John Monash
Sir John Monash | |
---|---|
Victoria, Australia | |
Buried | Brighton General Cemetery, Victoria, Australia |
Allegiance | Australia |
Service/ | Australian Army |
Years of service | 1884–1920 |
Rank | General |
Service number | 52 |
Commands held | Australian Corps (1918) 3rd Division (1916–1918) 4th Infantry Brigade (1914–1916) 13th Infantry Brigade (1913–1914) |
Battles/wars | First World War
|
Awards | Mentioned in Despatches (6) Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour (France) Croix de Guerre (France) Grand Officer of the Order of the Crown (Belgium) Croix de Guerre (Belgium) Distinguished Service Medal (United States) |
Other work | Manager State Electricity Commission of Victoria (1920–1931) Vice-Chancellor University of Melbourne (1923–1931) |
Early life
Monash was born in 58 Dudley Street,
In 1874, the family moved to the small town of Jerilderie in the Riverina region of New South Wales, where his father ran a store. Monash later claimed to have met the bushranger Ned Kelly during his raid there in 1879.[11] Monash attended the state school and his intelligence was recognised. The family was advised to move back to Melbourne to let John reach his full potential, which they did in 1877. Although his parents had largely abandoned religious practice, Monash celebrated his Bar Mitzvah at the East Melbourne Hebrew Congregation and sang in its choir. He was educated under Alexander Morrison at Scotch College, Melbourne, where he passed the matriculation examination when only 14 years of age.[5] At age 16, he was dux of the school.[2] He graduated from the University of Melbourne: a Master of Engineering in 1893; a Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws in 1895,[2] and a Doctor of Engineering in 1921.[12]
On 8 April 1891, Monash married Hannah Victoria Moss (1871–1920), and their only child, Bertha, was born in 1893. Monash had previously engaged in an affair with Annie Gabriel, the wife of one of his colleagues, which ended as an active matter after his conscious choice of 'Vic' for marriage (though communication continued many years afterwards).[13] He worked as a civil engineer, and played a major role in introducing reinforced concrete to Australian engineering practice. He initially worked for private contractors on bridge and railway construction, and as their advocate in contract arbitrations. Following a period with the Melbourne Harbor Trust, in 1894 he entered into partnership with J. T. N. Anderson as consultants and contractors. When the partnership was dissolved in 1905 he joined with the builder David Mitchell and industrial chemist John Gibson to form the Reinforced Concrete & Monier Pipe Construction Co, and in 1906 with them and businessmen from South Australia, to form the S. A. Reinforced Concrete Co.[14] He took a leading part in his profession and became president of the Victorian Institute of Engineers and a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, London.[2]
Monash joined the university company of the militia in 1884, and he became a lieutenant in the North Melbourne battery on 5 April 1887.[15] He was promoted to captain in 1895 and in April 1897 was promoted to major and given command of the battery.[16] On 7 March 1908, he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel in the intelligence corps.[17] He was given command of the 13th Infantry Brigade in 1912,[2] and was promoted colonel on 1 July 1913.[18]
First World War
Gallipoli
When the First World War broke out in August 1914, Monash became a full-time army officer, accepting an appointment as the chief censor in Australia.
