John N. Shive

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

John N. Shive
Bell Labs

John Northrup Shive (February 22, 1913 – June 1, 1984) was an American

phototransistor
in 1948 (a device that combines the sensitivity to light of a photodiode and the current gain of a transistor), and for the Shive wave machine in 1959 (an educational apparatus used to illustrate wave motion).

Early life and education

John N. Shive was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on February 22, 1913,[2] and grew up in New Jersey.[3] Shive graduated from Rutgers University with a BS in physics and chemistry in 1934. He also earned a PhD from Johns Hopkins University, submitting a dissertation Practice and theory of the modulation of Geiger counters in 1939.[4] Shive became a fellow of the American Physical Society, a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and was a member of the Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi fraternities.[2]

Scientific career

John N. Shive joined

Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1939.[2] Shive worked initially on physical research and device development, and later on education and training.[3] After retirement from industry, he worked as an adjunct professor of physics at Georgian Court University.[5] The spherical sundial on campus, in front of the bookstore and next to the library, is dedicated to his memory.[6]

Transistor development

On January 30, 1948 Shive discovered that gold-plated tungsten point contacts on a p-type layer of germanium grown on an n-type substrate gave "a terrific triode effect".[7]: 153  On February 13, he also discovered that a transistor consisting of bronze contacts on the surface of an n-type substrate without a p-layer gave "gains up to 40× in power!"[7]: 153  He leveraged this discovery to build a point contact transistor with bronze contacts on the front and back of thin wedge of germanium, proving that holes could diffuse through bulk germanium and not just along the surface as previously thought. This confirmed William Shockley's idea that it should be possible to build a junction transistor, an idea that hitherto he had kept secret from the rest of the team.[7]: 143  [8]: 145 [9] Shockley later admitted that the workings of the team were "mixture of cooperation and competition". He also admitted that he kept some of own work secret until his "hand was forced" by Shive's 1948 advance.[10]

Phototransistor

In 1948 Shive invented the

phototransistor that used a beam of light, instead of a wire, as the emitter of a point contact transistor, generating holes that flow to the collector.[7]: 205  Bell Labs announced the invention in 1950.[11] The phototransistor was eventually used in the nationwide direct distance dialing system.[3]

Shive wave machine

This Wave Machine model simulates the wave machine produced by John Shive at Bell Laboratories and made famous by the PSSC Simple Waves film. The machine consists of 64 horizontal rods welded to an axle torsion bar that is perpendicular to the rods. Notice that the wave inverts as it reflects from each non-fixed end.

Shive was a gifted lecturer, and became Director of Education and Training at Bell Telephone Laboratories.[12][13] He was responsible for curriculum and administration of educational programs provided to employees of Bell Laboratories.[3]

In this new role, he invented the Shive wave machine (also known as the Shive wave generator). The wave generator illustrates wave motion using a series of steel rods joined by a thin

partial reflection, and impedance matching. Shive made two educational films in which he demonstrated the machine, Simple Waves[14] and Similarities in Wave Behavior,[1] and wrote a book with the same name as the latter.[15]

Today, the Exploratorium Exhibit Services manufactures a large-scale version of the machine for use in science museums and schools.[16]

Patents

Shive held several patents including Selenium rectifier and method of making it,[17] Directly heated thermocouple,[18] Photoresistive translating device,[19] Selenium rectifier including tellurium and method of making it,[20] Apparatus for and method of treating selenium rectifiers,[21] Semiconductor photoelectric device,[22] Conditioning of semiconductor translators,[23] Semiconductor amplifier,[24] and Alternating gate current.[25]

Books

Shive authored three books during his career, beginning with The Properties, Physics, and Design of Semiconductor Devices (1959), a book about semiconductor devices.[26] This was followed by Similarities of Wave Behavior (1961), a book designed to help college professors teach students about waves using the machine he invented.[1] His last book, Similarities in Physics (1982), was coauthored with Robert L. Weber.[15] He was also one of the editors of Transistor Technology, Volume 1.[27]

Honors

John N. Shive was a fellow of the American Physical Society and a Senior Member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. He was also a chairman of the Advisory Committee on the Pre-College Physics Project of the American Institute of Physics.[3]

Personal life

Shive was married to Helen Conner, and the two were the parents of Peter, Jonathan, and Elaine. From 1974 to 1984 Shive was faculty lecturer in physics at Georgian Court College of Lakewood, New Jersey. He died on 3 June 1984 at the Riverview Medical Center in Red Bank, New Jersey.[28][26]

Selected works

  • J. N. Shive, Physical Review, vol. 75, p. 318, 1949.
  • J. N. Shive, Physical Review, vol. 75, p. 689, 1949.
  • J. A. Becker and J. N. Shive, "The Transistor – A New Semiconductor Amplifier," The Electrical Engineer., vol 68, no. 3, pp. 215–221, Mar. 1949.
    doi:10.1109/JPROC.1999.775422
  • J. N. Shive, "The Properties of Germanium Phototransistors", JOSA, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 239–243, 1953.
    doi:10.1364/JOSA.43.000239
  • John N. Shive and Robert L. Weber, Similarities in Physics. New York, NY: Wiley, 1982.
    ISBN 978-0471897958
    .

