John Heisman
Biographical details | |
---|---|
Born | Cleveland, Ohio, U.S. | October 23, 1869
Died | October 3, 1936 New York, New York, U.S. | (aged 66)
Playing career | |
Football | |
1887–1888 | Brown |
1889–1891 | Penn |
Position(s) | end |
Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
Football | |
1892 | Oberlin |
1893–1894 | Buchtel |
1894 | Oberlin |
1895–1899 | Auburn |
1900–1903 | Clemson |
1904–1919 | Georgia Tech |
1920–1922 | Penn |
1923 | Washington & Jefferson |
1924–1927 | Rice |
Basketball | |
1908–1909 | Georgia Tech |
1912–1914 | Georgia Tech |
Baseball | |
1894 | Buchtel |
1901–1903 | Clemson |
1904–1917 | Georgia Tech |
Administrative career (AD unless noted) | |
1904–1919 | Georgia Tech |
1924–1927 | Rice |
Head coaching record | |
Overall | 186–70–18 (football) 9–14 (basketball) 199–108–7 (baseball) |
Accomplishments and honors | |
Championships | |
Football 1 national (1917) 7 SIAA (1900, 1902–1903, 1915–1918) Baseball SIAA (1906) | |
College Football Hall of Fame Inducted in 1954 (profile) |
John William Heisman (/ˈhaɪzmən/ HYZE-mən; October 23, 1869 – October 3, 1936) was a player and coach of American football, baseball, and basketball, as well as a sportswriter and actor. He served as the head football coach at Oberlin College, Buchtel College (now known as the University of Akron), Auburn University, Clemson University, Georgia Tech, the University of Pennsylvania, Washington & Jefferson College, and Rice University, compiling a career college football record of 186–70–18.
Heisman was also the head basketball coach at Georgia Tech, tallying a mark of 9–14, and the head baseball coach at Buchtel, Clemson, and Georgia Tech, amassing a career college baseball record of 199–108–7. He served as the athletic director at Georgia Tech and Rice. While at Georgia Tech, he was also the president of the Atlanta Crackers baseball team.
Sportswriter Fuzzy Woodruff dubbed Heisman the "pioneer of Southern football".[1] He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1954. His entry there notes that Heisman "stands only behind Amos Alonzo Stagg, Pop Warner, and Walter Camp as a master innovator of the brand of football of his day".[2] He was instrumental in several changes to the game, including legalizing the forward pass. The Heisman Trophy, awarded annually to the season's most outstanding college football player, is named after him.
Early life and playing career
John Heisman was born Johann Wilhelm Heisman
Although he was a drama student, he confessed he was "football mad". He played varsity football for Titusville High School from 1884 to 1886.[6] Heisman's father refused to watch him play at Titusville, calling football "bestial".[8] Heisman went on to play football as a lineman at Brown University[9] and at the University of Pennsylvania.[10][11][12] He also played baseball at Penn.[13]
On
Heisman graduated from the University of Pennsylvania Law School in 1892.[12] Due to poor eyesight, he took his exams orally.[15][16]
Coaching career
In his book Principles of Football, Heisman described his coaching strategy: "The coach should be masterful and commanding, even dictatorial. He has no time to say 'please' or 'mister'. At times he must be severe, arbitrary, and little short of a
What is this? It is a
rubber tubing. Better to have died as a small boy than to fumblethis football.
Early coaching career: Oberlin and Buchtel
Heisman first coached at Oberlin College.[6][11] In 1892, The Oberlin Review wrote: "Mr. Heisman has entirely remade our football. He has taught us scientific football."[21] He used the double pass, from tackle to halfback,[22] and moved his quarterback to the safety position on defense.[23] Influenced by Yale and Pudge Heffelfinger, Heisman implemented the now illegal "flying wedge" formation.[24] It involved seven players arranged as a "V" to protect the ball carrier.[25] Heisman was also likely influenced by Heffelfinger to pull guards on end runs.[26][27]
On his
In 1893, Heisman became the football and baseball coach at Buchtel College. A disappointing baseball season was made up for by a 5–2 football season.[31] It was then customary for the center to begin a play by rolling or kicking the ball backwards, but this proved difficult for Buchtel's unusually tall quarterback Harry Clark.[32][n 2] Under Heisman, the center began tossing the ball to Clark, a practice that eventually evolved into the snap.[34]
The first school to officially defeat Heisman was Case School of Applied Science, known today as Case Western Reserve.
Buchtel won
Auburn
After his two years at Oberlin and possibly due to the economic Panic of 1893, Heisman invested his savings and began working at a tomato farm in Marshall, Texas.[38] It was hard work in the heat and Heisman was losing money.[39][40] He was contacted by Walter Riggs, then the manager of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute (Auburn University) football team. Auburn was looking for a football coach, and Heisman was suggested to Riggs by his former player at Oberlin, Penn's then-captain Carl S. Williams.[39] For a salary of $500, he accepted a part-time job as a "trainer".[38]
Heisman coached football at Auburn from 1895 to 1899. Auburn's yearbook, the Glomerata, in 1897 stated "Heisman came to us in the fall of '95, and the day on which he arrived at Auburn can well be marked as the luckiest in the history of athletics at the Alabama Polytechnic Institute."[41]
At Auburn, Heisman had the idea for his quarterback to call out "hike" or "hep" to start a play and receive the ball from the center, or to draw the opposing team into an offside penalty.[42] He also used a fake snap to draw the other team offsides.[43] He began his use of a type of delayed buck play where an end took a hand-off, then handed the ball to the halfback on the opposite side, who rushed up the middle.[42]
As a coach, Heisman "railed and snorted in practice, imploring players to do their all for God, country, Auburn, and Heisman. Before each game he made squadmen take a nonshirk, nonflinch oath."[44] Due to his fondness for Shakespeare, he would sometimes use a British accent at practice.[41] While it was then illegal to coach from the sidelines during a game, Heisman would sometimes use secret signals with a bottle or a handkerchief to communicate with his team.[38]
Heisman's first game as an Auburn coach came against Vanderbilt. Heisman had his quarterback Reynolds Tichenor use the "hidden ball trick" to tie the game at 6 points.[45][46] However, Vanderbilt answered by kicking a field goal and won 9–6, making it the first game of Southern football decided by a field goal.[47] In the rivalry game with Georgia, Auburn won 16–6. Georgia coach Pop Warner copied the hidden ball trick, and in 1903, his Carlisle team famously used it to defeat Harvard.[48][49]
Earlier in the 1895 season, Heisman witnessed one of the first illegal forward passes when Georgia faced North Carolina in Atlanta. Georgia was about to block a punt when UNC's Joel Whitaker tossed the ball out of desperation, and George Stephens caught the pass and ran 70 yards for a touchdown.[50][51] Georgia coach Pop Warner complained to the referee that the play was illegal, but the referee let the play stand because he did not see the pass.[51] Later, Heisman became one of the main proponents of making the forward pass legal.
