John Steinbeck
John Steinbeck | |
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Born | John Ernst Steinbeck II February 27, 1902 Salinas, California, U.S. |
Died | December 20, 1968 New York City, U.S. | (aged 66)
Occupation |
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Notable works |
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Notable awards |
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Spouses | Carol Henning
(m. 1930; div. 1943)Gwyn Conger
(m. 1943; div. 1948) |
Signature | |
John Ernst Steinbeck (/ˈstaɪnbɛk/ STYNE-bek; February 27, 1902 – December 20, 1968) was an American writer. He won the 1962 Nobel Prize in Literature "for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humor and keen social perception".[2] He has been called "a giant of American letters."[3][4]
During his writing career, he authored 33 books, with one book coauthored alongside
Most of Steinbeck's work is set in central California, particularly in the Salinas Valley and the California Coast Ranges region. His works frequently explored the themes of fate and injustice, especially as applied to downtrodden or everyman protagonists.
Early life
Steinbeck was born on February 27, 1902, in Salinas, California.[8] He was of German, English, and Irish descent.[9] Johann Adolf Großsteinbeck (1828–1913), Steinbeck's paternal grandfather, was a founder of Mount Hope, a short-lived messianic farming colony in Palestine that disbanded after Arab attackers killed his brother and raped his brother's wife and mother-in-law. He arrived in the United States in 1858, shortening the family name to Steinbeck. The family farm in Heiligenhaus, Mettmann, Germany, is still named "Großsteinbeck".
His father, John Ernst Steinbeck (1862–1935), served as
Steinbeck graduated from Salinas High School in 1919 and went on to study English literature at
When their money ran out six months later due to a slow market, Steinbeck and Carol moved back to Pacific Grove, California, to a cottage owned by his father, on the Monterey Peninsula a few blocks outside the Monterey city limits. The elder Steinbecks gave John free housing, paper for his manuscripts, and from 1928, loans that allowed him to write without looking for work. During the Great Depression, Steinbeck bought a small boat, and later claimed that he was able to live on the fish and crabs that he gathered from the sea, and fresh vegetables from his garden and local farms. When those sources failed, Steinbeck and his wife accepted welfare, and on rare occasions, stole bacon from the local produce market.[16] Whatever food they had, they shared with their friends.[16] Carol became the model for Mary Talbot in Steinbeck's novel Cannery Row.[16]
In 1930, Steinbeck met the marine biologist Ed Ricketts, who became a close friend and mentor to Steinbeck during the following decade, teaching him a great deal about philosophy and biology.[16] Ricketts, usually very quiet, yet likable, with an inner self-sufficiency and an encyclopedic knowledge of diverse subjects, became a focus of Steinbeck's attention. Ricketts had taken a college class from Warder Clyde Allee, a biologist and ecological theorist, who would go on to write a classic early textbook on ecology. Ricketts became a proponent of ecological thinking, in which man was only one part of a great chain of being, caught in a web of life too large for him to control or understand.[16] Meanwhile, Ricketts operated a biological lab on the coast of Monterey, selling biological samples of small animals, fish, rays, starfish, turtles, and other marine forms to schools and colleges.
Between 1930 and 1936, Steinbeck and Ricketts became close friends. Steinbeck's wife began working at the lab as secretary-bookkeeper.[16] Steinbeck helped on an informal basis.[18] They formed a common bond based on their love of music and art, and John learned biology and Ricketts's ecological philosophy.[19] When Steinbeck became emotionally upset, Ricketts sometimes played music for him.[20]
Career
Writing
Steinbeck's first novel,
Between 1930 and 1933, Steinbeck produced three shorter works.
Before his novel Tortilla Flat (1935), Steinbeck was an obscure writer "with little success".[23] Although he had not achieved the status of a well-known writer, he never doubted that he would achieve greatness.[16]
Steinbeck achieved his first critical success with Tortilla Flat, a novel set in post-war Monterey, California, that won the California
Steinbeck began to write a series of "California novels" and Dust Bowl fiction, set among common people during the Great Depression. These included In Dubious Battle, Of Mice and Men and The Grapes of Wrath. He also wrote an article series called The Harvest Gypsies for the San Francisco News about the plight of the migrant worker.