When the first contingent of Australian troops, the
During the
Monash's time on Gallipoli and his departure from it were not, however, without controversy for reasons unrelated to the fighting. While on Gallipoli he "wrote very freely to his wife revealing much current information" and "opened himself to the criticism that he would not keep the rules by which his juniors had strictly to adhere."[31] Later, in a long diary-letter sent home by Monash and known by him to be illegal in Army terms, Monash implied that he was "one of the very last off Gallipoli" whereas "he had left for the beach nearly five hours before the last. It was a clumsy deception as so many people knew the facts."[32]
Following the withdrawal from Gallipoli, Monash returned to Egypt where the AIF underwent a period of reorganisation and expansion. This process resulted in the 4th Brigade being split and providing a
Western Front
In June 1916, Monash and his command were transferred to the
Monash's division spent the winter of 1917–1918 around Ploegsteert. Early the following year, after the Germans launched their
Commander of the Australian Corps
On 1 June 1918, the promotion of Monash to lieutenant general and commander of the Australian Corps, at the time the largest individual corps on the Western Front,[39] was confirmed.[40]
Monash's promotion was not without contention. Among those who considered and advocated for Major General Brudenell White to have command of the Australian Corps were Australia's Official War Correspondent and later Official Historian, Charles Bean, and journalist Keith Murdoch, although historian Justin Chadwick has written that Bean was one of many of that view.[41][42]
Bean had reservations about Monash's 'ideals'.[43][44] and was said to have a general prejudice against Monash's Prussian Jewish background.[45] According to Kelly, Bean's core motivation at that time was that Brudenell White's appointment was in the best interest of the AIF,[46] and that it would be a big mistake for White to leave the Australian Corps and go with Birdwood to the British Fifth Army.[47][44] Historian Burness noted that Bean did recognise Monash's ability and was not concerned that he should be promoted, but he considered Brudenell White was better fitted to command the fighting corps.[48] In this climate Hughes arrived at the front, before the Battle of Hamel, prepared to replace Monash – but, after consulting with senior officers, and after seeing the superb power of planning and execution displayed by Monash, he changed his mind.
In the Official History, Charles Bean noted that Monash was more effective the higher he rose within the Army.[49] His depth of knowledge not only of military matters, but also of engineering and business, ensured that his operational plans were the product of meticulous preparation and thorough and rigorous scrutiny.[50]
Bean later wrote of his own 'high intentioned but ill-judged intervention' and that 'those who took action (relating to Monash's appointment) did so as I afterwards realised, without adequate appreciation of Monash, who, though his reputation as a front line soldier had been poor, was never the less a much greater man than most of us then thought.'[51][52]
At the Battle of Hamel on 4 July 1918, Monash, with the support of the British 4th Army commander Sir Henry Rawlinson, commanded the 4th Australian Division, supported by the British 5th Tank Brigade, along with a detachment of American troops, to win a small but operationally significant victory for the Allies.[53]
On 8 August 1918, the
The Australians then achieved under Monash a series of victories against the Germans at
By the end of the war, Monash had acquired an outstanding reputation for intellect, personal magnetism, management and ingenuity. He also won the respect and loyalty of his troops: his motto was "Feed your troops on victory".[60] Monash was regarded with great respect by the British – a British captain on the staff of William Heneker's 8th Division described Monash as "a great bullock of a man... though his manners were pleasant and his behaviour far from rough, I have seen few men who gave me such a sensation of force... a fit leader for the wild men he commanded".[61] Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery later wrote: "I would name Sir John Monash as the best general on the western front in Europe".[62]
For his services during the war, and in addition to his creation as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath, Monash was appointed as a Knight Grand Cross of the
After the war
In October 1918, towards the end of the war, Australian War Historian, Charles Bean, had urged Prime Minister William Hughes to cause a plan of repatriation to be drawn up by the AIF and to put Monash in charge of it.[69] Soon after the cessation of hostilities in November 1918, Hughes requested that Monash return to London to take up the appointment as Director-General of Repatriation and Demobilisation, heading a newly-created department to carry out the repatriation of Australian troops from Europe.[70]
In August 1919, while in London, Monash wrote The Australian Victories in France in 1918 which was published in 1920. "It was propaganda, but not far off the truth." ... the true role of infantry was not to expend itself upon heroic physical effort, not to wither away under merciless machine-gun fire, not to impale itself on hostile bayonets, nor to tear itself to pieces in hostile entanglements—(I am thinking of Pozières and Stormy Trench and Bullecourt, and other bloody fields)—but on the contrary, to advance under the maximum possible protection of the maximum possible array of mechanical resources, in the form of guns, machine-guns, tanks, mortars
