – Mutiny on the Bounty | |
Best Director | Won | ||
1939 | Stagecoach | Victor Fleming – Gone with the Wind | |
1940 | Best Picture | The Long Voyage Home | David O. Selznick – Rebecca |
Best Director | The Grapes of Wrath | Won | |
1941 | Best Picture | How Green Was My Valley | Won |
Best Director | Won | ||
1942 | Best Documentary
|
The Battle of Midway
|
Won |
1943 | Best Documentary, Short Subjects
|
December 7: The Movie | Won |
1952 | Best Picture | The Quiet Man | Cecil B. DeMille – The Greatest Show on Earth |
Best Director | Won |
Directed Academy Award Performances
Year | Performer | Film | Winner | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Academy Award for Best Actor | |||||||
1935 | Victor McLaglen | The Informer | Won | ||||
1940 | Henry Fonda | The Grapes of Wrath | Nominated | ||||
Academy Award for Best Actress | |||||||
1953 | Ava Gardner | Mogambo | Nominated | ||||
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor | |||||||
1937 | Thomas Mitchell | The Hurricane | Nominated | ||||
1939 | Stagecoach | Won | |||||
1941 | Donald Crisp | How Green Was My Valley | Won | ||||
1952 | Victor McLaglen | The Quiet Man | Nominated | ||||
1955 | Jack Lemmon | Mister Roberts | Won | ||||
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress | |||||||
1939 | Edna Mae Oliver | Drums Along the Mohawk | Nominated | ||||
1940 | Jane Darwell | The Grapes of Wrath | Won | ||||
1941 | Sara Allgood | How Green Was My Valley | Nominated | ||||
1953 | Grace Kelly | Mogambo | Nominated |
Politics
Early in life, Ford's politics were conventionally progressive; his favorite presidents were Democrats Franklin D. Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy and Republican Abraham Lincoln.[104] But despite these leanings, many thought[105][106] he was a Republican because of his long association with actors John Wayne, James Stewart, Maureen O'Hara, and Ward Bond.
Ford's attitude to McCarthyism in Hollywood is expressed by a story told by Joseph L. Mankiewicz. A faction of the Directors Guild of America, led by Cecil B. DeMille, had tried to make it mandatory for every member to sign a loyalty oath. A whispering campaign was being conducted against Mankiewicz, then President of the Guild, alleging he had Communist sympathies. At a crucial meeting of the Guild, DeMille's faction spoke for four hours until Ford spoke against DeMille and proposed a vote of confidence in Mankiewicz, which was passed. His words were recorded by a stenographer:
My name's John Ford. I make Westerns. I don't think there's anyone in this room who knows more about what the American public wants than Cecil B. DeMille—and he certainly knows how to give it to them ... [looking at DeMille] But I don't like you, C. B. I don't like what you stand for and I don't like what you've been saying here tonight.[107]
Mankiewicz's version of events was contested in 2016, with the discovery of the court transcript, which was released as part of the Mankiewicz archives. Mankiewicz's account gives sole credit to Ford in sinking DeMille. The account has several embellishments. DeMille's move to fire Mankiewicz had caused a storm of protest. DeMille was basically on the receiving end of a torrent of attacks from many speakers throughout the meeting and at one point looked like being solely thrown off the guild board.
At this point, Ford rose to speak. His opening was that he rose in defense of the board. He claimed a personal role in a vote of confidence for Joseph Mankiewicz. He then called for an end to politics in the Guild and for it to refocus on working conditions. Ford told the meeting that the guild was formed to "protect ourselves against producers." Ford argued against "putting out derogatory information about a director, whether he is a Communist, beats his mother-in-law, or beats dogs." Ford wanted the debate and the meeting to end as his focus was the unity of the guild. He said that Mankiewicz had been vilified and deserved an apology. His final section was to support DeMille against further calls for his resignation. Ford's words about DeMille were, "And I think that some of the accusations made here tonight were pretty UnAmerican. I mean a group of men have picked on probably the dean of our profession. I don't agree with C. B. DeMille. I admire him. I don't like him, but I admire him. Everything he said tonight he had a right to say. I don't like to hear accusations against him." He concluded by "pleading" with the membership to retain DeMille.