Of Mice and Men was a drama about the dreams of two migrant agricultural laborers in California. Steinbeck, on vacations to Mexico, witnessed sold-out theater troupes with often poor and illiterate workers consisting of the audience. As such, Steinbeck chose to write Of Mice and Men with a stage play in mind. It was critically acclaimed[21] and Steinbeck's 1962 Nobel Prize citation called it a "little masterpiece".[1] Its stage production was a hit, starring Wallace Ford as George and Broderick Crawford as George's companion, the mentally childlike, but physically powerful itinerant farmhand Lennie. Steinbeck refused to travel from his home in California to attend any performance of the play during its New York run, telling director George S. Kaufman that the play as it existed in his own mind was "perfect" and that anything presented on stage would only be a disappointment. Steinbeck wrote two more stage plays (The Moon Is Down and Burning Bright).
Of Mice and Men was also adapted as a 1939 Hollywood film, with Lon Chaney Jr. as Lennie (he had filled the role in the Los Angeles stage production) and Burgess Meredith as George.[25] Meredith and Steinbeck became close friends for the next two decades.[16] Another film based on the novella was made in 1992 starring Gary Sinise as George and John Malkovich as Lennie.
Steinbeck followed this wave of success with
Of the controversy, Steinbeck wrote, "The vilification of me out here from the large landowners and bankers is pretty bad. The latest is a rumor started by them that the Okies hate me and have threatened to kill me for lying about them. I'm frightened at the rolling might of this damned thing. It is completely out of hand; I mean a kind of hysteria about the book is growing that is not healthy."[30]
The then First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, already a fan of Steinbeck's work from Of Mice and Men, defended Steinbeck's work in her nationally syndicated newspaper column, “My Day". She wrote: “Now I must tell you that I have just finished a book which is an unforgettable experience in reading. The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck, both repels and attracts you. The horrors of the picture, so well drawn, make you dread sometimes to begin the next chapter, and yet you cannot lay the book down or even skip a page.”[31] After visiting California labor camps in 1940, a reporter asked her if she believed that The Grapes of Wrath was exaggerated. Roosevelt responded, "I have never believed that The Grapes of Wrath was exaggerated".[32]
The film versions of The Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men (by two different movie studios) were in production simultaneously, allowing Steinbeck to spend a full day on the set of The Grapes of Wrath and the next day on the set of Of Mice and Men.[citation needed]
Ed Ricketts
In the 1930s and 1940s, Ed Ricketts strongly influenced Steinbeck's writing. Steinbeck frequently took small trips with Ricketts along the California coast to give himself time off from his writing[33] and to collect biological specimens, which Ricketts sold for a living. Their coauthored book, Sea of Cortez (December 1941), about a collecting expedition to the Gulf of California in 1940, which was part travelogue and part natural history, published just as the U.S. entered World War II, never found an audience and did not sell well.[33] However, in 1951, Steinbeck republished the narrative portion of the book as The Log from the Sea of Cortez, under his name only (though Ricketts had written some of it). This work remains in print today.[34]
Although Carol accompanied Steinbeck on the trip, their marriage was beginning to suffer, and ended a year later, in 1941, even as Steinbeck worked on the manuscript for the book.[16] In 1942, after his divorce from Carol he married Gwyndolyn "Gwyn" Conger.[35]
Ricketts was Steinbeck's model for the character of "Doc" in Cannery Row (1945) and Sweet Thursday (1954), "Friend Ed" in Burning Bright, and characters in In Dubious Battle (1936) and The Grapes of Wrath (1939). Ecological themes recur in Steinbeck's novels of the period.[36]
Steinbeck's close relations with Ricketts ended in 1941 when Steinbeck moved away from Pacific Grove and divorced his wife Carol.[33] Ricketts's biographer Eric Enno Tamm opined that, except for East of Eden (1952), Steinbeck's writing declined after Ricketts's untimely death in 1948.[36]
World War II
This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2018) |
Steinbeck's novel
In 1943, Steinbeck served as a World War II
Steinbeck returned from the war with a number of wounds from
After the war, he wrote
In 1947, Steinbeck made his first trip to the
New York
Over the course of 276 days in 1952, Steinbeck wrote the first draft of
Following the success of Viva Zapata!, Steinbeck collaborated with Kazan on the 1955 film East of Eden, James Dean's movie debut. Jack Moffitt of The Hollywood Reporter, in a review that appeared after the March 1955 premiere, wrote "Beautifully acted, and superbly directed by Elia Kazan, it is bound to be one of the year’s important contributions to screen literature."[41]
From March to October 1959, Steinbeck and his third wife Elaine rented a cottage in the hamlet of Discove,
Steinbeck's last novel,
Apparently taken aback by the critical reception of this novel, and the critical outcry when he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962,[46] Steinbeck published no more fiction in the remaining six years before his death.