He returned to Australia on 26 December 1919 to an enthusiastic welcome.[5] Monash was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant-general on 1 January 1920 and returned to the reserves.[75]
Shortly after his return, on 27 February 1920, Monash's wife, Vic, died of cervical cancer.[76] Later, Monash worked in prominent civilian positions, the most notable being head of the State Electricity Commission of Victoria (SECV) from October 1920. He was also vice-chancellor of the University of Melbourne from 1923 until his death eight years later.[5] Monash was a founding member of the Rotary Club of Melbourne, Australia's first Rotary Club, and served as its second president (1922–1923). In 1927, he became president of the newly founded Zionist Federation of Australia and New Zealand.[77]
He was called upon by the Victorian Government of
Monash died in Melbourne on 8 October 1931 from a heart attack, and he was given a state funeral. An estimated 300,000 mourners, the nation's largest funeral crowd to that time, came to pay their respects. After a Jewish service, and a 17-gun salute, he was buried in Brighton General Cemetery.[79] In a final sign of humility, despite his achievements, honours and titles, he instructed that his tombstone simply bear the words "John Monash".[80] He was survived by his daughter, Bertha (1893–1979).[81]
Legacy
Military impact
According to British historian A. J. P. Taylor, Monash was "the only general of creative originality produced by the First World War."[5] Monash's impact on Australian military thinking was significant in three areas. First, he was the first Australian to fully command Australian forces and he took, as following Australian commanders did, a relatively independent line with his British superiors. Second, he promoted the concept of the commander's duty to ensure the safety and well-being of his troops to a pre-eminent position in a philosophy of "collective individualism". And finally, he, along with staff officer Thomas Blamey, forcefully demonstrated the benefit of thorough planning and integration of all arms of the forces available, and of all of the components supporting the front line forces, including logistical, medical and recreational services. Troops later recounted that one of the most extraordinary things about the Battle of Hamel was not the use of armoured tanks, nor the tremendous success of the operation, but the fact that in the midst of battle Monash had arranged delivery of hot meals up to the front line.[82]
Cultural impact
In recognition of his enduring influence, Monash's face is on Australia's highest value currency note (
Eponyms
- Victoria
- City of Monash, a local government area in Melbourne
- Division of Monash, a Federal electoral division covering part of Gippsland, Victoria
- Monash Medical Centre, a teaching hospital in Melbourne (and location of his bust, which was originally located in former SECV town Yallourn)
- Monash Freeway, a major urban freeway in Melbourne
- John Monash Scholarships, annually awarded to outstanding Australians for postgraduate study overseas
- John Monash Science School, a specialist science secondary school in Clayton, Victoria
- Town of Monash in South Australia
- Kfar Monash ("Monash village") in Israel[84]
- Suburb of Monash in Canberra
- Sir John Monash Stakes is a Group 3 horse race run each July at Caulfield Racecourse
- Monash Country Club in Ingleside on the Northern Beaches of Sydney[85]
- Sir John Monash Drive in Caulfield East, Victoria
- 306 Monash Army Cadet Unit
- Sir John Monash Centre, commemorative interpretive centre at Villers-Bretonneux, France[86]
- General Monash Branch – Royal Canadian Legion (Branch #115) Winnipeg, Mb, Canada
Movement for posthumous recognition
Since 2013, there has been a movement to posthumously promote Monash to the rank of field marshal.[87] Monash would be the fourth person, and only second Australian-born person, to hold this rank. The movement was led by Tim Fischer, former Australian Deputy Prime Minister and author of the book, Maestro John Monash: Australia's Greatest Citizen General, and supported by other Australian Members of Parliament including Josh Frydenberg[88] and Cathy McGowan.[89] According to Fischer, Monash was denied promotion during his life due to discrimination, including as a result of his German-Jewish ancestry and his status as a reservist rather than professional soldier.[90]
In October 2015, the Jerilderie Shire Council unanimously adopted the "Jerilderie Proposition", calling on the Australian Government to promote Monash:[91]
Following on the outstanding contribution of Sir John Monash to state and nation before, during and after World War I and reflecting the fact that Sir John Monash received no Australian awards or honours post 11 November 1918, the Prime Minister approve by government gazette publication the posthumous promotion of one step in rank of General Sir John Monash to the rank of Australian field marshal, with effect 11 November 1930, one year after Sir John Monash was eventually promoted to the rank of general.
