Johnson Creek (Willamette River tributary)

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other places with the same name, see Johnson Creek (disambiguation).

Johnson Creek
Johnson Creek near Regner Road in Gresham
Johnson Creek watershed
Johnson Creek (Willamette River tributary) is located in Oregon
Johnson Creek (Willamette River tributary)
Location of the mouth of Johnson Creek in Oregon
EtymologyWilliam Johnson, early settler
Location
CountryUnited States
StateOregon
CountyClackamas and Multnomah
Physical characteristics
SourceCascade Range foothills
 • locationnear Cottrell, Clackamas County, Oregon
 • coordinates45°26′51″N 122°17′18″W / 45.4476206°N 122.2884222°W / 45.4476206; -122.2884222[1]
 • elevation745 ft (227 m)[1] Elevation derived from Google Earth search using GNIS source coordinates
MouthWillamette River
 • location
Milwaukie, Clackamas County, Oregon
 • coordinates
45°26′39″N 122°38′36″W / 45.4442860°N 122.6434273°W / 45.4442860; -122.6434273[1]
 • elevation
26 ft (7.9 m)[1]
Length25 mi (40 km)[2]
Basin size54 sq mi (140 km2)[2]
Discharge 
 • locationMilwaukie, 0.7 miles (1.1 km) from mouth[3]
 • average77.5 cu ft/s (2.19 m3/s)[3]
 • minimum9.3 cu ft/s (0.26 m3/s)
 • maximum2,170 cu ft/s (61 m3/s)
Discharge 
 • locationGresham[4]
 • average27 cu ft/s (0.76 m3/s)[4]Note: Average discharge rate was calculated by adding average annual discharge rates for the 7 calendar years 1999–2005 and dividing by 7. "USGS Surface-Water Annual Statistics for the Nation: USGS 14211400 Johnson Creek at Regner Road at Gresham, Oregon". United States Geological Survey. 2008. Retrieved March 15, 2008.</ref>

Johnson Creek is a 25-mile (40 km)

free-flowing along its main stem and provides habitat for salmon and other migrating fish
.

Prior to

riparian
buffers.

The Johnson Creek watershed includes the subwatersheds of Badger Creek, Sunshine Creek, Kelley Creek, Mitchell Creek, Veterans Creek, Crystal Springs Creek, and smaller streams. Parks along the creek and its tributaries include natural areas, a wildlife refuge, a rhododendron garden, a botanical garden, and a 21-mile (34 km) bicycle and pedestrian rail trail that follows the creek for much of its length.

Course

Johnson Creek begins near the unincorporated community of Cottrell in Clackamas County, Oregon, southeast of Gresham in the foothills of the Cascade Range, and flows generally westward about 25 miles (40 km) to its confluence with the Willamette River, a major tributary of the Columbia River.[2][5][6] The creek passes through the cities of Gresham, Portland, and Milwaukie and crosses the border between Clackamas County and Multnomah County eight times.[5][6]

U.S. Route 26, the Mount Hood Highway, in Multnomah County at about 20 miles (32 km) from the mouth. Shortly thereafter, it receives Badger Creek and Sunshine Creek from the left and the North Fork of Johnson Creek from the right.[5][6]

Turning sharply, Johnson Creek flows swiftly northwest for about 3 miles (5 km), entering Gresham and shortly thereafter passing the United States Geological Survey (USGS) gauge at Regner Road, 16.2 miles (26.1 km) from the mouth. Soon the creek enters Main City Park in Gresham, where it again turns sharply and flows slightly south of west. Here the slope flattens, and the stream runs more slowly for the next third of its course. Slightly west of Main City Park, it passes the Gresham Pioneer Cemetery.[7] Just beyond the cemetery, it receives Butler Creek on the left, enters Portland at about 13 miles (21 km) from the mouth, and receives Kelley Creek on the left shortly thereafter. Mitchell Creek, a major tributary of Kelley Creek, enters Kelley Creek about 0.5 miles (0.8 km) south of Johnson Creek. Shortly thereafter, Johnson Creek passes the USGS gauge station at Sycamore, 10.2 miles (16.4 km) from the mouth, and flows under Cedar Crossing Bridge.[5][6]

A swiftly-flowing stream about 15 feet (4.6 meters) wide goes around a bend between raised banks. A low retaining wall protects the outer bank.
Johnson Creek near mouth in Milwaukie

Sellwood neighborhood, the creek turns sharply south about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) from the mouth.[5][6]