Nobel Prize
In 1962, Steinbeck won the Nobel Prize for literature for his "realistic and imaginative writing, combining as it does sympathetic humor and keen social perception". The selection was heavily criticized, and described as "one of the Academy's biggest mistakes" in one Swedish newspaper.[46] The reaction of American literary critics was also harsh. The New York Times asked why the Nobel committee gave the award to an author whose "limited talent is, in his best books, watered down by tenth-rate philosophising", noting that "[T]he international character of the award and the weight attached to it raise questions about the mechanics of selection and how close the Nobel committee is to the main currents of American writing. ... [W]e think it interesting that the laurel was not awarded to a writer ... whose significance, influence and sheer body of work had already made a more profound impression on the literature of our age".[46] Steinbeck, when asked on the day of the announcement if he deserved the Nobel, replied: "Frankly, no."[16][46] Biographer Jackson Benson notes, "[T]his honor was one of the few in the world that one could not buy nor gain by political maneuver. It was precisely because the committee made its judgment ... on its own criteria, rather than plugging into 'the main currents of American writing' as defined by the critical establishment, that the award had value."[16][46] In his acceptance speech later in the year in Stockholm, he said:
the writer is delegated to declare and to celebrate man's proven capacity for greatness of heart and spirit—for gallantry in defeat, for courage, compassion and love. In the endless war against weakness and despair, these are the bright rally flags of hope and of emulation. I hold that a writer who does not believe in the perfectibility of man has no dedication nor any membership in literature.
— Steinbeck Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech[47]
Fifty years later, in 2012, the Nobel Prize opened its archives and it was revealed that Steinbeck was a "compromise choice" among a shortlist consisting of Steinbeck, British authors Robert Graves and Lawrence Durrell, French dramatist Jean Anouilh and Danish author Karen Blixen.[46] The declassified documents showed that he was chosen as the best of a bad lot.[46] "There aren't any obvious candidates for the Nobel prize and the prize committee is in an unenviable situation," wrote committee member Henry Olsson.[46] Although the committee believed Steinbeck's best work was behind him by 1962, committee member Anders Österling believed the release of his novel The Winter of Our Discontent showed that "after some signs of slowing down in recent years, [Steinbeck has] regained his position as a social truth-teller [and is an] authentic realist fully equal to his predecessors Sinclair Lewis and Ernest Hemingway."[46]
Although modest about his own talent as a writer, Steinbeck talked openly of his own admiration of certain writers. In 1953, he wrote that he considered cartoonist Al Capp, creator of the satirical Li'l Abner, "possibly the best writer in the world today".[48] At his own first Nobel Prize press conference he was asked his favorite authors and works and replied: "Hemingway's short stories and nearly everything Faulkner wrote."[16]
In September 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson awarded Steinbeck the Presidential Medal of Freedom.[49]
In 1967, at the behest of
Personal life
Steinbeck and his first wife, Carol Henning, married in January 1930 in Los Angeles.[10] By 1940, their marriage was beginning to suffer, and it ended a year later.[16] In 1942, after his divorce from Carol, Steinbeck married Gwyndolyn "Gwyn" Conger.[35] With his second wife Steinbeck had two sons, Thomas ("Thom") Myles Steinbeck (1944–2016) and John Steinbeck IV (1946–1991).
In May 1948, Steinbeck returned to California on an emergency trip to be with his friend Ed Ricketts, who had been seriously injured when a train struck his car. Ricketts died hours before Steinbeck arrived. Upon returning home, Steinbeck was confronted by Gwyn, who asked for a divorce, which became final in October. Steinbeck spent the year after Ricketts's death in deep depression.
In June 1949, Steinbeck met
Steinbeck was an acquaintance of modernist poet Robinson Jeffers, a Californian neighbor. In a letter to Elizabeth Otis, Steinbeck wrote: "Robinson Jeffers and his wife came in to call the other day. He looks a little older but that is all. And she is just the same."[51]
In 1962, Steinbeck began acting as friend and mentor to the young writer and naturalist Jack Rudloe, who was trying to establish his own biological supply company, now Gulf Specimen Marine Laboratory in Florida. Their correspondence continued until Steinbeck's death.[52]
In February 1966, Steinbeck and his wife traveled to
Death and legacy
John Steinbeck died in New York City, where his writing career had begun, on December 20, 1968, during the
In accordance with his wishes, his body was cremated, and interred on March 4, 1969[55] at the Hamilton family gravesite in Salinas, with those of his parents and maternal grandparents. His third wife, Elaine, was buried in the plot in 2004. He had written to his doctor that he felt deeply "in his flesh" that he would not survive his physical death, and that the biological end of his life was the final end to it.[33]
Steinbeck's incomplete novel based on the King Arthur legends of Malory and others, The Acts of King Arthur and His Noble Knights, was published in 1976.