In fact, Monash was recognised after November 1918 by the Australian Government, and was promoted to the full rank of general by the Prime Minister James Scullin in recognition of his long and distinguished service with the Australian military forces on Armistice Day 11 November 1929.[92][93] On 14 April 2018, Neil James, Executive Director of the Australian Defence Association, suggested that posthumously promoting Monash was unnecessary and "would demean his record." James also wrote that the campaign to do so highlighted the problem of "emotive mythology about our military history." He pointed out that Harry Chauvel was the first Australian to command a division and become a corps commander, being promoted to lieutenant general a year before Monash. James added: "I have yet to meet or even hear of [a military historian] who supports the Monash promotion proposal".[94] Three days after James' comments the Australian Prime Minister, Malcolm Turnbull, announced that Monash would not be promoted posthumously to field marshal.[95]
See also
- 1916 Pioneer Exhibition Game – charity match suggested by Monash
References
Notes
- ^ a b "No. 31514". The London Gazette (1st supplement). 19 August 1919. pp. 10607–10608.
- ^ a b c d e Serle, Percival (1949). "Monash, General Sir John". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
- ^ Cecil Edwards "John Monash" (State Electricity Commission of Victoria, 1970), page 3. In the 1970s the house was offices of a brewing company; since the 1980s, the house has been a brothel called "The Main Course."
- ^ Cecil Ewards, op. cit. p.5
- ^ ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
- ^ Serle 1982, p. 1
- ^ Cecil Edwards, ibid.
- ^ Cecil Edwards, op. cit. p.6
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/35060. Retrieved 28 November 2008. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ Serle 1982, pp. 7–8, 193
- ^ Pedersen 1985, p. 8
- ^ Hetherington 1983, p. 156
- ^ "Passions of a warrior". 10 November 2008. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
- ^ Alan Holgate; Geoff Taplin; Lesley Alves. "Monash's Engineering Career prior to WW1". John Monash—Engineering enterprise prior to WW1. Alan Holgate. Archived from the original on 10 October 2008. Retrieved 15 January 2009.
- ^ "6 April 1887". The Argus. 6 April 1887. p. 7. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ "News of the Day". The Age. 12 April 1897. p. 5. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ "Military Forces of the Commonwealth – Promotions". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. 15. 28 March 1908. p. 645. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ "Military Forces of the Commonwealth – Appointments, Promotions, etc". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. 62. 6 September 1913. p. 2609. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ "First World War Service Record – Sir John Monash". National Archives of Australia. 23 October 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
- ^ Perry 2007, pp. 148–151
- ^ Perry 2007, p. 151
- ^ Perry 2007, pp. 151–153
- ^ Perry 2007, pp. 154–161
- ^ Perry 2007, p. 183
- ^ Perry 2007, p. xiv
- ^ "Australian Imperial Forces – Promotions". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. 111. 18 September 1915. p. 2338. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ Perry 2007, p. 209
- ^ Perry 2007, p. 221
- ^ Perry 2007, p. 222
- ^ Perry 2007, pp. 230–235
- ^ Serle, Geoffrey, John Monash: A Biography, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1982, 2002 edition, p. 209.
- ^ Serle, Geoffrey, John Monash: A Biography, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1982, 2002 edition, p. 247.
- ^ Perry 2007, pp. 238–239
- ^ Perry 2007, p. 245
- ^ "Australian Imperial Forces – Appointments, Promotions, etc". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. 176. 30 November 1916. p. 3246. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ Dennis et al 1995, p. 405.
- ^ Palazzo 2002, pp. 37–41.
