John V Palaiologos
This article needs additional citations for verification. (November 2023) |
John V Palaiologos | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Byzantine emperor | |||||
1st reign | 19 November 1341[2] – 12 August 1376 | ||||
Predecessor | Andronikos III Palaiologos | ||||
Successor | Andronikos IV Palaiologos[a] | ||||
Co-rulers | John VI Kantakouzenos[b] Matthew Kantakouzenos[c] | ||||
2nd reign | 1 July 1379 – 14 April 1390 | ||||
Successor | John VII Palaiologos | ||||
3rd reign | 17 September 1390 – 16 February 1391 | ||||
Successor | Manuel II Palaiologos[d] | ||||
Born | 18 June 1332 Didymoteicho, Byzantine Empire[3] | ||||
Died | 16 February 1391 (aged 58) Constantinople | ||||
Spouse | Helena Kantakouzene | ||||
Issue |
| ||||
| |||||
Roman Catholicism |
John V Palaiologos or Palaeologus (
John V became emperor at age eight, which resulted in a civil war between his regent John VI Kantakouzenos and a rival council led by his mother Anna of Savoy, who pawned the crown jewels to Venice in order to raise funds. Kantakouzenos was recognized as emperor in 1347, coinciding with the arrival of the Black Death. Shortly after, another civil war erupted in 1352, with John V seeking help from Serbia against John VI's son Matthew and his enlisted Ottoman Turks. The Turks used the ensuing chaos to gain their first European territory on former Byzantine soil.
John V assumed real power in 1354, removing John VI and his son Matthew. He attempted to gain Western support for the war against the Turks, resulting in his conversion to Catholicism in 1369 in presence of the Pope. These efforts were useless, as he was imprisoned in Venice due to his debts and was eventually forced to recognize Ottoman suzerainty. Political intriguing continued to plague his late reign; John was twice usurped from the throne, first by his son Andronikos IV in 1376 and then by his grandson John VII in 1390. He died in 1391 and was succeeded by his son Manuel, while his younger son Theodore ruled the Despotate of the Morea.
Biography
John V was the son of Emperor
Early rule and first civil war
John V came to the throne at age eight. His reign began with an immediate
Second civil war
Victorious in 1347, John VI Kantakouzenos ruled as co-emperor until his son
John VI Kantakouzenos; by 1357, he had deposed Matthew as well, who had been captured by the Serbs and was ransomed to John V.Rule and defeats
In 1366, John V reached the Kingdom of Hungary, arriving at the Royal city of Buda to meet King Louis I of Hungary. However, the Byzantine emperor offended the king by staying on his horse, while Louis descended and approached him on foot. The Hungarian monarch then offered him help on the condition that John join the Catholic church, or at least achieve recognition by the Patriarch of the Pope's supremacy. The Emperor left the court of Buda with empty hands and continued his trip through Europe searching for assistance against the Ottomans.[5]
The Ottomans, who had been allied with the Kantakouzenoi, continued to press John.
Impoverished by war, he was detained as a debtor when he visited Venice in 1369 on his way back from Rome and was later captured on his way back through Bulgarian territories. In 1371, he recognized the suzerainty of the Ottoman sultan Murad I. Murad later assisted him against his son Andronikos when the latter deposed him in 1376.
Deposition and second rule
In 1390, his grandson John VII briefly usurped the throne, but was quickly overthrown. The same year, John V ordered the strengthening of the Golden Gate in Constantinople, utilizing marble from the decayed churches in and around the city. Upon completion of this construction, Bayezid I demanded that John raze these new works, threatening war and the blinding of his son Manuel, whom he held in captivity. John V carried out the Sultan's order but is said to have suffered from this humiliation and died soon thereafter on 16 February 1391, and was buried in the Hodegon Monastery in Constantinople.[8]
John V was finally succeeded to the imperial throne by his son
Family
John V married Helena Kantakouzene, daughter of his co-emperor John VI Kantakouzenos and Irene Asanina, on 28 May 1347. They had at least eleven children – five sons and at least six daughters.[9] Their known children include:
- Andronikos IV Palaiologos (2 April 1348 – 28 June 1385);
- Irene Palaiologina (c. 1349 – after 1362), who married her first cousin Orhan I and Helena's sister Theodora Kantakouzene. The couple had two sons, Gündüz Bey and Ömer Bey.
- Manuel II Palaiologos (27 June 1350 – 21 July 1425);
- Theodore I Palaiologos, Lord of Morea(c. 1355 – 24 June 1407);
- Michael Palaiologos (d. 1376/1377), who claimed the throne of the Empire of Trebizond from Alexios III;
- Maria Palaiologina, married Murad I;
- One daughter betrothed to Peter II of Cyprus;
- An unnamed daughter reported to have entered a monastery in 1373;
- An unnamed daughters who married Bayezid I, son of Murad I;
- An unnamed daughters who married Yakub Çelebi, son of Murad I;
- Zampia Palaiologina, illegitimate daughter who married the official Hilario Doria
See also
References
- ISBN 9004116257.
This mosaic, known to us from drawings prepared by the Fossatis during their restoration of the building in 1847–1849, accidentally came to light when part of the plaster covering it fell off due to dampness caused by water leakage from the dome.
- ^ Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit, "Palaiologos Ioannes V. Komnenos"
- ^ Επίτομο Γεωγραφικό Λεξικό της Ελλάδος (Geographical Dictionary of Greece), Μιχαήλ Σταματελάτος, Φωτεινή Βάμβα-Σταματελάτου, εκδ. Ερμής, ΑΘήνα 2001
- ^ Nicol 1996a, p. 84.
- ^ Küküllei János: Lajos király krónikája, Névtelen szerző: Geszta Lajos királyról; Osisris Kiadó, Budapest, 2000. (Millenniumi Magyar Történelem)
- ^ "...in the presence of four cardinals, he acknowledged, as a true Catholic, the supremacy of the pope, and the double procession of the Holy Ghost. After this purification, he was introduced to a public audience in the church of St. Peter: Urban, in the midst of the cardinals, was seated on his throne; the Greek monarch, after three genuflections, devoutly kissed the feet, the hands, and at length the mouth, of the holy father, who celebrated high mass in his presence, allowed him to lead the bridle of his mule, and treated him with a sumptuous banquet in the Vatican." – Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Chapter 66 (Visit of John Palaeologus to Urban V. at Rome, A.D. 1369, 13 October etc.), via the Christian Classics Ethereal Library
- ^ Alexander Vasiliev History of the Byzantine Empire 324–1453. University of Wisconsin Press, 1952. pp. 671
- ^ Melvani, N., (2018) 'The tombs of the Palaiologan emperors', Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 42 (2) pp.237–260
- ^ Anthony Luttrell, "John V's Daughters: A Palaiologan Puzzle", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 40 (1986), pp. 103–112
Ancestry
Ancestors of John V Palaiologos | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Notes
- ^ Later co-emperor from May 1381 to June 1385, in Selymbria and the coast of Marmara.
- ^ Rival emperor since 1341, senior co-emperor from February 1347 to December 1354.
- despot of the Morea.
- ^ Co-emperor since September 1373.
Sources
- Harris, Jonathan, The End of Byzantium. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-300-11786-8
- Alexander Vasiliev, History of the Byzantine Empire 324–1453. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1952. ISBN 0299809269
- Nicol, Donald M. (1996a). The Byzantine Lady: Ten Portraits, 1250–1500. Cambridge University Press.
- ISBN 9780521439916.
- ISBN 9780521522014.
- ISSN 0584-9888.