Many of Steinbeck's works are required reading in American high schools. In England, Of Mice and Men was one of the key texts used by the examining body
Literary influences
Steinbeck grew up in California's Salinas Valley, a culturally diverse place with a rich migratory and immigrant history. This upbringing imparted a regionalistic flavor to his writing, giving many of his works a distinct sense of place.[15][21] Salinas, Monterey and parts of the
In his subsequent novels, Steinbeck found a more authentic voice by drawing upon direct memories of his life in California. His childhood friend, Max Wagner, a brother of Jack Wagner and who later became a film actor, served as inspiration for The Red Pony. Later he used actual American conditions and events in the first half of the 20th century, which he had experienced first-hand as a reporter. Steinbeck often populated his stories with struggling characters; his works examined the lives of the working class and migrant workers during the Dust Bowl and the Great Depression.
His later work reflected his wide range of interests, including
he took in 1960 to rediscover America.Commemoration
Steinbeck's boyhood home, a turreted Victorian building in downtown Salinas, has been preserved and restored by the Valley Guild, a nonprofit organization. Fixed menu lunches are served Monday through Saturday, and the house is open for tours on Sunday afternoons during the summer.[63]
The National Steinbeck Center is two blocks away at 1 Main Street. Dana Gioia (chair of the National Endowment for the Arts) told an audience at the center, "This is really the best modern literary shrine in the country, and I've seen them all."[citation needed] Its "Steinbeckiana" includes "Rocinante", the camper-truck in which Steinbeck made the cross-country trip described in Travels with Charley.
His father's cottage on Eleventh Street in Pacific Grove, where Steinbeck wrote some of his earliest books, also survives.[33]
In Monterey, Ed Ricketts's laboratory survives (though it is not yet open to the public), and at the corner which Steinbeck describes in Cannery Row, also the store which once belonged to Lee Chong, and the adjacent vacant lot frequented by the hoboes of Cannery Row. The site of the Hovden Sardine Cannery next to Doc's laboratory is now occupied by the Monterey Bay Aquarium. In 1958 the street that Steinbeck described as "Cannery Row" in the novel, once named Ocean View Avenue, was renamed Cannery Row in honor of the novel. The town of Monterey has commemorated Steinbeck's work with an avenue of flags depicting characters from Cannery Row, historical plaques, and sculptured busts depicting Steinbeck and Ricketts.[33]
On February 27, 1979 (the 77th anniversary of the writer's birth), the United States Postal Service issued a stamp featuring Steinbeck, starting the Postal Service's Literary Arts series honoring American writers.[64]
Steinbeck was inducted in to the DeMolay International Hall of Fame in 1995.[65]
On December 5, 2007, California Governor
Monterey Bay Roller Derby was founded in 2010. Their team names over the years have referenced Steinbeck, including Beasts of Eden, Cannery Rollers, Steinwreckers and Babes of Wrath. Their juniors league was known as the Dread Ponies.
To commemorate the 112th anniversary of Steinbeck's birthday on February 27, 2014, Google displayed an interactive doodle utilizing animation which included illustrations portraying scenes and quotes from several novels by the author.[67][68][69]
Steinbeck and his friend Ed Ricketts appear as fictionalized characters in the 2016 novel, Monterey Bay about the founding of the Monterey Bay Aquarium, by Lindsay Hatton (Penguin Press).[70]
In February 2016, Caltrans installed signage to identify a five-mile segment of U.S. Route 101 in Salinas as the John Steinbeck Highway, in accordance with a 2014 state legislative resolution.[71]
In 2019 the Sag Harbor town board approved the creation of the John Steinbeck Waterfront Park across from the iconic town windmill. The structures on the parcel were demolished and park benches installed near the beach. The Beebe windmill replica already had a plaque memorializing the author who wrote from a small hut overlooking the cove during his sojourn in the literary haven.