References

  1. ^ a b c Shive, John N. (1959). Similarities of Wave Behavior (video). AT&T Bell Labs.
  2. ^ a b c Contributors to Proceedings of the I.R.E. 1952.
  3. ^
    News Record. University of Cincinnati. February 10, 1966. p. 22. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on June 13, 2010. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
  4. OCLC 81863171
    .
  5. ^ Special lecturer, physics, Georgian Court Coll. Lakewood, N.J. Library of Congress Authority File. Retrieved September 13, 2019.
  6. ^ Control Number: IAS NJ000290. Art Inventories Catalog. Smithsonian American Art Museum. Smithsonian Institution Research Information System. Retrieved September 13, 2019.
  7. ^
    ISBN 9780393318517
    .
  8. ISBN 0309084083
    . Retrieved April 30, 2012. Shockley knew that Bardeen would instantly recognize the implications of Shive's demonstration.
  9. S2CID 1616808
    . an observation that William Shockley interpreted as confirmation of his concept of that junction transistor
  10. ^ "Inventors of the transistor followed diverse paths after 1947 discovery". Associated press - Bangor Daily new. December 25, 1987. Retrieved May 6, 2012. 'mixture of cooperation and competition' and 'Shockley, eager to make his own contribution, said he kept some of his own work secret until "my hand was forced" in early 1948 by an advance reported by John Shive, another Bell Laboratories researcher'
  11. ^ "The phototransistor". Bell Laboratories Record. May 1950.
  12. doi:10.1109/te.1960.4322150
    .
  13. doi:10.1109/te.1968.4320414
    .
  14. ^ The education of a physicist: an account of the International Conference on the Education of Professional Physicists, London, 15–21 July 1965. International Union of Pure and Applied Physics. Commission on Physics Education. 15–21 July 1965. p. 98. The more elementary one 'Simple Waves' is recommended as well.
  15. ^ a b Hurd, David; Jackson, Daphne (1983). "Enhancement for physics students". New Scientist. 98 (1357): 400.
  16. ^ "Wave machine". Archived from the original on 2012-12-12. Retrieved 2012-05-05.
  17. ^ US patent 2339613, BECKER JOSEPH A & SHIVE JOHN N, "Selenium rectifier and method of making it", issued 1944-01-18, assigned to BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES INC. 
  18. ^ US patent 2444027, BECKER JOSEPH A; SHIVE JOHN N & GRIFFITH THOMAS R, "Directly heated thermocouple", issued 1948-06-29, assigned to BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES INC. 
  19. ^ US patent 2560606, SHIVE JOHN N, "Photoresistive translating device", issued 1951-07-17, assigned to BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES INC. 
  20. ^ US patent 2608611, SHIVE JOHN N, "Selenium rectifier including tellurium and method of making it", issued 1952-08-26, assigned to BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES INC. 
  21. ^ US patent 2626448, SHIVE JOHN N, "Apparatus for and method of treating selenium rectifiers", issued 1953-01-27, assigned to BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES INC. 
  22. ^ US patent 2641713, SHIVE JOHN N, "Semiconductor photoelectric device", issued 1953-06-09, assigned to BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES INC. 
  23. ^ US patent 2676228, SHIVE JOHN N, "Conditioning of semiconductor translators", issued 1954-04-20, assigned to BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES INC. 
  24. ^ US patent 2691750, SHIVE JOHN N, "Semiconductor amplifier", issued 1954-10-12, assigned to BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES INC. 
  25. ^ US patent 2790088, SHIVE JOHN N, "Alternating gate current", issued 1957-04-23, assigned to BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES INC. 
  26. ^ a b John Northrup Shive (1959). The Properties, Physics, and Design of Semiconductor Devices. Bell Telephone Laboratories series. D. Van Nostrand Co. p. ix. Finally, to my wife, Helen Shive, go my grateful acknowledgments...
  27. OCLC 492317508
    .
  28. ^ "Dr. John N. Shive was retired engineer". The Daily Register (Red Bank, New Jersey). 4 June 1984.

Further reading

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_N._Shive&oldid=1217531703"