Lineman Marvin "Babe" Pearce had transferred to Auburn from
Auburn finished the season by losing 12–6 to Pop Warner's Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association champion Georgia team, which was led by quarterback Richard Von Albade Gammon.[55] Auburn received its first national publicity when Heisman was able to convince Harper's Weekly to publish the 1896 team's photo.[38]
The 1897 Auburn team featured linemen Pearce and John Penton, a transfer from Virginia.[56] Of its three games, one was a scoreless tie against Sewanee, from "The University of the South" in Tennessee.[57] Another was a 14–4 defeat of Nashville, which featured Bradley Walker.[58]
Tichenor had transferred to
Auburn finished the 1897 football season $700 in debt, and in response, Heisman took on the role of a theater producer and staged the comedic play David Garrick.[60]
Having made enough money for another football season, the 1898 team won two out of three games, with its loss coming against undefeated North Carolina.[57] After falling behind 13–4 to Georgia, Heisman started using fullback George Mitcham, and won the game 18–17.[56][61]
The 1899 team, which Heisman considered his best while at Auburn,[56] was led by fullback Arthur Feagin. As Heisman recalled, "I do not think I have ever seen so fast a team as that was."[62]
Auburn was leading Georgia by a score of 11–6 when the game was called due to darkness, lighting not being available at that time, resulting in an official scoreless tie.[63] Heisman fitted his linemen with straps and handles under their belts so that the other linemen could hold onto them and prevent the opposing team from breaking through the line. The umpire W. L. Taylor had to cut them.[38]
Auburn lost just one game, 11–10 to the "Iron Men" of Sewanee, who shutout all their other opponents.[64] A report of the game says "Feagin is a player of exceptional ability, and runs with such force that some ground belongs to him on every attempt."[65]
Heisman left Auburn after the 1899 season, and wrote a farewell letter with "tears in my eyes, and tears in my voice; tears even in the trembling of my hand".[66] "You will not feel hard toward me; you will forgive me, you will not forget me? Let me ask to retain your friendship. Can a man be associated for five successive seasons with Grand Old Auburn, toiling for her, befriended by her, striving with her, and yet not love her?"[66]
Clemson
Heisman was hired by Clemson University as football and baseball coach. He coached at Clemson from 1900 to 1903, and was the first Clemson coach who had experience coaching at another school.[67][68] He still has the highest winning percentage in school history in both football and baseball.[69] Again Walter Riggs, who moved on from Auburn to coach and manage at Clemson, was instrumental in the hiring. Riggs started an association to help pay Heisman's salary, which was $1,800 per year, and raised $415.11.[70]
Heisman coached baseball from 1901 to 1903, posting a 28–6–1 record.[71] Under Heisman, pitcher Vedder Sitton was considered "one of the best twirlers in the country" and one of "the best pitchers that Clemson ever had".[72][73]
In his four seasons as Clemson football coach, Heisman won three SIAA titles: in 1900, 1902, and 1903.[10][74] By the time of his hiring in 1900, Heisman was "the undisputed master of Southern football".[75] Heisman later said that his approach at Clemson was "radically different from anything on earth".[76][77]
The 1900 season had "the rise of Clemson from a little school whose football teams had never been heard of before, to become a football machine of the very first power."[78] Clemson finished the season undefeated at 6–0, and beat Davidson on opening day by a 64–0 score, then the largest ever made in the South.[79]
Clemson then beat Wofford 21–0, agreeing that every point scored after the first four touchdowns did not count, and South Carolina 51–0.[80][81] The team also beat Georgia, VPI, and Alabama. Clemson beat Georgia 39–5, and Clemson players were pelted with coal from the nearby dorms.[81] Clemson beat VPI 12–5. The game was called short due to darkness, and on VPI was Hall of Famer Hunter Carpenter.[81][82] Stars for the Clemson team included captain and tackle Norman Walker, end Jim Lynah, and halfback Buster Hunter.[56]
The 1901 Clemson team beat Guilford on opening day 122–0, scoring the most points in Clemson history, and the next week it tied Tennessee 6–6, finishing the season at 3–1–1.[80] Clemson beat Georgia and lost to VPI 17–11, with Carpenter starring for VPI.[83] The season closed with a defeat of North Carolina. Lynah later transferred to Cornell and played for Pop Warner.[84]
Heisman was described as "a master of taking advantage of the surprise element."
The 1902 team went 6–1.
The 1903 team went 4–1–1, and opened the season by beating Georgia 29–0. The next week, Clemson played Georgia's rival Georgia Tech. To inspire Clemson, Georgia offered a bushel of apples for every point it scored after the 29th.[93] Rushing for 615 yards, Clemson beat Georgia Tech 73–0.[93] The team then beat North Carolina A&M, lost to North Carolina, and beat Davidson.[80]
After the end of the season, a postseason game was scheduled with Cumberland, billed as the championship of the South. Clemson and Cumberland tied 11–11.[94] While both teams can therefore be listed as champion, Heisman named Cumberland champion.[74][95]
In 1902 and 1903, several Clemson players made the All-Southern team, an all-star team of players from the South selected by several writers after the season, analogous to All-America teams. They included ends Vedder Sitton and Hope Sadler, quarterback Johnny Maxwell, and fullback Jock Hanvey.[72][96]
Fuzzy Woodruff relates Heisman's role in selecting All-Southern teams: "The first selections that had any pretense of being backed by a judicial consideration were made by W. Reynolds Tichenor...The next selections were made by John W. Heisman, who was as good a judge of football men as the country ever produced."[97][98]
Georgia Tech
After the 73–0 defeat by Clemson, Georgia Tech approached Heisman and was able to hire him as a coach and an athletic director.[99][100] A banner proclaiming "Tech Gets Heisman for 1904" was strung across Atlanta's Piedmont Park.[101] Heisman was hired for $2,250 a year and 30% of the home ticket sales,[102] a $50 raise over his Clemson salary.[101][n 3] He coached Georgia Tech for the longest tenure of his career, 16 years.
Baseball and basketball
At Georgia Tech, Heisman coached baseball and basketball in addition to football.[103]
The 1906 Georgia Tech baseball team was his best, posting a 23–3 record.[104] Star players in 1906 included captain and outfielder Chip Robert, shortstop Tommy McMillan, and pitchers Ed Lafitte and Craig Day.[105][106] In 1907, Lafitte posted 19 strikeouts in 10 innings against rival Georgia.[107] In 1908, Heisman was also Georgia Tech's first basketball coach.[108] For many years after his death, from 1938 to 1956, Georgia Tech played basketball in the Heisman Gym.[109]
In 1904, Heisman was an official in an Atlanta indoor baseball league.