Religious views
Steinbeck was affiliated to the St. Paul's Episcopal Church and he stayed attached throughout his life to
Steinbeck distanced himself from religious views when he left Salinas for Stanford. However, the work he produced still reflected the language of his childhood at Salinas, and his beliefs remained a powerful influence within his fiction and non-fiction work. William Ray considered his Episcopal views are prominently displayed in The Grapes of Wrath, in which themes of conversion and self-sacrifice play a major part in the characters Casy and Tom who achieve spiritual transcendence through conversion.[72]
Political views
Steinbeck's contacts with
Documents released by the Central Intelligence Agency in 2012 indicate that Steinbeck offered his services to the Agency in 1952, while planning a European tour, and the Director of Central Intelligence, Walter Bedell Smith, was eager to take him up on the offer.[76] What work, if any, Steinbeck may have performed for the CIA during the Cold War is unknown. Documents released by the Security Service of Ukraine following the Revolution of Dignity in 2014 indicate that the Soviet KGB suspected him of being an American agent when he visited locations within the USSR, including Kyiv, in 1947. Consequently, they watched Steinbeck closely and solicited information about him from their informers.[citation needed]
Steinbeck was a close associate of playwright Arthur Miller. In June 1957, Steinbeck took a personal and professional risk by supporting him when Miller refused to name names in the House Un-American Activities Committee trials.[58] Steinbeck called the period one of the "strangest and most frightening times a government and people have ever faced".[58]
In 1963, Steinbeck visited the
In 1967, when he was sent to Vietnam to report on the
Along with
Government harassment
Steinbeck complained publicly about government harassment.
In a 1942 letter to United States Attorney General Francis Biddle, John Steinbeck wrote: "Do you suppose you could ask Edgar's boys to stop stepping on my heels? They think I am an enemy alien. It is getting tiresome."[85] The FBI denied that Steinbeck was under investigation.
Major works
Tortilla Flat
Steinbeck's first commercial success, published in 1935, is an episodic fiction recounting adventures of a loosely attached group of delinquent locals in a shabby coastal district of California. Like other books of Steinbeck's, Tortilla Flat was adapted into a feature film.
In Dubious Battle
In 1936, Steinbeck published the first of what came to be known as his Dust Bowl trilogy, which included Of Mice and Men and The Grapes of Wrath. This first novel tells the story of a fruit pickers' strike in California which is both aided and damaged by the help of "the Party", generally taken to be the Communist Party, although this is never spelled out in the book.
Of Mice and Men
Of Mice and Men is a 1937 tragic novel that Steinbeck rewrote as a play that same year. The story is about two traveling ranch workers, George and Lennie, trying to earn enough money to buy their own farm/ranch. As it is set in 1930s America, it provides an insight into The Great Depression, encompassing themes of racism, loneliness, prejudice against the mentally ill, and the struggle for personal independence. Along with The Grapes of Wrath, East of Eden, and The Pearl, Of Mice and Men is one of Steinbeck's best known works. It was made into movies three times: in 1939, starring Burgess Meredith, Lon Chaney Jr., and Betty Field; in 1981, starring Randy Quaid, Robert Blake and Ted Neeley; and in 1992, starring Gary Sinise and John Malkovich.
The Grapes of Wrath
The Grapes of Wrath was published during the
Cannery Row
The 1945 novel tells of a marine biologist in a seedy district dotted with sardine canneries in Monterey, California, who is feted by colorful neighbors in gratitude for his kindness to them. Cannery Row and its sequel, Sweet Thursday, were adapted into a movie in 1982.
East of Eden
Steinbeck deals with the nature of good and evil in this 1952 Salinas Valley saga. The story follows two families: the Hamiltons – based on Steinbeck's own maternal ancestry[87] – and the Trasks, reprising stories about the Biblical Adam and his progeny. His paternal ancestry is also reflected in the story.[88] The book was published in 1952. Portions of the novel were made into a 1955 movie directed by Elia Kazan and starring James Dean.
Travels with Charley
In 1960, Steinbeck bought a pickup truck and had it modified with a custom-built
The restored camper truck is on exhibit in the National Steinbeck Center in Salinas.
Bibliography
See also
- Pigasus – a personal stamp used by Steinbeck
References
Citations
- ^ a b c d The Swedish Academy cited The Grapes of Wrath and The Winter of Our Discontent most favorably.
"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1962: Presentation Speech by Anders Österling, Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on April 19, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2008. - ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1962". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on October 21, 2008. Retrieved October 17, 2008.
- ^ "Swedish Academy reopens controversy surrounding Steinbeck's Nobel prize". The Guardian. January 3, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2019.
- ^ "Who, what, why: Why do children study Of Mice and Men?". BBC News. BBC. March 25, 2011. Archived from the original on January 7, 2015. Retrieved December 6, 2014.
- ^ "Novel". The Pulitzer Prizes. Archived from the original on August 21, 2008.
- ISBN 978-0-8223-1018-1.
- ^ Chilton, Martin (September 16, 2015). "The Grapes of Wrath: 10 surprising facts about John Steinbeck's novel". The Telegraph. Telegraph (London). Retrieved October 13, 2022.