- ^
Harry, Ralph (1983). "Glasgow, Sir Thomas William (1876–1955)". ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
- ^ Perry 2004, p. xiii
- ^ "NAA: B2455, Monash Sir John, pp. 3 & 29 of 101". National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
- ^ Chadwick, Justin (2017). Sword and Baton: Senior Australian Army Officers from Federation to 2001. NSW: Big Sky Publishing. p. 613.
- ^ "Sir Brudenell White". www.firstworldwar.com – Who's Who. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
- ^ Bean diary, entry 12 June 1918, AWM38, 3DRL 606/114/1. p. 93.
- ^ a b Bean diary, entry 18 June 1918, AWM38, 3DRL 606/115/1, p. 56.
- ^ Serle, Geoffrey John Monash: A Biography, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1982, p. 298.
- ^ Kelly, Paul "Charles Bean; Man of his time and for all time". The Australian. (23 May 2018).
- ^ Bean diary, entry 2 June 1918, AWM38, 3DRL 606/ 113/1 opp. p. 53.
- ^ Burness, Peter 'Notes from the Western Front', Wartime, Issue 84, p. 63.)
- ^ Bean. Official History. Vol II, The Story of Anzac, p. 588.
- ^ Chadwick, Justin (2017). Sword and Baton: Senior Australian Army Officers from Federation to 2001. NSW: Big Sky Publishing. p. 457.
- ^ Bean, Two Men I Knew: William Bridges and Brudenell White Founders of the A.I.F., Angus and Robertson, Sydney, (1957), pp. 170–171 and footnote.
- ^ "The Sun (Sydney, NSW : 1910–1954) – 11 Oct 1931 – p. 13". Trove. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
- ^ McLintock, Penny (4 July 2008). "Battle of Hamel still considered 'turning point'". ABC News. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
- ^ Perry 2004, p. xv
- ^ Perry 2004, p. xii
- ^ Ludendorff 1971, cited in Pedersen 1985, p. 247
- ^ "No. 30450". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 December 1917. p. 1.
- ^ Chadwick, Justin, Sword and Baton: Senior Australian Army Officers from Federation to 2001. Big Sky Publishing, NSW, 2017, p. 470.
- ^ Perry 2004, p. 443
- ^ Leadership in War, address to the Beefsteak Club, Melbourne, 30 March 1926.Warhaft 2004, p. 81
- ^ Hart 2008, p. 257
- ^ Montgomery 1972, cited in Pedersen 1985, p. 294
- ^ "No. 31092". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 January 1919. p. 4200.
- ^ "No. 31150". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 January 1919. pp. 1445–1445.
- ^ "No. 31465". The London Gazette (Supplement). 21 July 1919. pp. 9219–9221.
- ^ "No. 31263". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 April 1919. p. 4200.
- ^ "No. 31451". The London Gazette (Supplement). 12 July 1919. pp. 8937–8938.
- ^ Sydney Morning Herald, 12 November 1929, p. 11
- ^ Bean diary, entry 13 October 1918, AWM38, 3DRL 606/117/1, p. 54.
- ^ Chadwick, Justin, Sword and Baton Senior Australian Army Officers from Federation to 2001, Big Sky Publishing Pty. Ltd. Sydney 2017, p. 471.
- ^ Serle, Geoffrey. "Monash, Sir John (1865–1931)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 31 August 2022 – via Australian Dictionary of Biography.
- ^ "Monash, John | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)". encyclopedia.1914–1918-online.net. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
- ^ Stobo, R. M. 'Feed the Troops on Victory': A Study Of the Australian Corps and its Operations during August and September 1918', University of New South Wales, Canberra, 2020. p. 157
- ^ Monash 1920, p. 96
- ^ "Australian Military Forces – Promotions, Transfers, etc". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. 102. 18 November 1920. p. 2177. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ Perry 2007, p. 471
- ^ Apple, Raymond. "Isaacs and Monash: The Jewish Connection". Journal of the Australian Jewish Historical Society.
