John Lindley
John Lindley | |
---|---|
Born | |
Died | 1 November 1865 | (aged 66)
Nationality | English |
Alma mater | Norwich School |
Awards | Royal Medal (1857) |
Scientific career | |
Fields | |
Institutions | Royal Horticultural Society |
Author abbrev. (botany) | Lindl. |
John Lindley FRS (5 February 1799 – 1 November 1865) was an English botanist, gardener and orchidologist.
Early years
Born in
At this time Lindley became acquainted with the botanist
Career
Lindley went to work at Banks’ house in
From 1821 to 1826 he published a folio work with coloured illustrations that he had painted himself, “Collectanea botanica or Figures and botanic Illustrations of rare and curious exotic Plants”. Many of these plants came from the family
Lindley was appointed assistant secretary to the Royal Horticultural Society and its new garden at Chiswick in 1822, where he supervised the collection of plants.[7]
Assistant secretary to the
During his
Horticultural Society of London
About this time, the Horticultural Society of London, which became the Royal Horticultural Society at a later date, asked Lindley to draw roses and in 1822 he became the Assistant Secretary of the Society's garden. The Society's historian, Harold R Fletcher, later described him as “ ... the backbone of the Society and possibly the greatest servant it had ever had.” Now with a steady income, in 1823 he married Sarah Freestone (1797–1869). They rented a house in rural Acton Green, a location convenient for the Society's garden at Turnham Green.[10]
The Secretary of the Horticultural Society of London at that time was Joseph Sabine and he authorised expenditure on large projects beyond the Society's means. Lindley could only expostulate and was unsuccessful in moderating his actions. By 1830, the Society had mounting debts and a committee of enquiry was set up. Sabine resigned as Secretary and Lindley successfully defended his own position and carried the Society forward with the new Honorary Secretary, George Bentham.[11]
Middle years
An eminent botanist of the time, John Claudius Loudon, sought Lindley's collaboration on his “Encyclopedia of Plants”. This covered nearly fifteen thousand species of flowering plants and ferns. It was a massive undertaking and Lindley was responsible for most of it.[12]
During his labour on this undertaking, which was completed in 1829, and through arduous study of character patterns, he became convinced of the superiority of the "natural" classification system devised by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu – a system that he believed reflected the great plan of nature as distinct from the "artificial" system of Linnaeus followed in the Encyclopaedia of Plants. This conviction found expression in A Synopsis of British Flora, arranged according to the Natural Order (1829) and in An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany (1830).
In 1828 Lindley was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London and in 1833 was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the
In 1829 Lindley sought to augment his income and became professor of botany at the newly established London University while still continuing his post at the Royal Horticultural Society. He had not been to university himself but apparently was an excellent teacher, giving six hour-long lectures each week. Being dissatisfied with what was available, he wrote some botanical textbooks for his students.[14]
After the death of Joseph Banks and the death also of their patron, King George III, the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew went into a decline. The Government commissioned a report on their future to be prepared by Lindley, Joseph Paxton and John Wilson, head gardener to the Earl of Surrey.[7] The report recommended that the Gardens be retained but the Government did not accept their findings and proposed to abolish it, distribute the plants and pull down the glasshouses. On 11 February 1840, Lindley told the Prime Minister that the matter was to be raised in Parliament. This caused an outcry. The public was indignant, the Government backed down and the Gardens were saved. William Hooker was appointed to be the new Director.[15]
In 1845, Lindley was part of a scientific commission set up by the Government to investigate
Lindley was very industrious and published a number of works including ‘’The Genera and Species of Orchidaceous Plants’’, the writing of which occupied him for ten years. He was acknowledged to be the top authority on the classification of orchids of his time. Bentham and Hooker, writing in 1883, accepted 114 genera he had named and described, and Pfitzer, in 1889, accepted 127. Over many years, Lindley had described a large number of orchid species, and many other plants, naming them and giving each a concise description of the plant’s characteristics.[18]
He was held in high regard by other botanists and was honoured by naming more than 200 species with the epithets "lindleyi", "lindleyana", "lindleyanum", "lindleyanus", "lindleya" and "lindleyoides".[19]
Later years
In 1861, Lindley took charge of organising the exhibits from the British colonies for the International Exhibition at South Kensington. This was exhausting work and seems to have taken a toll on his health. His memory also began deteriorating. He resigned his university professorship that year and his position as Secretary to the Royal Horticultural Society two years later.[19]
In 1863, he travelled to Vichy, a spa in the center of France, but his health continued to decline. He died at his home at Acton Green, near London, aged 66. He was survived by his wife, two daughters including Sarah Lindley Crease and a son. The daughters were accomplished artists themselves and the son, Nathaniel, became a distinguished lawyer, the Master of the Rolls and a life peer.[20]
List of selected publications
- L. C. M. Richard(1819)
- Rosarum Monographia (1820)
- Digitalium Monographia (1821)
- Observations on the natural Group of Plants called Pomaceæ (1821)
- Instructions for packing living plants in foreign countries, especially within the tropics; and directions for their treatment during the voyage to Europe (1824)
- Monographie du genre rosier, traduit de l'anglais de J. Lindley ...par M. de Pronville (1824) With Auguste de Pronville
- A Botanical History of Roses
- Digitalia Monographia
- Collectanea botanica or Figures and botanic Illustrations of rare and curious exotic Plants (1821–1826) With Richard and Arthur Taylor
- A Synopsis of British Flora, arranged according to the Natural Order (1829)
- An Outline of the First Principles of Horticulture (1832)
- An Outline of the Structure and Physiology of Plants (1832)
- Lindley, John (1833). Nixus plantarum. London: Apud Ridgway et filios.