At Southeast 21st Avenue, it receives Crystal Springs Creek, which enters on the right. This tributary, 2.7 miles (4.3 km) long, begins on the Reed College campus, flows under the Blue Bridge in Reed Canyon, through the Crystal Springs Rhododendron Garden, and generally south to Johnson Creek. From its confluence with Crystal Springs Creek, Johnson Creek flows south about 1 mile (1.6 km), crossing the county border for the eighth and final time. After re-entering Clackamas County, it passes the USGS gauge station at Milwaukie, 0.7 miles (1.1 km) from the mouth. Shortly thereafter, Johnson Creek empties into the Willamette River 18.5 miles (29.8 km) above its confluence with the Columbia River, which in turn flows about another 100 miles (160 km) to the Pacific Ocean at Astoria.[5][6]


Johnson Creek flows from beyond 282nd Avenue east of Portland through Gresham and Portland to its confluence with the Willamette River in Milwaukie. Important features along its course include the Springwater Corridor, Gresham Pioneer Cemetery, Powell Butte Nature Park, Leach Botanical Garden, Beggars Tick Wildlife Refuge, Tideman Johnson Park, and Johnson Creek Park.
Map of Johnson Creek's route through the urban neighborhoods. The route has been artificially straightened by orienting each of the panels differently. The compass marks north for each. (Zoom in)

Watershed

A stream about 15 feet (4.6 meters) wide flows through a wooded area.
Johnson Creek enters Tideman Johnson Park at Southeast 41st Avenue.

Geology and topography

The

Columbia River Basin, including much of the Willamette Valley.[8][9] Underlying the sediments are substantial thicknesses of basalt lavas from the Columbia River Basalt Group. The lava, exposed mainly in the uplands, has been folded and faulted to form a series of sub-basins, including the Johnson Creek watershed.[10]

The watershed is a roughly rectangular area of about 54 square miles (140 km2).[2] The topography of the watershed varies greatly from the high point of about 1,100 feet (335 m) above sea level in the Boring Hills near the creek's source[11] to the low point of 26 feet (8 m) where the creek meets the Willamette River.[1]

Slopes in the watershed range generally between 1 and 25 percent. Mount Scott and Powell Butte rise to about 1,000 feet (305 m) and have slopes ranging from 10 to 30 percent. Gresham Butte and Hogan Butte, in Gresham, have the steepest slopes, including a few around 50 percent. The Boring Hills, of volcanic origin, rise more than 800 feet (244 m) higher than the terraces to the north and west. The Kelso Slope, a northwest-sloping dissected surface west of the canyon of the Sandy River, tilts down from about 1,000 feet (305 m) above sea level near Sandy to about 400 feet (122 m) above sea level east of Gresham.[11]

Formed by the ancestral Columbia and Willamette Rivers, the

terraces north of Johnson Creek are generally underlain by permeable sand and gravel. Three isolated hills—Rocky Butte, Mount Tabor, and Kelly Butte—rise about 200 to 400 feet (61 to 122 m) above the surrounding terraces. Except for Powell Butte, the terrain on the creek's north side is less steep than on the south side, which includes Mount Scott and the Boring Lava Domes.[11]

The eastern half of the watershed is more open and rural than the urban western half, which consists largely of residential areas with pockets of commerce and industry. An estimated 180,000 people lived in the watershed as of 2012.[12]

Soils

The potential for soil erosion varies throughout the watershed. Erosion is not a big threat in the northwestern part of the watershed, where the land is flat and developed, or in the northeast, dominated by low-erosion soils. In the southeast, soils have a medium risk of erosion, and soils around Powell Butte and the Boring Lava Domes have "an extremely high erodibility factor and are sensitive to ground disturbance".[11]

The watershed's soils vary in their

permeability and ability to retain water. Clays that do not absorb much water dominate the eastern end of the watershed and the lands south of the creek. Northern areas of the watershed tend to be porous and less prone to rapid runoff.[11]

Hydrology

Two stream channels join below land covered with trees and shrubs and protected by a stone wall. The wall, about six feet (two meters) high, extends across the right-hand stream channel, which plunges over the wall. Downstream, the combined channels are about 30 feet (9.1 meters) wide and turbulent.
Lower Johnson Creek rejoins itself after forming a small island near Southeast 42nd Avenue.