Ford feared that DeMille's exit might have caused the body to disintegrate. His second move was to have the entire board resign, which saved face for DeMille and allowed the issue to be settled without forced resignations. The next day, Ford wrote a letter supporting DeMille and then telephoned, where Ford described DeMille as "a magnificent figure" so far above that "goddamn pack of rats."
At a heated and arduous meeting, Ford went to the defense of a colleague under sustained attack from his peers. He saw the dangers of expelling DeMille. Ford stared down the entire meeting to ensure that DeMille remained in the guild. He then later offered his own resignation—as part of the entire board—to ensure that the guild did not break and allowed DeMille to go without losing face.[108]
As time went on, however, Ford became more publicly allied with the Republican Party, declaring himself a "Maine Republican" in 1947. He said he voted for Barry Goldwater in the 1964 United States presidential election and supported Richard Nixon in 1968 and became a supporter of the Vietnam War. In 1973, he was awarded the Medal of Freedom by President Nixon, whose campaign he had publicly supported.[109]
In 1952, Ford hoped for a
In 1966, he supported Ronald Reagan in his governor's race and again for his reelection in 1970.[112]
Ford scholar Tag Gallagher asserts that Ford was "essentially apolitical", although he also notes that the director became an ardent supporter of the Irish Republican Army after his first visit to Ireland in the 1920s and that he channelled funds to the IRA for the rest of his career.[113]: 29, 339
Influence
Ford is widely considered to be among the most influential of Hollywood's filmmakers. He was listed as the sixth most influential director of all time by Flickside.[114] Below are some of the people who were directly influenced by Ford, or greatly admired his work:
- Ingmar Bergman[5] – Said of Ford, "the best director in the world".
- Bahram Beyzai wrote a laudatory critical review of Ford's more famous films in 1961, which is anthologized in Massoud Farasati's 2014 collection of writings by and about Ford in Persian[115]
- Peter Bogdanovich – Directed by John Ford (1971)[5]
- Frank Capra[5] – Referred to Ford as the "king of directors"
- Michael Cimino[116]
- Federico Fellini[7]
- The Searchers to "Ulysses being reunited with Telemachus"
- Howard Hawks[7]
- Alfred Hitchcock[7] – "A John Ford film was a visual gratification"
- Elia Kazan[118]
- 3 Godfathers for his animated film Tokyo Godfathers, a riff on Ford's western, set in contemporary Tokyo.
- Stanley Kubrick[119]
- Akira Kurosawa[120] – "I have respected John Ford from the beginning. Needless to say, I pay close attention to his productions, and I think I am influenced by them."
- The Searchers for his film Lawrence of Arabia[citation needed]
- Sergio Leone
- George Lucas
- Sam Peckinpah
- Satyajit Ray[121] – "A hallmark is never easy to describe, but the nearest description of Ford's would be a combination of strength and simplicity. The nearest equivalent I can think of is a musical one: middle-period Beethoven."
- Jean Renoir[5] – After seeing The Informer, he reportedly told George Seaton: "I learned so much today ... I learned how to not move my camera."
- Martin Scorsese[7]
- Steven Spielberg[5] – Once encountered Ford on a studio lot in the 1960s, an event he dramatized in the 2022 film The Fabelmans, with David Lynch as Ford and Gabriel LaBelle as Sammy Fabelman, a character loosely based on Spielberg who meets Ford during the final scene.
- Jean-Marie Straub praised Ford as "the most Brechtianof all filmmakers"
- Bertrand Tavernier
- Andrei Tarkovsky – Cited Ford as one of his favorite film directors in an interview with critic Kazuo Yamada.[122]
- François Truffaut[7]
- John Wayne[123]
- Orson Welles[5] – When asked to name the directors who most appealed to him, he replied: "I like the old masters, by which I mean John Ford, John Ford and John Ford."
- Wim Wenders[7]
- Pedro Costa – "It makes me dream and it makes me come back. I felt so right when I saw a film by John Ford and I was in front of those people. It was a dream thing. It was a real thing."