- A&E Television Networks. February 6, 2018. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
- ^ "Okie Faces & Irish Eyes: John Steinbeck & Route 66". Irish America. June 2007. Archived from the original on November 21, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
- ^ a b c "John Steinbeck Biography". Archived from the original on March 5, 2010. Retrieved April 14, 2010.. National Steinbeck Centre
- ^ Alec Gilmore. John Steinbeck's View of God Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. gilco.org.uk
- ISBN 978-0-670-16685-5.
Ricketts did not convert his friend to a religious point of view—Steinbeck remained an agnostic and, essentially, a materialist—but Ricketts's religious acceptance did tend to work on his friend, ...
- ISBN 978-0-14-017739-8.
- ^ "Billy Post dies at 88; Big Sur's resident authority". Los Angeles Times. August 2, 2009. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
- ^ a b Introduction to John Steinbeck, The Long Valley, pp. 9–10, John Timmerman, Penguin Publishing, 1995
- ^ ISBN 978-0-14-014417-8, pp. 147, 915a, 915b, 133
- ^ Introduction to 'The Grapes of Wrath' Penguin edition (1192) by Robert DeMott
- ISBN 978-0-14-014417-8, p. 196
- ISBN 978-0-14-014417-8, p. 197
- ISBN 978-0-14-014417-8, p. 199
- ^ a b c d e f g h Jay Parini, John Steinbeck: A Biography, Holt Publishing, 1996
- ^ Scott, Sam (July 27, 2021). "Beast of Eden". Stanford Magazine.
- ISBN 978-0-312-47200-9.
- ISBN 978-0-313-29669-7.
- ^ "Of Mice and Men (1939)". Internet Movie Database. January 12, 1940. Archived from the original on October 30, 2007. Retrieved October 10, 2007.
- ^ "1939 Book Awards Given by Critics: Elgin Groseclose's 'Ararat' is Picked as Work Which Failed to Get Due Recognition", The New York Times, February 14, 1940, p. 25. ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times (1851–2007).
- ^ "Novel" Archived August 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine (Winners 1917–1947). The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
- ^ Keith Windschuttle (June 2, 2002). "Steinbeck's myth of the Okies". Archived from the original on February 4, 2004. Retrieved August 10, 2005.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). The New Criterion. - ^ a b "Steinbecks works banned". Archived from the original on October 5, 2006. Retrieved June 4, 2006.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). pacific.net.au - ISBN 978-3-638-84459-8. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
- ^ "My Day by Eleanor Roosevelt, June 28, 1939". www2.gwu.edu. Retrieved February 16, 2024.
- ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved February 16, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g Susan Shillinglaw (2006). A Journey into Steinbeck's California. Roaring Forties Press.
- ^ A website devoted to Sea of Cortez literature, with information on Steinbeck's expedition. Archived July 20, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved July 6, 2009.
- ^ ]
- ^ a b Bruce Robison, "Mavericks on Cannery Row," American Scientist, vol. 92, no. 6 (November–December 2004), p. 1: a review of Eric Enno Tamm, Beyond the Outer Shores: The Untold Odyssey of Ed Ricketts, the Pioneering Ecologist who Inspired John Steinbeck and Joseph Campbell Archived June 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Four Walls Eight Windows, 2004.
- ^ "THE MOON IS DOWN by John Steinbeck on Sumner & Stillman". Sumner & Stillman. Archived from the original on January 13, 2019. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
- ^ Coers, Donald V. (1995). "Introduction". The Moon Is Down. Penguin.
- ^ "Once There Was a War". International Churchill Society. December 28, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
- ^ "Cuernavaca, Mexico, 1945 – Mrs. Stanford Steinbeck, Gwyndolyn, Thom and John Steinbeck". California Faces: Selections from The Bancroft Library Portrait Collection. UC Berkeley, Bancroft Library. Retrieved January 13, 2019 – via Calisphere.
- ^ Moffitt, Jack (March 9, 2023). "'East of Eden': THR's 1955 Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 16, 2024.
- ^ Irvine, Lindesay (July 19, 2011). "Meeting John Steinbeck in Somerset". The Guardian. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
- ^ "John Steinbeck 1902–68". Bruton Museum. October 16, 2017. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
- ^ Steinbeck knew he was dying Archived September 27, 2007, at archive.today," September 13, 2006. Audio interview with Thom Steinbeck
- ^ ISBN 978-0-313-31457-5
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Alison Flood (January 3, 2013). "Swedish Academy reopens controversy surrounding Steinbeck's Nobel prize". The Guardian. Archived from the original on July 13, 2013. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
- ^ Steinbeck Nobel Prize Banquet Speech Archived January 9, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Nobelprize.org (December 10, 1962). Retrieved August 26, 2011.