Football
Heisman never had a losing season coaching Georgia Tech football, including three undefeated campaigns and a 32-game undefeated streak.[n 4] At some time during his tenure at Georgia Tech, he started the practice of posting downs and yardage on the scoreboard.[114]
Heisman's first football season at Georgia Tech was an 8–1–1 record, the first winning season for Georgia Tech since 1893 (the 1901 team was blacklisted).[102] One source relates: "The real feature of the season was the marvelous advance made by the Georgia School of Technology."[115] Georgia Tech posted victories over Georgia, Tennessee, Florida State, University of Florida (at Lake City), and Cumberland, and a tie with Heisman's previous employer, Clemson. The team suffered just one loss, to Auburn. Tackle Lob Brown and halfback Billy Wilson were selected All-Southern.[116] The same season, Dan McGugin was hired by Vanderbilt and Mike Donahue by Auburn. Vanderbilt and Auburn would dominate the SIAA until 1916, when Heisman won his first official title with Georgia Tech.[117][118]
The
After the bloody 1905 football season—the Chicago Tribune reported 18 players had been killed and 159 seriously injured, United States President Theodore Roosevelt intervened and demanded the rules be reformed to make the sport safer.[124] The rules committee then legalized the forward pass, for which Heisman was instrumental, enlisting the support of Henry L. Williams and committee members John Bell and Paul Dashiell.[125][126] Heisman believed that a forward pass would improve the game by allowing a more open style of play, thus discouraging mass attack tactics and the flying wedge formation.[22][127] The rule changes came in 1906, three years after Heisman began actively lobbying for that decision.[22][128]
Before the 1910 season, Heisman convinced the rules committee to change football from a game of two halves to four quarters, again for safety.[129] Despite lobbying for these rule changes, Heisman's teams from 1906 to 1914 continued to post winning records, but with multiple losses each season, including a loss to Auburn each season but 1906.
The
The 1907 team played its games at Ponce de Leon Park, where the Atlanta Crackers also played.[120] The team went 4–4, and suffered Heisman's worst loss at Georgia Tech, 54–0 to Vanderbilt.[134] "Twenty Percent" Davis, considered 20% of the team's worth,[135] was selected All-Southern.[136]
Chip Robert was captain of the
Heisman's 1910 team went 5–3, and relied on the jump shift for the first time.[120][132] Hall of Famer Bob McWhorter played for the Georgia Bulldogs from 1910 to 1913, and for those seasons Georgia Tech lost to Georgia and Auburn.
In 1910, Georgia Tech was also beaten by SIAA champion
The
The independent 1914 team was captained by halfback Wooch Fielder and went 6–2. The team beat Mercer 105–0 and the next week had a 13–0 upset loss to Alabama.[120] End Jim Senter and halfback J. S. Patton were selected All-Southern.[148]
During the span of 1915 to 1918, Georgia Tech posted a 30–1–2 record, outscored opponents 1611–93, and claimed four straight SIAA titles.[74]
The 1915 team went 7–0–1 and claimed a shared SIAA title with Vanderbilt, despite being officially independent.[149] The tie came against rival Georgia, in inches of mud.[150] Georgia center John G. Henderson headed a group of three men, one behind the other, with his hands upon the shoulders of the one in front, to counter Heisman's jump shift.[151]
Halfback Everett Strupper joined the team in 1915 and was partially deaf.[152] He called the signals instead of the quarterback.[153] When Strupper tried out for the team, he noticed that the quarterback shouted the signals every time he was to carry the ball. Realizing that the loud signals would be a tip-off to the opposition, Strupper told Heisman: "Coach, those loud signals are absolutely unnecessary. You see when sickness in my kid days brought on this deafness my folks gave me the best instructors obtainable to teach me lip-reading." Heisman recalled how Strupper overcame his deafness: "He couldn't hear anything but a regular shout, but he could read your lips like a flash. No lad who ever stepped on a football field had keener eyes than Everett had. The enemy found this out the minute he began looking for openings through which to run the ball."[154]
Fielder and guard Bob Lang made the composite All-Southern team, and Senter, quarterback Froggie Morrison, and Strupper were selected All-Southern by some writer.[155] The team was immediately dubbed the greatest in Georgia Tech's history up to that point.[149][156] However, the team continued to improve over the next two seasons. Sportswriter Morgan Blake called Strupper, "probably the greatest running half-back the South has known."[157]
The 1916 team went 8–0–1, captured the team's first official SIAA title, and was the first to vault Georgia Tech football to national prominence.[143] According to one writer, it "seemed to personify Heisman" by playing hard in every game on both offense and defense.[158] Strupper, Lang, fullback Tommy Spence, tackle Walker Carpenter, and center Pup Phillips were all selected All-Southern.[159] Only one newspaper in all of the South was said to have neglected to have Strupper on its All-Southern team.[160] Phillips was the first Georgia Tech center selected All-Southern, and made Walter Camp's third-team All-American.[161] Spence got Camp's honorable mention.[162]
Without throwing a single forward pass, Georgia Tech defeated the
Up 126–0 at halftime, Heisman reportedly told his players, "You're doing all right, team, we're ahead, but you just can't tell what those Cumberland players have up their sleeves. They may spring a surprise. Be alert, men! Hit 'em clean, but hit 'em hard!"[164][163] However, even Heisman relented, and shortened the quarters in the second half to 12 minutes each instead of 15.[163]
Heisman's running up the score against his outmanned opponent was motivated by revenge against Cumberland's baseball team, for running up the score against Georgia Tech 22–0 with a team primarily composed of professional Nashville Vols players,[165][166] and against the sportswriters who he felt were too focused on numbers, such as those who picked Vanderbilt as champion the previous season.[167]
In 1917, the backfield of Joe Guyon, Al Hill, Judy Harlan, and Strupper helped propel Heisman to his finest success. Georgia Tech posted a 9–0 record and a national championship, the first for a Southern team.[168] For many years, it was considered the finest team the South ever produced.[169] Sportswriter Frank G. Menke selected Strupper and team captain Carpenter for his All-America team; the first two players from the Deep South ever selected first-team All-American.[170]
Joe Guyon was a
The 1917 Georgia Tech team outscored opponents 491–17 and beat Penn 41–0. Historian Bernie McCarty called it "Strupper's finest hour, coming through against powerful Penn in the contest that shocked the East."[174] Pop Warner's undefeated Pittsburgh team beat Penn just 14–6.[175] Georgia Tech's 83–0 victory over Vanderbilt is the worst loss in Vanderbilt history, and the 63–0 defeat of Washington and Lee was the worst loss in W&L history at the time.[171] In the 48–0 defeat of Tulane, each of the four members of the backfield eclipsed 100 yards rushing, and Guyon also passed for two touchdowns.[176] Auburn, the SIAA's second place team, was beaten 68–7.[171]