John Ford Ireland
In December 2011 the
Symposium
The first John Ford Ireland Symposium was held in Dublin, Ireland from June 7 to 10, 2012. The Symposium, designed to draw inspiration from and celebrate Ford's ongoing influence on contemporary cinema, featured a diverse program of events, including a series of screenings, masterclasses, panel discussions, public interviews, and an outdoor screening of
Guests who attended included Dan Ford, grandson of John Ford; composer Christopher Caliendo conducted the acclaimed RTÉ Concert Orchestra performing his score to Ford's The Iron Horse, opening the four-day event; author and biographer Joseph McBride gave the Symposium's opening lecture; directors Peter Bogdanovich, Stephen Frears, John Boorman, Jim Sheridan, Brian Kirk, Thaddeus O'Sullivan and Sé Merry Doyle participated in a number of events; Irish writers Patrick McCabe, Colin Bateman, Ian Power and Eoghan Harris examined Ford's work from a screenwriters perspective; Joel Cox delivered an editing masterclass; and composers and musicians, among whom David Holmes and Kyle Eastwood, discussed music for film.
The John Ford Ireland Film Symposium was held again in Dublin in Summer 2013.
John Ford Award
Clint Eastwood received the inaugural John Ford Award in December 2011. It was presented to Mr. Eastwood, at a reception in Burbank, California, by Michael Collins, Irish Ambassador to the United States, Dan Ford, grandson of John Ford, and Áine Moriarty, Chief Executive of the Irish Film & Television Academy (IFTA).
Accepting the Award, Mr Eastwood said: "Any kind of association with John Ford is most directors' dream, as he was certainly a pioneer of American filmmaking and I grew up on his films. His Westerns had a great influence on me, as I think they had on everybody. When I worked with Sergio Leone years ago in Italy, his favorite Director was John Ford and he spoke very openly about that influence. I want to thank everybody who is here from the Irish Academy, the John Ford family and thank you to John Ford Ireland."
Filmography
Awards (military and civil)
Ford was awarded the
1st Row | Legion of Merit with Combat "V" | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2nd Row | Purple Heart | Meritorious Service Medal | Air Medal | Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal with Combat "V" | ||||||||||||
3rd Row | Navy Combat Action Ribbon | Presidential Medal of Freedom | China Service Medal | American Defense Service Medal | ||||||||||||
4th Row | American Campaign Medal | European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal
|
Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal | World War II Victory Medal
| ||||||||||||
5th Row | Navy Occupation Service Medal | National Defense Service Medal | Korean Service Medal | Naval Reserve Medal | ||||||||||||
6th Row | Order of National Security Merit Samil Medal | United Nations Korea Medal
|
Distinguished Pistol Shot Ribbon (1952–1959)
|
Order of Leopold (Belgium) |
See also
- List of film collaborations
References
- ^ "Funeral for John Ford Set on Coast Wednesday". The New York Times. September 2, 1973.
- ^ Gallagher, Tag John Ford: The Man and his Films (University of California Press, 1984), 'Preface'
- ^ "AUTEUR SPOTLIGHT | John Ford". October 5, 2023. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
- ^ a b "Classic Ford. A John Ford Retrospective, Part I". Harvard Film Archive. February 6, 2010. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8061-2916-7.
- ^ Silverman, Charles (September 10, 2013). "Akira Kurosawa's Yojimbo". Inside/Out. Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved April 1, 2022.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-57806-398-7.
- ^ 1900 Census report Feb 1894 birthdate provided
- ^ New York Times)
- ^ Probably better then known by its Gaelic name, An Spidéal.
- ^ Andrews, Nigel (February 13, 1982). "How to Spend It: Video Review – Return of the Hollywood greats". Financial Times.
What famous film featured three directional greats of Hollywood, Erich von Stroheim, John Ford and Raoul Walsh among its supporting cast; spent an uncomfortable amount of time venerating the Ku Klux Klan; and did more than any other single work in movie history to found the visual vocabulary of modern cinema? If your lips are shaping The Birth of a Nation, you are right.
- ^ Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (December 23, 2012). "Tarantino 'Unchained,' Part 1: 'Django' Trilogy?". The Root. p. 5. Archived from the original on December 27, 2012. Retrieved September 10, 2018.
- ^ "The religion of John Ford, director". Archived from the original on December 30, 2005.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Filmmakers of Faith: John Ford". November 4, 2008.