- ^ Perry 2007, p. 491
- ^ Perry 2007, pp. 514–516
- ^ "They Shall Grow Not Old: A Who's Who of Brighton Cemetery (Armed Forces)". Defending Victoria. Archived from the original on 13 March 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ^ Perry 2007, p. 518
- ^ a b Ferguson 2012, Chapter 5
- ^ Peace – A Cantata for John Monash, first performed in September 2017 Archived 7 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Gilbert 2008, p. 137
- ^ "Monash Country Club – About us". Monash Country Club. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^ Crowe, David (24 April 2018). "'We must remember': PM opens $100m Monash centre in France". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^ Fischer, Tim (29 July 2016). "Monash's Western Front feats make him a worthy field marshal". Retrieved 13 November 2016 – via The Australian.
- ^ AAP (26 April 2013). "Promote Monash to field marshal says MP". Retrieved 13 November 2016 – via The Australian.
- ^ "Indi voice behind Jerilderie Proposition to promote Sir John Monash". Cathy McGowan MP. Archived from the original on 14 November 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
- ^ Nicholson, Brendan (29 July 2016). "John Monash should be promoted to Field Marshal, says Tim Fischer". Retrieved 13 November 2016 – via The Australian.
- ^ Grimson, Ken (13 November 2015). "Push grows to promote Sir John Monash". The Daily Advertiser. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
- ^ Sydney Morning Herald, 12 November 1929, p. 11.
- ^ Commonwealth of Australia Gazette, 14 November 1929 (No.105), p. 2331.
- ^ James, Neil (12 April 2018). "Posthumously promoting Sir John Monash to field marshal is invalid, ahistoric and unnnecessary". Australian Defence Association. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
- ^ Shields, Bevan (17 April 2018). "Turnbull government decides against posthumous promotion for war hero John Monash". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
Bibliography
- Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey; Morris, Ewan; Prior, Robin; Connor, John (1995), The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History, Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-553227-9
- Ferguson, Ian (2012), Aussie War Heroes, Melbourne, Victoria: Brolga Publishing, ISBN 978-1922175212
- Gilbert, Martin (2008), Israel: A History, London: Black Swan, ISBN 9780552774284
- ISBN 978-0-7538-2689-8
- Hetherington, Mollie (1983), Famous Australians, Richmond, Victoria: Hutchinson, ISBN 978-0091482800
- ISBN 0-8369-5956-6
- Monash, John (1920), The Australian Victories in France in 1918, London: Hutchinson, OCLC 563884172
- ISBN 0-00-192149-5
- Palazzo, Albert (2002), Defenders of Australia: The 3rd Australian Division 1916–1991, Loftus, New South Wales: Australian Military Historical Publications, ISBN 1-876439-03-3
- ISBN 1-74051-364-9
- Perry, Roland (2007) [2004], Monash: The Outsider Who Won A War, North Sydney, New South Wales: Random House, ISBN 978-1-74166-847-6
- Pedersen, P. A. (1985), Monash as Military Commander, Carlton, Victoria: ISBN 0-522-84267-4
- ISBN 0-522-84239-9
- Warhaft, Sally (2004), Well May We Say... : The Speeches That Made Australia, Melbourne: Black, ISBN 1-86395-277-2
Further reading
- Firkins, Peter (1972). The Australians in Nine Wars: Waikato to Long Tan. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07021065-3.
- ISBN 978-1-922235-59-6.
- ISBN 978-1-76029143-3.
- Monash, John. "Monash, Sir John KCMG KCB, (General, b. 1865 – d. 1931)". Personal Papers. Australian War Memorial.
- Pegram, Aaron. (2019). "Monash, John", 1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Freie Universität Berlin. .
External links
- Media related to John Monash at Wikimedia Commons
- Sir John Monash (1865–1931) Gravesite at Brighton General Cemetery (Vic)
- "First World War Service Record – Sir John Monash". National Archives of Australia. 23 October 2013.
- Monash, John (Sir) (1865–1931) National Library of Australia, Trove, People and Organisation record for John Monash
- Monash, John (Sir) (1865–1931) Archived 28 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine Australian War Memorial, digitized records for John Monash