University faculty succeeded in preventing a postseason national championship game with Pittsburgh.[177] In the next season of 1918, after losing several players to World War I, Georgia Tech lost a lopsided game to Pittsburgh 32–0.[178] Sportswriter Francis J. Powers wrote:
At Forbes Field, the dressing rooms of the two teams were separated only by a thin wall. As the Panthers were sitting around, awaiting Warner's pregame talk, Heisman began to orate in the adjoining room. In his charge to the Tech squad, Heisman became flowery and fiery. He brought the heroes of ancient Greece and the soldier dead in his armor among the ruins of Pompeii. It was terrific and the Panthers sat, spellbound. When Heisman had finished, Warner chortled and quietly said to his players: 'Okay, boys. There's the speech. Now go out and knock them off.'[179]
Heisman cut back on his expanded duties in 1918, and only coached football between September 1 and December 15.[102] Georgia Tech went 6–1 and eclipsed 100 points three different times.[180] Buck Flowers, a small back in his first year on the team, had transferred from Davidson a year before, where he had starred in a game against Georgia Tech.[181] Flowers had grown to weigh 150 pounds and was a backup until Heisman discovered his ability as an open-field runner on punt returns.[182]
Also in 1918, center Bum Day became the first player from the South selected for Walter Camp's first-team All-America, historically loaded with college players from Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and other northeastern colleges.[183] Flowers and tackle Bill Fincher made Camp's second team.[184] Guyon made Menke's first team All-America as a tackle.[185]
The
Penn and Washington & Jefferson
Heisman went back to Penn for three seasons from 1920 to 1922. Most notable perhaps is the 9–7 loss to Alabama in 1922, the Crimson Tide's first major intersectional victory.[189] In 1923, Heisman coached the Washington and Jefferson Presidents, which beat the previously undefeated West Virginia Mountaineers.[190]
Rice
Following the season at Washington and Jefferson College, Heisman ended his coaching career with four seasons at
Rice was his last coaching job before he retired in 1927 to lead the Downtown Athletic Club in Manhattan, New York.[193] In 1935, the Downtown Athletic Club began awarding a Downtown Athletic Club trophy for the best football player east of the Mississippi River.[9]
Personal life
Heisman met his first wife, an actress, while he was participating in theater during his time at Clemson.[194] Evelyn McCollum Cox, whose stage name was Evelyn Barksdale, was a widow with a single child, a 12-year-old boy named Carlisle.[195] They married during the 1903 season, on October 24, 1903, a day after Heisman's 34th birthday.[196] While in Atlanta, Heisman also shared the house with the family poodle named Woo. He would feed the dog ice cream.[197]
In 1918, Heisman and his wife divorced, and to prevent any social embarrassment to his former wife, who chose to remain in the city, he left Atlanta after the 1919 football season.[146][194] Carlisle and Heisman would remain close.[87][194]
Heisman met Edith Maora Cole, a student at Buchtel College, where he was coaching football during the 1893 and 1894 seasons.[194] The two were close, but decided not to marry due to Edith's problems with tuberculosis.[194] When they met again in 1924, Heisman was living in Washington, Pennsylvania, and coaching at Washington and Jefferson College. This time, they did decide to marry, doing it that same year, right before Heisman left Pennsylvania to take his last head coaching job at Rice University in Texas.[194]
Heisman as an actor
Heisman considered himself an actor as well as coach, and was a part of several acting troupes in the offseason. He was known for delivering grand theatrical speeches to inspire his players, and some considered him to be an eccentric and melodramatic. He was described as exhibiting "the temperament, panache, and audacity of the showman."[38]
His 1897 Auburn team finished $700 in debt. To raise money for next season, Heisman created the Alabama Polytechnic Institute (Auburn) Dramatic Club to stage and act as the main character in the comic play David Garrick by
He was naturalness itself, and there was not a single place in which he overdid his part. His changes from drunk to sober and back again in the drunken scene were skillfully done, and the humor of many of his speeches caused a roar of laughter. He acted not like an amateur, but like the skilled professional that he is.[38]
During his time at Auburn, Heisman also took on more serious roles, and was considered as a refined elocutionist when performing Shakespearean plays or reciting his monologues.[38] The next year, the API Dramatic Club performed A Scrap of Paper by Victorien Sardou.[38] In May 1898, Heisman appeared in Diplomacy, an English adaptation of Dora by Sardou, with the Mordaunt-Block Stock Company at the Herald Square Theater on Broadway. Later that summer, he performed in The Ragged Regiment by Robert Neilson Stephens at the Herald Square Theater and Caste at the Columbus Theater in Harlem.[199]
In 1899, he was in the Macdonald Stock Company, which performed at Crump's Park in Macon, Georgia, including the role of Dentatus in Virginius by James Sheridan Knowles. When the Macdonald Stock Company took a hiatus in June 1899, Heisman joined the Thanouser-Hatch Company of Atlanta. He performed in at least two plays for this company, in Brother John by Martha Morton at the Grand Theater in Atlanta, playing the role of Captain Van Sprague.[199]
At the end of Auburn's 1899 season, a public conflict developed between Heisman and umpire W. L. Taylor. Heisman wrote to the Birmingham Age-Herald complaining about Taylor's officiating in general and specifically his cancellation of an Auburn touchdown because the scoring play began before the starting whistle following a time out. In his published reply, Taylor critiqued Heisman as someone with "histrionic gifts," making "lurid appeals," and seeking "peanut gallery applause" for "heroically acted character parts" in some "cheap theater." Heisman responded to that characterization as "The heinous crime I shall neither attempt to palliate nor deny" and that what Taylor said could be a "studied insult to the whole art of acting."[38]
In 1900, Heisman joined the Spooner Dramatic Company of
Death and legacy
Heisman died of pneumonia on October 3, 1936, in New York City.[9] Three days later, his body was taken by train to his wife's hometown of Rhinelander, Wisconsin, where he was buried in Grave D, Lot 11, Block 3 of the city-owned Forest Home Cemetery.[203][204] When Heisman died, he was preparing to write a history of football.[205]
Legacy
Heisman was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1954, a member of the second class of inductees.