- ^ "The Searcher" in America Magazine:Ford once told Peter Bogdanovich that while he was Catholic, he wasn't "very Catholic," meaning he wasn't a regular churchgoer.
- ^ Gallagher, Tag John Ford: The Man and his Films (University of California Press 1984) p. 380
- ^ Gallagher, 1986, p. 6
- ^ Ephraim Katz, The Film Encyclopedia, Fifth Edition (Harper-Collins, New York, 2005), p. 490
- ^ Gallagher, 1986, p. 13
- ^ Gallagher, 1986, p. 15
- ^ Gallagher, 1986, pp. 502–546
- ^ "New Zealand vault contains silent film cache". CBC News. June 8, 2010. Archived from the original on June 11, 2010. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
- ^ "Upstream repremiere". YouTube. Archived from the original on September 9, 2013. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
- ISBN 0-06-074214-3)
- ^ Gallagher, 1986, p. 17
- ^ Gallagher, 1986, p. 19
- ^ "Progressive Silent Film List: Bucking Broadway". Silent Era. Retrieved February 22, 2008.
- ^ a b Gallagher, 1986, p. 31
- ^ Koszarski, 1976 p. 198
- ^ "Edward Jones, Pardner Jones or King Fisher". Texasescapes.com. December 12, 2004. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
- ^ Gallagher, 1986, pp. 49–61
- ^ "Progtessive Silent Film List: Napoleon's Barber". Silent Era. March 23, 2008.
- ^ Gallagher, 1986, p. 519
- ^ Gallagher, 1986, pp. 498–99
- ^ Gallagher, 1986, p. 97
- ^ Gallagher, 1986, p. 146
- ^ Gallagher, 1986, p. 145
- The Searchers (1956), Sergeant Rutledge (1960), and Cheyenne Autumn(1964).
- ^ "Movie Stagecoach". Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
- ^ Gallagher, 1986, p. 162
- ^ Quoted in Joseph McBride, "The Searchers", Sight & Sound, Spring 1972, p. 212
- ^ a b c d Gallagher, 1986, p. 499
- ^ Gallagher, 1986, p. 182
- ^ Gallagher, 1986, p. 183
- ^ Through Smith's Private Projector Smith's Weekly. November 1, 1941.
- ^ "history".
- ^ Gallagher, 1986, pp. 184–185
- ^ Gallagher, 1986, p. 184
- ^ a b c McBride, Joseph, Searching For John Ford: A Life, see below
- ^ a b c d John Ford, 78, Film Director Who Won 4 Oscars, ls Dead The New York Times via Internet Archive. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
- Naval Historical Center. Archived from the originalon September 5, 2006.
- Naval Historical Center. Archived from the originalon February 17, 2001.
- ^ Martin, Pete. "We Shot D-Day on Omaha Beach (An Interview With John Ford)" The American Legion Magazine, June 1964. retrieved from thefilmjournal.com, February 14, 2007
- ISBN 0-671-67334-3
- ^ Greene, Steve (September 9, 2014). "The First D-Day Documentary". Archived from the original on January 7, 2022. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
- Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
- ^ ""Spy Tales: a TV Chef, Oscar Winner, JFK Adviser", Brett J. Blackledge and Randy Herschaft, The Associated Press". Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved February 27, 2012.[dead link]
- ^ Camp guards arrested and piles of tortured dead bodies moved for burial at Bergen Belsen concentration camp in Germany. criticalpast.com. April 1945. Event occurs at 5:43.
- ^ Anderson, 2004, pp. 446–47
- ^ Anderson, 1981 [1999], pp. 101–8
- ^ Gallagher, 1986, p. 225
- ^ Gallagher, 1986, pp. 499–500
- ^ Gallagher, 1986, p. 454
- ^ "John Ford: Biography and Independent Profile". Cobbles.com. August 14, 1939. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
- ^ "Register of The Argosy Pictures Corporation Archives, 1938–1958". Brigham Young University. This webpage has an extended, unsigned introduction to the Argosy Pictures Corporation, as well as a catalog of the archives held by Brigham Young University.
