John J. Parker

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For other people named John Parker, see John Parker (disambiguation).
John J. Parker
Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
In office
September 1, 1948 – March 17, 1958
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded bySimon Sobeloff
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
In office
December 14, 1925 – March 17, 1958
Appointed byCalvin Coolidge
Preceded byCharles Albert Woods
Succeeded byHerbert Stephenson Boreman
Personal details
Born
John Johnston Parker

(1885-11-20)November 20, 1885
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (BA, LLB
)

John Johnston Parker (November 20, 1885 – March 17, 1958) was an American politician and

United States Supreme Court in 1930. He was also the United States alternate judge at the Nuremberg trials of accused Nazi war criminals and later served on the United Nations' International Law Commission
.

Early and family life

Born on November 20, 1885, in

associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States James Iredell. He was also a brother of Samuel I. Parker, first recipient of the army's three highest decorations for valor.[1]

Parker received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1907 from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he was elected to membership in Phi Beta Kappa and was class president.[2] He received a Bachelor of Laws in 1908 from the University of North Carolina School of Law. Following a legal apprenticeship in Greensboro, North Carolina, he practiced law in Monroe from 1909 to 1922, and then in Charlotte, North Carolina until 1925.[1]

On November 23, 1910, he married Maria Burgwin Maffitt. They had three children: Sara Burgwin, John Jr., and Francis Iredell.[1]

Parker ran unsuccessfully for political office on three occasions as a

Attorney General of North Carolina. Then, in 1920, he was a candidate for Governor of North Carolina.[3]

From 1923 to 1924 Parker served as a special assistant to the

Wilson Administration officials for alleged frauds associated with World War I demobilization. His efforts resulted in no indictments of convictions. Nonetheless, he made favorable impressions upon Justice Department colleagues, including then Attorney General and future Supreme Court Justice Harlan F. Stone.[3]

Federal judicial service

Parker received a recess appointment from President Calvin Coolidge on October 3, 1925, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit vacated by Judge Charles Albert Woods.[1] He was nominated to the same position by President Coolidge on December 8, 1925. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 14, 1925, and received his commission the same day. He was a member of the Conference of Senior Circuit Judges (now the Judicial Conference of the United States) from 1931 to 1948, and was a member of the Judicial Conference of the United States from 1948 to 1957. Parker served as Chief Judge from 1948 until his death in 1958.[3]

Unsuccessful Supreme Court nomination

Parker's Supreme Court nomination

On March 21, 1930, Parker was nominated by President

United Mine Workers, involving antitrust law and yellow-dog contracts.[2] The NAACP joined the opposition in response to remarks Parker had made while a candidate for governor in 1920 about the participation of African Americans
in the political process:

The participation of the Negro in politics is a source of evil and danger to both races and is not desired by the wise men in either race or by the Republican Party of North Carolina.[5]

NAACP Acting Secretary

roll call vote.[8] This was the first Supreme Court nomination rejected by the Senate since that of Wheeler Hazard Peckham in 1894.[4] Two days later, President Hoover nominated Owen Roberts to fill the vacancy; Roberts was swiftly confirmed on May 20, 1930.[4][5]

Later life and death

Nuremberg Trials

From 1945 to 1946, Parker served as an alternate judge on the

International Allied Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, Germany.[9] In 1954, he was elected to serve on the United Nations' International Law Commission.[10]

Parker died on in Washington, D.C., on March 17, 1958, while still in active judicial service. He was buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Charlotte, North Carolina.[1]

Legacy

The Judge John J. Parker Award is presented annually by the North Carolina Bar Association.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Fish, Peter G. (1994). "Parker, John Johnston". ncpedia.org. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
  2. ^
    JSTOR 1902754
    .
  3. ^ a b c Fish, Peter G. (2002). "A 'Freshman' Takes Charge: Judge John J. Parker of the United States Court of Appeals, 1925–1930". Journal of Southern Legal History. 10: 59–113 – via Duke Law Scholarship Repository.
  4. ^ a b c d McMillion, Barry J. (March 8, 2022). Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2020: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved March 31, 2022.
  5. ^ a b c "Senate Rejects Judge John J. Parker for the Supreme Court". Washington, D.C.: United States Senate. Retrieved March 31, 2022.
  6. ^
    ISBN 978-1-59558-446-5
    .
  7. ^ "NAACP: A Century in the Fight for Freedom – The Great Depression". Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. Retrieved March 31, 2022.
  8. ^ "71st Congress, Senate Vote 321 (1930)". voteview.com. Retrieved April 1, 2022.
  9. ^ "THE NUREMBERG TRIALS -The American Experience-PBS". American Experience. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  10. ^ "Present and Former Members of the International Law Commission (1949–present)". The International Law Commission. Retrieved 2 June 2021.

External links

Party political offices
Preceded by
Frank A. Linney
 Republican nominee for Governor of North Carolina
1920 		Succeeded by
Legal offices
Preceded by Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
1925–1958 		Succeeded by
New office Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
1948–1958 		Succeeded by
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