On December 10, 1936, just 2 months after Heisman's death on October 3, the Downtown Athletic Club trophy was renamed the Heisman Memorial Trophy, and is now given to the player voted as the season's most outstanding collegiate football player.[9] Voters for this award consist primarily of media representatives, who are allocated by regions across the country to filter out possible regional bias, and former recipients.[9] Following the bankruptcy of the Downtown Athletic Club in 2002, the award is now given out by the Heisman Trust.[209]
Georgia Tech's basketball team played in Heisman Gym which was named in his honor when it opened in 1938. Located behind the north stands of Grant Field, the gym was the home of Tech basketball until 1956, when the team moved into Alexander Memorial Coliseum. The facility also had a pool, which was used by the Tech swim team, and an Auditorium. After the basketball team left, the gym was used for swimming until 1977, and as an auditorium until the Ferst Center For The Arts opened in 1992. The gym was demolished in 1995. Heisman Street on Clemson's campus is named in his honor.
Coaching tree
Heisman's coaching tree includes:
- William Alexander: played for Georgia Tech (1911–1912), head coach for Georgia Tech (1920–1944)[188]
- Tom Davies: assistant for Penn (1922), head coach for Geneva (1923), Allegheny (1924–1925), Western Reserve (1941–1947).[217]
- Frank Dobson: assistant for Georgia Tech (1907), head coach for Georgia (1909), Clemson (1910–1912), Richmond (1913–1917; 1919–1933), South Carolina (1918), and Maryland (1936–1939).[218]
- C. K. Fauver, played for Oberlin (1892–1895), head coach for Miami (OH) (1895), Oberlin (1896).[219]
- Bill Fincher: played for Georgia Tech (1916–1920), head coach for William & Mary (1921), assistant for Georgia Tech (1925–1931)[220]
- Jack Forsythe: played for Clemson (1901–1903), head coach for Florida State College (1904), Florida (1906)[221]
- Joe Guyon: played for Georgia Tech (1916–1917), head coach for Union College (1919; 1923–1927)[222]
- Jerry Gwin: played for Auburn (1899), head coach for Mississippi A&M (1902).[223]
- Mike Harvey: played for Auburn (1899–1900), head coach for Alabama (1901), Auburn (1902), and Mississippi (1903–1904).[224]
- Daniel S. Martin: played for Auburn (1898–1901), head coach for Mississippi (1902) and Mississippi A&M (1903–1906).[223]
- Jonathan K. Miller: played for Penn (1920–1922), head coach for Franklin & Marshall (1928–1930).[225]
- John Penton, played for Auburn (1897): head coach for Clemson (1898).[39]
- Pup Phillips: played for Georgia Tech (1916–1917; 1919), head coach for University School for Boys (1923)[226]
- Hope Sadler: played for Clemson (1902–1903), head coach for University School for Boys (1904).[227]
- Vedder Sitton: played for Clemson (1901–1903), head baseball coach for Clemson (1915–1916).[73]
- Billy Watkins, who replaced Heisman at Auburn (1900), "an old pupil of Heisman's".[228]
- Carl S. Williams: played for Oberlin (1891–1892) and Penn (1893–1895), head coach for Penn (1902–1907).[229]
Head coaching record
Football
Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oberlin Yeomen (Independent) (1892) | |||||||||
1892 | Oberlin | 7–0 | |||||||
Buchtel (Independent) (1893–1894) | |||||||||
1893 | Buchtel | 5–2 | |||||||
1894 | Buchtel | 1–0 | |||||||
Buchtel: | 6–2 | ||||||||
Oberlin Yeomen (Independent) (1894) | |||||||||
1894 | Oberlin | 4–3–1 | |||||||
Oberlin: | 11–3–1 | ||||||||
Auburn Tigers (Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association) (1895–1899) | |||||||||
1895 | Auburn | 2–1 | 2–1 | 3rd | |||||
1896 | Auburn | 3–1 | 3–1 | 4th | |||||
1897 | Auburn | 2–0–1 | 2–0–1 | 3rd | |||||
1898 | Auburn | 2–1 | 2–1 | 4th | |||||
1899 | Auburn | 3–1–1 | 2–1–1 | 6th | |||||
Auburn: | 12–4–2 | 11–4–2 | |||||||
Clemson Tigers (Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association) (1900–1903) | |||||||||
1900 | Clemson | 6–0 | 2–0 | 1st | |||||
1901 | Clemson | 3–1–1 | 2–0–1 | 2nd | |||||
1902 | Clemson | 6–1 | 5–0 | 1st | |||||
1903 | Clemson | 4–1–1 | 2–0–1 | T–1st | |||||
Clemson: | 19–3–2 | 11–0–2 | |||||||
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets (Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association) (1904–1913) | |||||||||
1904 | Georgia Tech | 8–1–1 | 2–1–1 | 6th | |||||
1905 | Georgia Tech | 6–0–1 | 4–0–1 | 2nd | |||||
1906 | Georgia Tech | 5–3–1 | 3–3 | 8th | |||||
1907 | Georgia Tech | 4–4 | 2–4 | 10th | |||||
1908 | Georgia Tech | 6–3 | 5–3 | 6th | |||||
1909 | Georgia Tech | 7–2 | 5–2 | 5th | |||||
1910 | Georgia Tech | 5–3 | 3–3 | 11th | |||||
1911 | Georgia Tech | 6–2–1 | 5–2–1 | 5th | |||||
1912 | Georgia Tech | 5–3–1 | 5–3 | 5th | |||||
1913 | Georgia Tech | 7–2 | 5–2 | 4th | |||||
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets (Independent) (1914–1915) | |||||||||
1914 | Georgia Tech | 6–2 | |||||||
1915 | Georgia Tech | 7–0–1 | T–1st† | ||||||
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets / Golden Tornado (Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association) (1916–1919) | |||||||||
1916 | Georgia Tech | 8–0–1 | 4–0–1 | T–1st | |||||
1917 | Georgia Tech | 9–0 | 4–0 | 1st | |||||
1918 | Georgia Tech | 6–1 | 3–0 | 1st | |||||
1919 | Georgia Tech | 7–3 | 3–1 | 4th | |||||
Georgia Tech: | 102–29–7 | 53–24–4 | |||||||
Penn Quakers (Independent) (1920–1922) | |||||||||
1920 | Penn | 6–4 | |||||||
1921 | Penn | 4–3–2 | |||||||
1922 | Penn | 6–3 | |||||||
Penn: | 16–10–2 | ||||||||
Washington & Jefferson Presidents (Independent) (1923) | |||||||||
1923 | Washington & Jefferson | 6–1–1 | |||||||
Washington & Jefferson: | 6–1–1 | ||||||||
Rice Owls (Southwest Conference / Texas Intercollegiate Athletic Association) (1924–1927) | |||||||||
1924 | Rice | 4–4 | 2–2 / 2–1 | T–3rd / T–3rd | |||||
Rice Owls (Southwest Conference) (1925–1927) | |||||||||
1925 | Rice | 4–4–1 | 1–2–1 | 5th | |||||
1926 | Rice | 4–4–1 | 0–4 | 7th | |||||
1927 | Rice | 2–6–1 | 1–3 | 6th | |||||
Rice: | 14–18–3 | 6–12–1 | |||||||
Total: | 186–70–18 | ||||||||
National championship Conference title Conference division title or championship game berth |
† While officially independent, Georgia Tech claimed an SIAA title in 1915.