- ^ CinemaForever.com – The Fugitive – review by James Travers Archived July 29, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ OCLC 10100654.
Only the director himself defended it.
- ^ Gallagher, 1986, p. 247
- ^ Gallagher, 1986, p. 531
- OCLC 635671503.
- OCLC 21977225.
- OCLC 1050365216.
- ^ Gallagher, 1986, p. 346)
- ^ Bogdanovich, 1978, p. 88
- ^ "AFI's website listing Top 100 films". Connect.afi.com. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
- ^ a b Gallagher, 1986, p. 359
- ^ a b Gallagher, 1986, p. 500
- ISBN 0-8065-1625-9
- ^ Ebert, Roger. "Remembering John Wayne | Interviews | Roger Ebert". www.rogerebert.com. Retrieved February 12, 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-4766-2599-7.
- ^ a b Gallagher, 1986, p. 381
- ISBN 978-0-7432-6916-2.
- ^ Gallagher, 1986, pp. 40–41
- ^ Portland Magazine, February/March 2018
- ISBN 0-06-074214-3), p. 490
- ^ Gallagher, 1986, p. 464
- ^ A Touch Of The Memoirs Donald Sinden. Hodder & Stoughton 1982. pp. 187–188
- ^ "Shigehiko Hasumi, John Ford, or The Eloquence of Gesture". Rouge.com.au. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
- ^ Angela Aleiss, "A Race Divided: The Indian Westerns of John Ford," American Indian Culture & Research Journal, 18 (2), Summer 1995, 25–34.
- ^ Gallagher, 1986, op.cit., p. 38
- ^ Gallagher, 1986, p. 38
- ^ A Touch Of The Memoirs Donald Sinden. Hodder & Stoughton 1982. p. 174
- ^ A Touch Of The Memoirs Donald Sinden. Hodder & Stoughton 1982. p. 185
- ^ Eyman, Scott, Print The Legend: The Life and Times of John Ford, see below
- ^ Carey, Harry Jr. Company of Heroes: My Life as an Actor in the John Ford Stock Company
- ^ Peter Cowie, see below
- ^ Welles' narration for the film Directed by John Ford
- ^ BBC Radio 4 programme 10:30am September 29, 2007
- OCLC 749433. Reprint of an article from Action (August 1968), as cited by Tag Gallagher in John Ford: The Man and His Films (see below).
- ^ Pinette, Emily. "John Ford Statue". Public Art Portland. Accessed September 27, 2023.
- ^ Corliss, Richard, "Top 10 DVDs", Time magazine, retrieved from time.com, February 14, 2008
- ^ "John Ford, the man who invented America". Pula Film Festival. July 16, 2019. Archived from the original on August 15, 2019. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
- ^ "Preserved Projects". Academy Film Archive.
- ^ Peter Bogdanovich, John Ford, See below, pp 18–19.
- ^ "Interview with Sam Pollard about Ford and Wayne from". pbs.org. May 10, 2006. Archived from the original on December 2, 2011. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
- ^ Ebert, Roger (March 31, 2002). "The Grapes of Wrath". Rogerebert.suntimes.com. Archived from the original on May 25, 2007. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
- ISBN 0-8021-3878-0. Retrieved August 15, 2008.
- ^ Kevin Brianton, Hollywood Divided: The 1950 Screen Directors Guild and the Impact of the blacklist, Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2016 [1]
- ^ McBride, Joseph. "The Convoluted Politics of John Ford". Los Angeles Times, June 3, 2001
- ISBN 978-1-107-65028-2.
- ISBN 978-1-107-65028-2.
- ISBN 978-1-107-65028-2.
- ISBN 0-520-05097-5.
- ^ Kumar, Arun (December 3, 2021). "The 25 Most Influential Directors of All Time". Flickside. Flickside Magazine. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
- ^ فراستی، مسعود. اسطورهٔ سینما: جان فورد و سینمایش. تهران: 2014.
- ^ ""I Never Knew How to Make a Film": Michael Cimino in 2005". July 5, 2016.
- ^ Byron, Stuart (March 1979). "The Searchers': Cult Movie of the New Hollywood". New York Magazine: 48.
- ISBN 978-1-57806-224-9.