- Einleitung in das natürliche System der Botanik (1833)
- Lindley, John (1835). The Genera and Species of Orchidaceous Plants. Ridgways, Piccadilly.
- Lindley, John (1836). A Systematic View of the Organisation, Natural Affinities, and Geographical Distribution, of the Whole Vegetable Kingdom; Together With the Uses of the Most Important Species in Medicine, the Arts, and Rural or Domestic Economy. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman.
- The Fossil Flora of Great Britain (with William Hutton(1831–1837)
- Ladies' Botany or, A familiar introduction to the study of the natural system of botany (1834–37) [2 vols.] London: James Ridgway
- Lindley, John (1838). "Exogens". The Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. vol. X Ernesti–Frustum. London: Charles Knight. pp. 120–123.
- Flora Medica (1838)
- Sertum orchidaceum:a wreath of the most beautiful orchidaceous flowers selected by John Lindley. (1838)
- Appendix to the first twenty-three volumes of Edwards's botanical register (1839)
- Lindley, John (1839). "Primary Distribution of the Vegetable Garden". Botanical Register. xxv: 76–81.
- Theory of Horticulture (1840)
- Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony (1840)
- The genera and species of orchidaceous plants /by John Lindley. (1830–1840)
- Edwards' botanical register (1829–1847) With James Ridgway. Vol. 15–33.
- Medical and oeconomical botany /by John Lindley (1849)
- Folia Orchidacea (1852)
- Paxton's flower garden by Professor Lindley and Sir Joseph Paxton et al. (1853) Three volumes.
- Descriptive Botany (1858)
Taxonomic works
- A Natural System of Botany (1830–1836)
- Lindley, John (1830). An introduction to the natural system of botany: or, A systematic view of the organisation, natural affinities, and geographical distribution, of the whole vegetable kingdom: together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic economy (1st ed.). London: Longman.
- Lindley, John (1836) [1830]. A natural system of botany; or, A systematic view of the organization, natural affinities, and geographical distribution of the whole vegetable kingdom: together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic economy (2nd ed.). London: Longman.
- The Vegetable Kingdom (1846–1853)
- Lindley, John (1846). The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system (1st ed.). London: Bradbury.
- Lindley, John (1847) [1846]. The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system (2nd ed.). London: Bradbury & Evans.
- Lindley, John (1853) [1846]. The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system (3rd. ed.). London: Bradbury & Evans.
Edited works
- In 1841 he co-founded Charles Wentworth Dilke and William Bradburyand became its first editor.
- The Botanical Register 1820–1847
See also
- Lindley system
- Hundred of Lindley
References
- JSTOR 1216740.
- ^ Stearn, 17–18
- ^ a b Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). Encyclopedia Americana. .
- ^ Stearn, 19
- ^ Stearn, 20
- ^ Stearn, 30
- ^ ISBN 0195536444. p. 371.
- ^ a b Ryan, J. (2011). "Sifting horticulture from botany: John Lindley's 'A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony' (1840)". Australian Garden History. 23 (1): 9–14.
- ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
- ^ Stearn, 28
- ^ Fletcher, H. R. (1969) The Story of the Royal Horticultural Society, 1804–1868. Oxford University Press, London.
- ^ Stearn, 31
- ^ Stearn, 37
- ^ Stearn, 32–34
- ISBN 1860460763.
- ^ Stearn, 54–55
- ^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
- ^ Stearn, 64–65
- ^ a b Stearn, 67
- ^ Stearn, 68
Bibliography
- Stearn, William T. The life, times and achievements of John Lindley., in Stearn (1998)
- ISBN 978-1-85149-296-1.
- Green, Peter S. (November 1999). "William T. Stearn: John Lindley 1799–1865. Gardener-Botanist and Pioneer Orchidologist". .
- The Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. vol. X Ernesti–Frustum. London: Charles Knight. 1838. (see Penny Cyclopedia)
- public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lindley, John". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
- Boulger, George Simonds (1893). Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 33. London: Smith, Elder & Co. . In
- Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). Encyclopedia Americana. .
- Drayton, Richard. "Lindley, John (1799–1865)". doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/16674. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- "Contributions to the Bibliography of John Lindley". Occasional Papers from the RHS Lindley Library. 13. November 2015. ISSN 2043-0477.
- Lucas, A. M. (April 2008). "Disposing of John Lindley's library and herbarium: the offer to Australia". .
External links
- Books by John Lindley at the Biodiversity Heritage Library
- Contributions to the Bibliography of John Lindley - Occasional Papers from the RHS Lindley Library, volume 13, November 2015. Details Lindley's additional contributions to such works as Penny Cyclopaedia and the Athenaeum.
- Orchids.co: John Lindley's work on orchids
- English Wikisource has original text related to this article: Keeble, Frederick, "John Lindley 1799—1865", in Makers of British botany