Baseball
Season | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Postseason | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Buchtel (Independent) (1894) | |||||||||
1894 | Buchtel | 8–5 | |||||||
Buchtel: | 8–5 (.615) | ||||||||
Clemson Tigers (Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association) (1901–1903) | |||||||||
1901 | Clemson | 10–2–1 | 3–1–1 | ||||||
1902 | Clemson | 9–3 | 1–2 | ||||||
1903 | Clemson | 9–1 | 4–0 | ||||||
Clemson: | 28–6–1 (.814) | 8–3–1 (.708) | |||||||
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets (Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association) (1904–1917) | |||||||||
1904 | Georgia Tech | 15–7 | 9–6 | ||||||
1905 | Georgia Tech | 13–4 | 7–4 | ||||||
1906 | Georgia Tech | 23–3 | 16–2 | 1st | |||||
1907 | Georgia Tech | 10–5–1 | 10–5–1 | ||||||
1908 | Georgia Tech | 9–12 | 7–10 | ||||||
1909 | Georgia Tech | 13–8–1 | 7–7–1 | ||||||
1910 | Georgia Tech | 11–5–1 | 11–5–1 | ||||||
1911 | Georgia Tech | 7–6 | 6–5 | ||||||
1912 | Georgia Tech | 8–10 | 8–9 | ||||||
1913 | Georgia Tech | 9–8 | 9–7 | ||||||
1914 | Georgia Tech | 12–8 | 10–8 | ||||||
1915 | Georgia Tech | 7–8–2 | 6–7–2 | ||||||
1916 | Georgia Tech | 14–6 | 11–5 | ||||||
1917 | Georgia Tech | 12–7 | 6–6 | ||||||
Georgia Tech: | 163–97–5 (.625) | 123–86–5 (.586) | |||||||
Total: | 199–108–7 (.645) | ||||||||
National champion
Postseason invitational champion
|
Basketball
Season | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Postseason | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets (Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association) (1908–1909) | |||||||||
1908–09 | Georgia Tech | 1–6 | 1–5 | ||||||
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets (Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association) (1912–1914) | |||||||||
1912–13 | Georgia Tech | 2–6 | 2–6 | ||||||
1913–14 | Georgia Tech | 6–2 | 5–2 | ||||||
Georgia Tech: | 8–8 (.500) | 7–8 (.467) | |||||||
Total: | 9–14 (.391) |
Notes
- ^ The name John William was later adopted to obscure the fact that he was the son of immigrants. His father was ostensibly the estranged son of German aristocrats.[3][4] His mother's grandfather had been an aide-de-campe to Napoleon.[5]
- Pa Corbin described how one used to snap the ball with his foot: "By standing the ball on end and exercising a certain pressure on the same, it was possible to have it bound into the quarterback's hands."[33]
- ^ Later in his time at Georgia Tech, his salary went up, but the percentage of receipts went down.[102]
- ^ Georgia Tech selected an "All-Heisman Era" team; in the line: Al Staton, Walker Carpenter, Bob Lang, Pup Phillips, Dummy Lebey, Bill Fincher, Jim Senter, and in the backfield: Al Hill, Joe Guyon, Everett Strupper, and Tommy Spence.[113]
References
- ^ Woodruff 1928b, p. 32
- ^ a b c "John Heisman". National Football Foundation. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
- ^ "Heisman, John William". libraries.psu.edu. Archived from the original on January 22, 2016. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
- ^ Heisman 2012, pp. 3–6
- ^ Pat Edwards. "Heisman led Jackets to victory". technique.library.gatech.edu. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
- ^ a b c d Brandt 2001, pp. 53–54
- ^ "The John Heisman Story: 'Father of the forward pass,' Titusville's most noted sports figure". Titusville Herald. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ Pope 1955, p. 120
- ^ a b c d e f Rielly 2009, pp. 163–164
- ^
- ^
- ^ a b "John Heisman (1869–1936)". Penn Biographies. Penn University Archives & Records Center. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
- ^ Buchtel College Alumni Association 1922, p. 244
- ^ a b c Pope 1955, p. 119
- ^ Lily Rothman (December 12, 2014). "How the Heisman Trophy Got Its Name". time.com. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
- ^ Heisman 2012, p. 42
- ^ Pope 1955, p. 126
- ^ Heisman 1922, p. 360
- ^ Pope 1955, p. 127
- ^ Pees, Samuel T. "John Heisman, Football Coach". Oil History. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
- ^ Sawchik, Travis (December 7, 2012). "John Heisman: The man behind the award and his time at Clemson". postandcourier.com. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
- ^ a b c J. W. Heisman (October 1908). "Inventions In Football" (PDF). The Baseball Magazine. 1 (6): 40–42.
- ^ Heisman 2012, p. 228
- ^ Jonathan Chait (April 16, 2010). "College Football Bans Wedge Blocking On Kickoffs". newrepublic.com. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
- ^ a b Pope 1955, p. 121
- ^ Umphlett 1992, p. 32
- ^ Brandt 2001, p. 71
- ^ a b Geoffrey Blodgett (Winter 1999). "The Day Oberlin Beat Michigan, Or Did We?". Oberlin Alumni Magazine. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
- ^ hdl:10524/33792.
- ^ Bob Hogue (March 5, 2015). "The First Native Football Player". midweek.com. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
- ^ Buchtel College Alumni Association 1922, p. 245
- ^ Heisman 2012, pp. 64–65
- ^ Reed, Herbert (November 29, 1913). "Current Athletics". Harper's Weekly. 58: 26.
- ^ Umphlett 1992, p. 37
- ^ Buchtel College Alumni Association 1922, p. 246
- ^ Oberlin College 2008, p. 34
- ^ Brandt 2001, p. 144
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Draughon, Ralph Jr. (Spring 2013). "Coach John Heisman on Stage at Auburn". Alabama Heritage: 28–33.
- ^ a b c Clemson University 2016b, p. 168
- ^ Heisman 2012, p. 77
- ^ a b Schafer 2004, p. 11
- ^ a b Umphlett 1992, p. 53
- ^ Pope 1955, p. 122
- ^ Schafer 2004, p. 12
- ^ Woodbery 2012, p. 102
- ^ Gould, Alan (January 24, 1931). "Sport Slants". Prescott Evening Courier.
