John Lloyd Stephens

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John Lloyd Stephens
Panama Railroad Company
Signature

John Lloyd Stephens (November 28, 1805 – October 13, 1852) was an American explorer, writer, and diplomat. He was a pivotal figure in the rediscovery of

Panama railroad
.

Early life

John Lloyd Stephens was born November 28, 1805, in the township of

Columbia College, graduating at the top of his class four years later in 1822.[3]

After studying law with an attorney for a year, he attended the Litchfield Law School. He passed the bar exam after completing his course of study and practiced in New York City.

Stephens embarked on a journey through Europe in 1834 and went on to Egypt and the Levant, returning home in 1836. He later wrote several popular books about his travels and explorations.

Politics

He was recommended for the post of

Minister to the Netherlands in 1837, but President Martin Van Buren nominated Harmanus Bleecker
, who served until 1842. In 1846 Stephens was a delegate to the state constitutional convention, where he was responsible for the introduction and adoption of a conciliation court (small claims court).

Mesoamerican studies

Stephens read with interest early accounts of ruined cities of

Ambassador to Central America. While there the government of the Federal Republic of Central America
fell apart in civil war. He later published an account of the events he witnessed in Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatán.

Stephens and his traveling companion, architect, and draftsman Frederick Catherwood first came across Maya ruins at Copán, having landed in British Honduras (now Belize). They were astonished at their findings and spent two weeks mapping the site. Stephens surmised that it must have been built by some long-forgotten people, as he could not imagine it was the native Mayans. However, Catherwood noted the facial resemblance to modern Mayans. Stephens was able to buy the city of Copan for a sum of $50 and had dreams of floating it down the river and into museums in the United States.

They went on to

Yucatán in October 1841. According to Stephens's book about the trip, they visited a total of 44 Mayan sites such as Chichen Itza, Izamal, Kabah, the gateway at Labná, Mayapan, Sayil, Tulum, Uxmal, and Xtampak. In Uxmal, they documented the Governor's House, the Nunnery Quadrangle, and the Pyramid of the Magician. Catherwood also drew a famous view of the well at Bolonchén.[5]

Catherwood's drawings and lithographs showed, without question, the Maya to have been the authors of some of the most artistic and intellectual works of pre-Columbian America. Besides large constructions, they produced works of artistic refinement such as stone and plaster sculptures, frescoes, painted pottery, and bas-reliefs in wood. As a result of their explorations, Stephens and Catherwood argued convincingly that the Mayans built the ancient Central American cities in contrast to the theory that ethnic groups from European or Asian civilizations had built them.[6]

Stephens's books served to inspire Edgar Allan Poe, who reviewed three of Stephens's books for the New York Review and Graham's Magazine.[3]

Panama Railroad Company

Founders of the Panama Railroad, John L. Stephens, William H. Aspinwall, and Henry Chauncey, published in 1859

At the time England enjoyed a monopoly over the ocean navigation to and from the United States. Stephens obtained a charter from the state of New York and incorporated the Ocean Steam Navigation Company. The company acquired two steamships, the Washington and the Hermann which made journeys to Europe.

When the

New Granada to make arrangements for the laying of the railroad. On his way to Bogotá
, the capital of New Granada, he fell off his mule and sustained severe injuries from which he never fully recovered. He returned to the United States and was appointed President of the railroad.

Personal life

In 1841, Stephens was elected to the American Philosophical Society.[7] While in Panama, he was struck down by malaria in the spring of 1852. He recovered sufficiently to return to New York, only to have a recurrence of the disease.[8] He died October 13, 1852. He was buried at New York City Marble Cemetery.

Legacy

Stephens is the subject of the following works: Maya Explorer by Victor Wolfgang von Hagen, first published in 1947, and Jungle of Stone by William Carlsen (2016).

Publications

  • Incidents of Travel in Egypt, Arabia Petraea, and the Holy Land (1837)
  • Incidents of Travel in Greece, Turkey, Russia, and Poland (1838)
  • Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas and Yucatán, Vols. 1 & 2 (1841) (Reissued by )
  • Incidents of Travel in Yucatán, Vols. 1 & 2 (1843)

References

  1. ^ Person Detail: John Lloyd Stephens Archived February 23, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, New York State Literary Tree. Accessed December 4, 2007.
  2. OCLC 50092694
    . Retrieved January 5, 2007.
  3. ^ a b c Harris, Peter (2006). "Cities of Stone: Stephens & Catherwood in Yucatan, 1839-1842". Co-Incidents of Travel in Yucatan. Photoarts Journal (Summer 2006). pp. 1–2. Archived from the original on October 22, 2008. Retrieved January 5, 2007.
  4. ^ McNally, Shelagh (n.d.). "The First Explorers". The Revelations of Palenque. Mundo Maya online. Archived from the original on June 17, 2007. Retrieved January 5, 2007.
  5. ^ Fabio Bourbon, The Lost Cities of the Mayas, 1999
  6. . Retrieved May 17, 2014.
  7. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  8. ^ The Path Between the Seas, David McCullough, ©1977, pp 139-140

Further reading

External links

Media related to John Lloyd Stephens at Wikimedia Commons