- ^ "ASIFA-Hollywood Animation Archive: Biography: Al Capp 2 – A CAPPital Offense". Archived from the original on March 24, 2009. Retrieved November 18, 2009.. animationarchive.org (May 2008).
- ^ "Remarks at the Presentation of the 1964 Presidential Medal of Freedom Awards. | The American Presidency Project". www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
- ^ Steinbeck, A Life in Letters.
- )
- Project MUSE 212985.
- ^ He wrote: "The impact of the country is stunning. The energy of the people is incredible." (Jackson J. Benson (1984). The true adventures of John Steinbeck, Writer. New York: The Viking Press, 1984. ISBN 0-670-16685-5. p. 978) He met officials, e.g. Teddy Kollek. "At one of the receptions, he got talking about his grandfather's journey to the Holy Land". (Benson. p. 979)
- Project MUSE 172416.
- ^ Burial in timeline at this site, taken from "Steinbeck: A Life in Letters". Steinbeck.org. Retrieved on August 26, 2011.
- ^ Meredith, Robbie (May 25, 2023). "Call to remove Of Mice and Men from GCSE course". BBC News. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
- ^ Books taught in Schools Archived October 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Center for the Learning and Teaching of Literature. Retrieved 2007.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-14-014417-8
- ^ The Grapes of Wrath Burnt in Salinas Archived October 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, National Steinbeck Centre. Retrieved 2007.
- ^ Steinbecks work banned in Mississippi 2003 Archived October 18, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, American Library Association. Retrieved 2007.
- ^ "Steinbeck 10 most banned list". Archived from the original on July 15, 2004. Retrieved October 5, 2007.
{{cite web}}
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{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link), Information Point. Retrieved 2007. - ^ "Pulitzer Prize-Winning Author Gets 'Stamp of Approval'". United States Postal Service. February 21, 2008. Archived from the original on March 26, 2008. Retrieved March 15, 2008.
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- ^ Steinbeck inducted into California Hall of Fame Archived September 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, California Museum. Retrieved 2007.
- ^ Laura Stampler (February 27, 2014). "Google Doodle Celebrates John Steinbeck". Time Inc. Archived from the original on August 27, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
- ^ Alison Flood (February 27, 2014). "John Steinbeck: Google Doodle pays tribute to author on 112th anniversary". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 4, 2014. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
- ^ Carolyn Kellogg (February 27, 2014). "Google Doodle celebrates the work of John Steinbeck". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 8, 2014. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
- ^ "Penguin Press – Penguin Books USA". Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 6, 2016.
- ^ Zentz, Rachel (February 26, 2016). "Signs up marking 'John Steinbeck Highway'". The Salinas Californian. Retrieved October 1, 2022.
- Project MUSE 530751.
- ^ Dave Stancliff (February 24, 2013). "Remembering John Steinbeck, a great American writer". Times-Standard. Archived from the original on June 29, 2014. Retrieved June 28, 2014.
- ^ Steinbeck and radicalism Archived February 4, 2004, at the Wayback Machine New Criterion. Retrieved 2007.
- ^ "Terijoen hallitus sai outoa tukea" [The Terijoki Government received odd support]. Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). November 29, 2009.
- ISBN 978-0-9890293-9-1, pp. 15–17. The correspondence is also available at "Steinbeck Documents and Excerpt". Archived from the originalon March 1, 2014. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
- ^ Bedevian, Ruth (December 5, 2006). "The Fragrance of the Roses Lingers On ... Hovhannes Shiraz". Armenian News Network / Groong.
Among all the memorabilia, a letter from American writer, John Steinbeck, who was awarded both a Pulitzer Prize for his `Grapes of Wrath' (1939) and a Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962, caught my attention. I immediately asked to photograph it which was generously allowed. It was dated May 9, 1964 in which Steinbeck thanked Shiraz for his hospitality when he visited him in Yerevan.
- ^ Coe, Alexis. "Recent Acquisitions: John Steinbeck's Cold War Armenian Legacy". SF Weekly. Archived from the original on May 2, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
- ^ Jeanette Rumsby (2016). "Steinbeck's Influences". Steinbeck in the Schools. San Jose State University. Retrieved January 12, 2019.
- S2CID 109014468.
- ^ Einstein, Albert; Nathan, Otto; Norden, Heinz (1968). Einstein on peace. Internet Archive. New York, Schocken Books. pp. 539, 670, 676.
- ^ "[Carta] 1950 oct. 12, Genève, [Suiza] [a] Gabriela Mistral, Santiago, Chile [manuscrito] Gerry Kraus". BND: Archivo del Escritor. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
- ^ "John Steinbeck biography". biographyonline.net. Retrieved January 12, 2019.