- ^ Woodruff 1928a, p. 41
- ^ Feg Murray (October 19, 1931). "How Pop Fooled Harvard". The Stanford Daily. Vol. 80, no. 13.
- ^ Pope 1955, p. 116
- ^ a b "Tar Heels Credited with Throwing First Forward Pass". Tar Heel Times. tarheeltimes.com. Archived from the original on December 19, 2006. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
- ^ Palmer, Michael E. (November 28, 2008). "Believe it or not: Player was a Tider, then a Tiger".
- ^ Ed Hinton (December 17, 1993). "HEISMAN TO SHUG From the arrival of John Heisman in 1895 to the departure of Shug Jordan in 1975, Auburn nurtured a rich football tradition". si.com.
- ^ David M. Granger (August 30, 2005). "WRECK TECH PAJAMA PARADE, PEP RALLY SET FOR FRIDAY EVENING". www.ocm.auburn.edu.
- ^ Woodruff 1928a, p. 68
- ^
- ^ a b Auburn University 2009, p. 182
- ^ Woodruff 1928a, p. 71
- ^ Jeffrey Moore (June 6, 2013). "John Heisman, from sidelines to center stage". The Auburn Plainsman.
- ^ Umphlett 1992, p. 55
- ^ "John Heisman: Auburn 'the first to show what could be done' with the hurry-up offense – The War Eagle Reader". Thewareaglereader.com. Retrieved December 24, 2015.
- ^ Woodruff 1928a, pp. 98–99
- Google books.
- ^ a b "Correspondence". The Orange and Blue. Vol. 6, no. 5. January 17, 1900. p. 4.
- ^ "Heisman Connection". ClemsonTigers.com. October 9, 2015. Archived from the original on June 3, 2016. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
- ^ Blackman 2016, p. 46
- ^ a b Sam Blackman (November 11, 2014). "Heisman's High Jinks". Retrieved January 10, 2018.
- ^ Riley 2002, p. 33
- ^ Clemson University 2016a, p. 159
- ^ a b "Amateur Sport". The Olympian Magazine. 2: 383–384. 1903.
- ^ a b "Sitton Likely To Coach Clemson". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. January 24, 1915.
- ^ a b c "Champions of the South regardless of conference affiliation". wisc.edu. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
- ^ Woodruff 1928a, p. 110
- ^ Blackman 2001, p. 7
- ^ Haney 2011, p. 30
- ^ Woodruff 1928a, p. 103
- ^ a b c d Clemson University 2016b, p. 200
- ^ a b c Blackman 2001, p. 4
- ^ "The first 115 seasons of football at Virginia Tech". Virginia Tech. Retrieved March 25, 2009.
- ^ "V.P.I., 17; Clemson, 11". The Times. Library of Virginia. November 1, 1901. p. 2. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
- ^ Sam Blackman (July 8, 2015). "James Lynah-A Second Chance". ClemsonTigers.com. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
- ^ Woodruff 1928a, p. 142
- ^ Campbell 1999, p. 12
- ^ a b Blackman 2016, p. 49
- ^ Nauright, John. "The South Carolina – Clemson Football War of 1902". academia.edu. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
- ^ Haney 2011, pp. 25–27
- ^ Heisman 2012, pp. 104–105
- ^ "Prodigious Kick". Schenectady Gazette. October 10, 1934.
- ^ a b Senn, Foster (October 17, 1987). "This Day in Tiger Football". Clemson University Football Programs – Clemson Vs Duke: 81.
- ^ Umphlett 1992, pp. 66–67
- ^ Langum 2010, p. 95
- ^ Woodruff 1928c, p. 280
- ^ Woodruff 1928c, p. 278
- ^ Heisman 2012, p. 106
- ^ "Mike Bobinski Bio". ramblinwreck.com. Retrieved July 27, 2013.
- ^ a b Pope 1955, p. 123
- ^ a b c d e McMath 1985, p. 96
- ^ Georgia Institute of Technology 2010, p. 151
- ^ "Georgia Tech baseball records". Retrieved December 30, 2017.
- ^ Wiggins 2009, p. 115
- ^ Georgia Institute of Technology 2009, p. 207
- ^ "Kentucky's Heisman Gymnasium Record". Bigbluehistory.net. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
- ^ Thorn 2016, p. 113
- ^ Densa, Steve (December 7, 2006). "Heisman had Minor League connection". www.milb.com. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
- ^ "John W. Heisman, Noted Coach, Dies". www.nytimes.com. October 4, 1936. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
- ^ "Georgia Tech's All-Era Teams" (PDF). Georgia Institute of Technology. 2007. p. 155. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 8, 2018. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
- ^ Pennington 2009, p. 21
- ^ "Football in the South". The Official National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Guide: 161. 1904.
- ^ Woodruff 1928a, p. 159
- ^ "Georgia Tech Football Team of 1904". gatech.edu. Archived from the original on October 10, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
- ^ "Georgia Tech Traditions: Buzz".
- ^ a b c d e f g Georgia Institute of Technology 2008, pp. 190–191
- ^ "Look Sharp Now". Collier's Weekly: 18. November 3, 1928.
- ^ Heisman 2012, p. 91
- ^ Roberts 2016, p. 10
- ^ "History of the Forward Pass". biletnikoffaward.com. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
- ^ Roberts 2016, p. 8
- ^ Umphlett 1992, p. 106
- ^ Heisman 2012, p. 156
- ^ Woodruff 1928a, p. 189
- ^
- ^ McCarty 1988b, p. 18
- ^ Triumph Books 2006, p. 35
- ^ Dan McGugin (1907). "Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association Foot Ball". The Official National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Guide. National Collegiate Athletic Association: 71–75.
- ^ Spalding's Football Guide. Shawnee Mission, Kansas, NCAA Publishing Service. 1909. p. 75.
- ^ a b c "Inventory of the Athletic Association Records, 1892–1978". Georgia Tech Archives. Georgia Tech Library. Archived from the original on June 21, 2010. Retrieved September 21, 2007.
- ^ "Georgia Tech Football Team of 1911". gatech.edu. Archived from the original on August 11, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
- ^ a b "Early Georgia Tech Football" (PDF). College Football Historical Society. 14 (1). November 2000.
- ^ "Coleman Hargrove Van de Graaff, 1893-1938". Historical Commission of Tuscaloosa County.
- ^ a b "Tech Timeline: 1910s". Tech Traditions. Georgia Tech Alumni Association. Archived from the original on October 16, 2007. Retrieved May 21, 2007.
- ^
- ^ Alabama vs. Tulane (PDF). November 6, 1937. pp. 5, 11.