- ^ "6 Filmmaking Tips From John Ford". August 1, 2012.
- ISBN 978-1-57806-997-2.
- ISBN 978-0-7868-6122-4.
- ^ "Promising Russia Movie Director is Kurosawa's Biggest Fan".
- ^ Bowser, Ken (May 10, 2006). "John Ford/John Wayne: The Filmmaker and the Legend. Pappy and the Duke". PBS. Retrieved April 13, 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Ford, John, RADM; USN Retired navy.togetherweserved.com. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
- ^ The Hall of Valor Project; John Ford Military Times. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
- ^ Director John Ford Receives the Presidential Medal of Freedom American Film Institute via YouTube. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
- ^ Remarks on Presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom to John Ford. The American Presidency Project, University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-60893-632-8 (e-book).
Further reading
- Brianton, Kevin, Hollywood Divided: The 1950 Screen Directors Guild and the Impact of the Blacklist, Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2016.
- Evans, Alun, Brassey's Guide to War Films, Brassey's, 2000. ISBN 1-57488-263-5
- Lindsay Anderson, Never Apologise: The Collected Writings, London: Plexus, 2004. Republication of "Meeting in Dublin with John Ford: The Quiet Man", Sequence 14, 1952.
- Lindsay Anderson, About John Ford, London: Plexus, 1981, 1999 edition.
- Peter Bogdanovich, John Ford, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967, revised 1978.
- Peter Cowie, John Ford and the American West, New York: Harry Abrams Inc., 2004.
- Serge Daney, "John Ford", in Dictionnaire du cinéma, Paris, Éditions universitaires, 1966, ripubblicato in Serge Daney, La Maison cinéma et le monde, 1. Le Temps des Cahiers, 1962–1982, Paris: P.O.L., 2001.
- Toni D'Angela, John Ford. Un pensiero per immagini, Milano, Edizioni Unicopli, 2010.
- Scott Eyman, Print the Legend: The Life and Times of John Ford, New York, 1999.
- Dan Ford, The Unquiet Man: The Life of John Ford, London: Kimber. 1982 (1979).
- Tag Gallagher. John Ford: The Man and His Films. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.
- La furia umana, n. 3, 2010. Special issue about John Ford, incorporating texts (in French, Italian, English, Portuguese) by Julio Bressane, Paul Vecchiali, Raymond Bellour, Art Redding, Toni D'Angela, Juan Gorostidi Munguia, Tag Gallagher, Joseph McBride, Jacques Aumont, John Zorn, Barry Gifford, Giulio Giorello, Alberto Abruzzese, Eva Truffaut and others.
- Jean Mitry, John Ford, Paris, 1954.
- McBride, Joseph (2001). Searching for John Ford: A Life. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 880. ISBN 0-312-31011-0.
- Pippin, Robert B. Hollywood Westerns and American Myth: The Importance of Howard Hawks and John Ford for Political Philosophy (Yale University Press, 2010) 208 pp.
- Patrice Rollet and Nicolás Saada, John Ford, Paris: Editions de l'Etoile/Cahiers du cinéma, 1990.
- Andrew Sinclair, John Ford, New York: Dial Press/J. Wade, 1979.
- "Politique(s) de John Ford". Trafic (in French). No. 56. Winter 2005.
- Koszarski, Richard. 1976. Hollywood Directors: 1914–1940. Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Catalog Number: 76-9262.
External links
- John Ford at IMDb
Archival materials
- John Ford papers at the Lilly Library, Indiana University Bloomington
Criticism
- Ford's Depth by Miguel Marías
- The Eloquence of Gesture by Shigehiko Hasumi
- La furia umana/3, winter 2010, special about John Ford, texts (in French, Italian, English, Portuguese) by Julio Bressane, Paul Vecchiali, Raymond Bellour, Art Redding, Toni D'Angela, Juan Gorostidi Munguia, Tag Gallagher, Joseph McBride, Jacques Aumont, John Zorn, Barry Gifford, Giulio Giorello, Alberto Abruzzese, Eva Truffaut and others; on www.lafuriaumana.it
- The Influence of Western Painting and Genre Painting on the Films of John Ford Ph.D. Dissertation by William Howze, 1986
Official sites