- Huffington Post. Archivedfrom the original on September 30, 2010.
- ^ "John Steinbeck And The FBI's Wrath". The Smoking Gun. Archived from the original on October 22, 2005. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
- ^ "The Grapes of Wrath: Literary Criticism & Critical Analysis". Study.com.
- ^ Nolte, Carl (February 24, 2002). "In Steinbeck Country". Sfgate. Archived from the original on September 22, 2017.
- ^ DeMott, Robert (1996). Steinbecks's Typewriter: Essays on His Art. Troy, New York: The Whitston Publishing Company. p. 215. ISBN 0-87875-446-6. "the paternal Steinbeck line, whose gruesome experiences, including rape and murder, in Jaffa in the 1850s throw some startling new light on East of Eden".
General sources
- Benson, Jackson J. John Steinbeck, Writer (second ed.). Penguin Putnam Inc., New York, 1990, 0-14-01.4417X,
- Benson, Jackson J. (ed.) The Short Novels of John Steinbeck: Critical Essays with a Checklist to Steinbeck Criticism. Durham: Duke UP, 1990 ISBN 978-0-8223-0994-9.
- Benson, Jackson J. Looking for Steinbeck's Ghost[ISBN 978-0-87417-497-7.
- Davis, Robert C. The Grapes of Wrath: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982. PS3537 .T3234 G734
- DeMott, Robert and Steinbeck, Elaine A., eds. John Steinbeck, Novels and Stories 1932–1937 (ISBN 978-1-883011-01-7
- DeMott, Robert and Steinbeck, Elaine A., eds. John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath and Other Writings 1936–1941 (ISBN 978-1-883011-15-4
- DeMott, Robert, ed. John Steinbeck, Novels 1942–1952 (ISBN 978-1-931082-07-5
- DeMott, Robert and Railsback, Brian, eds. John Steinbeck, Travels With Charley and Later Novels, 1947–1962 (ISBN 978-1-59853-004-9
- Ditsky, John. John Steinbeck and the Critics. Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2000 ISBN 978-1-57113-210-9.
- French, Warren. John Steinbeck's Fiction Revisited. NY: Twayne, 1994 ISBN 978-0-8057-4017-2.
- Heavilin, Barbara A. John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath: A Reference Guide. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2002 ISBN 978-0-313-31837-5.
- Hughes, R. S. John Steinbeck: A Study of the Short Fiction. R.S. Hughes. Boston : Twayne, 1989. ISBN 978-0-8057-8302-5.
- Li, Luchen. ed. John Steinbeck: A Documentary Volume. Detroit: Gale, 2005 ISBN 978-0-7876-8127-2.
- Meyer, Michael J. The Hayashi Steinbeck Bibliography, 1982–1996. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 1998 ISBN 978-0-8108-3482-8.
- Steigerwald, Bill. Dogging Steinbeck: Discovering America and Exposing the Truth about 'Travels with Charley.' Kindle Edition. 2013.
- Steinbeck, John Steinbeck IV and Nancy (2001). The Other Side of Eden: Life with John Steinbeck. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-858-8
- Tamm, Eric Enno (2005). Beyond the Outer Shores: The Untold Odyssey of Ed Ricketts, the Pioneering Ecologist who Inspired John Steinbeck and Joseph Campbell. Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 978-1-56025-689-2.
Further reading
- Nathaniel Benchley (Fall 1969). "John Steinbeck, The Art of Fiction No. 45". The Paris Review. Fall 1969 (48).
- George Plimpton and Frank Crowther (Fall 1975). "John Steinbeck, The Art of Fiction No. 45 (Continued)". The Paris Review. Fall 1975 (63).
- ISBN 9780393292268.
External links
- Works by John Steinbeck at Faded Page (Canada)
- National Steinbeck Center in Salinas, California
- FBI file on John Steinbeck
- The Steinbeck Quarterly journal
- John Steinbeck Biography Early Years: Salinas to Stanford: 1902–1925 from National Steinbeck Center
- Western American Literature Journal: John Steinbeck
- Cuernavaca, Mexico, 1945 – Mrs. Stanford Steinbeck, Gwyndolyn, Thom and John Steinbeck
- John Steinbeck on Nobelprize.org
Libraries
- John Steinbeck Collection, 1902–1979
- Wells Fargo John Steinbeck Collection, 1870–1981
- John Steinbeck and George Bernard Shaw legal files collection, 1926–1970s, held by the Henry W. and Albert A. Berg Collection of English and American Literature, New York Public Library.