- ^ "Everett Strupper, Tech Immortal, Passes Suddenly". Georgia Tech Alumni Magazine. 28 (4). 1950.
- ^ "Ex-Tech Great Dies Suddenly: Everett Strupper, Member of Unbeaten Teams, Passes in Atlanta". The Anniston Star (AP wire story). February 5, 1950.
- ^ John Heisman (November 9, 1923). "Heisman Tells Inside Story of Strupper's Play". Atlanta Constitution.
- ^ Morgan Blake (1919). "Foot Ball in the South". Spalding's Official Football Guide: 57.
- ^ Heisman 2012, p. 144
- ^ "Strupper Given Many Honors". Columbus Ledger. December 4, 1916.
- ^ Matt Winkeljohn (November 7, 2009). "Page Ear-marked For Hall of Fame".
- ^ "Three Colgate Men Picked By Camp for All-American Team". The Syracuse Herald. December 26, 1916.
- ^ a b c "A Monumental Victory". ramblinwreck.com. October 6, 2006. Retrieved May 18, 2015.
- ^ a b Jay Searcy (September 16, 1990). "220-0-the Infamous Cumberland Gap [sic]". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved May 18, 2015.
- ^ Heisman 2012, p. 138
- ^ Van Brimmer 2011, p. 49
- ^ "John Heisman". Tech Traditions: Ramblin' Memories. Georgia Tech Alumni Association. Archived from the original on September 7, 2007. Retrieved May 21, 2007.
- ^ Pope 1955, p. 125
- ^ Woodruff 1928b, p. 50
- ^ Umphlett 1992, p. 142
- ^ a b c "Georgia Tech's Football Juggernaut, Greatest of the Gridiron Machines of 1917" (PDF). New York Times. December 16, 1917. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
- ^ Umphlett 1992, p. 142
- ^ McCarty 1988a, p. 3
- ^ McCarty 1988a, pp. 3–4
- ^ "1917 Pitt Panthers Schedule and Results". sports-reference.com.
- ^ McCarty 1988b, p. 15
- ^ Woodruff 1928b, p. 68
- ^ Woodruff 1928b, p. 77
- ^ Powers 1969, p. 42
- ^ "1918 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets Schedule and Results". sports-reference.com. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
- ^ McCarty 1988a, p. 4
- ^ "Buck Flowers: He Could Do It All — Well". Daily Item. Sumter, S.C. October 15, 1969. p. B2.
- ^ Joe Williams, "Joe Williams Says," El Paso Herald-Post, p. 10 (November 12, 1935). Retrieved August 20, 2014.
- ^ "Camp's All American: Football Dean Names Three Teams from Last Season's Records" (PDF). The New York Times. December 31, 1918.
- ^ "Other All-America Selections". Spalding's Official Foot Ball Guide: 31. 1919.
- ^ Woodruff 1928b, p. 105
- ^ "All-Southern Elevens". Spalding Football Guide. Shawnee Mission, Kansas, NCAA Publishing Service. 1920. pp. 41, 69, 27, 67.
- ^ a b Pope 1955, p. 8
- ^ Kordic 2007, p. 9
- ^ "1923 West Virginia Mountaineers Schedule and Results". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on September 24, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
- ^ "J. W. Heisman New Coach" (PDF). The Thresher. Vol. 9, no. 19. February 19, 1924.
- ^ a b Heisman 2012, p. 198
- ^ Pennington 2009, p. 10
- ^ a b c d e f "John William Heisman facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about John William Heisman". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ Heisman 2012, p. 111
- ^ a b Brandt 2001, p. 147
- ^ "Tech Pet Hall of Fame". Georgia Tech Alumni Magazine. 90 (1): 19. 2014.
- ^ says, Blog Above Replacement 5 31 13 | Cincinnati Reds. "Auburn theatrical legend John Heisman put on, starred in play to save Auburn football". www.thewareaglereader.com.
{{cite web}}
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- ^ a b Heisman 2012, p. 114
- ^ Heisman 2012, p. 115
- ^ Heisman 2012, p. 116
- ^ "Gravesite Still Draws Visitors". Associated Press. December 10, 1999. Archived from the original on October 18, 2007. Retrieved September 23, 2007.
- ^ "Wisconsin Hometowns". yourhometown.org. Retrieved September 23, 2007.
- ^ Pope 1955, p. 128
- ^ Heisman 1922, p. 267
- ^ Magee 2012, p. 256
- ^ Pope 1955, p. 118
- ^ Karl Greenberg (September 4, 2012). "Nissan Re-Boots The Heisman House in Dallas". mediadaily.com.
- ^ Department of English, University of South Carolina 1979, p. 27
- ^ Fulkerson, Nicole (March 2, 2015). "Parts of Heisman Drive to be closed until August". theplainsman.com. Retrieved December 25, 2017.
- ^ "Bigfork artist sculpts Heisman winners". May 10, 2011.
- ^ "Man prestigious Heisman trophy named after buried in Rhinelander". Chippewa Herald. December 10, 1999. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
- ^ Terry Rabbitts (September 14, 2015). "Heisman statue unveiled". buchtelite.com. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
- ^ Kelly, Caitlin (January 20, 2015). "Offseason Musings: Football, Pedagogy, and the Multimodal Composition Classroom". TECHStyle. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
- ^ Rafferty, John (September 13, 2002). "Heisman, a Musical?". gatech.edu. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
- ^ "Tom Davies Takes Tough Red Cat Job: Former Pitt Halfback Succeeds Edwards at Western Reserve". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. March 8, 1941.
- ^ "Former Head Coaches". georgiadogs.com. February 13, 2009.
- ^ Brandt 2001, p. 64
- ^ "Bill Fincher". Atlanta Georgian. 1927.
- ^ Ric A. Kabat, "Before the Seminoles: Football at Florida State College, 1902–1904," Florida Historical Quarterly, vol. LXX, no. 1, p. 35 (July 1991).
- ^ "Coach Guyon Leaves Union". Cardinal and Cream. April 8, 1927 – via Union University Archives.
- ^ a b "2012 game notes" (PDF).
- ^ "Alabama Football - Bryant Museum". bryantmuseum.com.
- ^ "Franklin & Marshall".
- ^ "University School for Boys". ghsfsa.org. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017.
- ^ Woodruff 1928a, p. 111
- ^ Nicholas Gutowski, "Penn Football in the 1800s, Varsity team history, Movement Towards Change and Authority Response: 1901, November 12th - 25th," (University of Pennsylvania archives)
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- Heisman, John M. (2012). Heisman: The Man Behind the Trophy. With Mark Schlaback. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-8291-5.
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- Woodruff, Fuzzy (1928). A History of Southern Football 1890–1928. Vol. 1.
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