The watershed can be divided into two hydrologic areas with different infiltration rates. The northern area, comprising about 40 percent of the watershed, consists of the Portland Terraces, and the southern consists of the Boring Hills and the Kelso Slope. Most of the rain that falls on the northern area percolates into the ground, and most of the rain that falls on the southern area runs quickly into the creek or its tributaries. Rain that falls on the north generally has a more gradual, longer-lasting effect, sustaining the base flow of the creek during dry periods.[13]

About 40 percent of the tributaries that originally flowed over the surface of the watershed were piped or relocated during urban development, especially on the north side of the main stem.[14] Generally, the remaining free-flowing tributaries begin south of the main stem and run north; the major exception is Crystal Springs Creek, which begins as a groundwater discharge and flows south. The other major tributaries are Hogan, Kelley, Butler, Sunshine, and Badger creeks. Crystal Springs and Kelley creeks contribute more flow to the main stem than the other tributaries.[2]

stormwater runoff from a 9-square-mile (23 km2) area of the watershed in the Lents and Powellhurst-Gilbert neighborhoods from flowing directly into the creek. Instead, runoff is routed to sumps, where it percolates into the ground. Normal drainage patterns have also been altered further downstream in the Sellwood, Eastmoreland, Westmoreland, and Woodstock neighborhoods, where runoff flows into the Portland sewer system instead of into the creek.[13]

Jurisdiction

Six local political jurisdictions overlap with the Johnson Creek watershed. In 2000, 38 percent of the watershed was in Portland's city limits, 24 percent in unincorporated Clackamas County, 23 percent in Gresham, 11 percent in unincorporated Multnomah County, 4 percent in Milwaukie, and 0.1 percent in Happy Valley. None of the cities lies entirely within the watershed. In 2000, Johnson Creek and its tributaries drained 53 percent of Gresham, 42 percent of Milwaukie, 19 percent of Happy Valley, and 14 percent of Portland. The watershed covered only 1.2 percent of unincorporated Multnomah County and less than 1 percent of unincorporated Clackamas County.[2]

Neighboring watersheds on the east side of the Willamette River include Mount Scott Creek and Kellogg Creek, which flow through Milwaukie and drain directly into the Willamette; the Clackamas River, which drains the southeast suburbs and empties into the Willamette near Oregon City; the Sandy River, which drains the eastern suburbs and empties into the Columbia; and Fairview Creek and the Columbia Slough, which drain north Portland and Gresham, emptying into the Columbia.[15]

19th-century maps also show numerous springs and small streams flowing into a

Ladd's Addition. These streams and most others in this area were diverted into the city sewer system and no longer appear on the surface.[16] A Johnson Creek near Hoyt Arboretum on the west side of the Willamette River in Portland has no relationship to the Johnson Creek on the east side.[17][18]

Volunteer group

The Johnson Creek Watershed Council (JCWC) is a nonprofit group organized in 1995 to protect the creek and its watershed. Its projects involve such things as controlling invasive species, planting native riparian vegetation, improving fish passage, and creating off-channel flood storage. JCWC's fish passage barrier program focuses on removing or improving fish passage barriers such as culverts. The council is heavily dependent on volunteers for watershed riparian restoration activities such as planting native plants, and in their Community Science program, where volunteers collect data on wildlife in the watershed. In 2011 alone, more than a thousand volunteers donated 5,500 hours of their time to JCWC activities.[12]

Annual report card

In 2015, Portland's Bureau of Environmental Services (BES) began issuing annual "report cards" for watersheds or fractions thereof that lie within the city.

suspended solids, and substances such as mercury and phosphorus. Habitat ranking depends on the condition of stream banks and floodplains, riparian zones, tree canopies, and other variables. The fish and wildlife assessment includes birds, fish, and macroinvertebrates.[21] In 2015, the BES grades for Johnson Creek are hydrology, B+; water quality, C+; habitat, C, and fish and wildlife, D+.[22] For the 2019 report, grades were comparable, despite improvement efforts: hydrology, A−; water quality, C; habitat, C, and fish and wildlife, D−.[23]

History

Chinook people lived on both sides of the lower Columbia River from a mountain range east of Portland, Oregon, to the river's mouth on the ocean.
Traditional Chinook tribal territory is shown in dark green in the lower Columbia River basin, including Johnson Creek. The Clackamas tribe of the Chinooks fished and hunted along the creek until the mid-19th century.[image reference needed]

Before settlers moved into the basin, it consisted mainly of upland and wetland forests in which

reduced this population to 88 by 1851, and in 1855 the tribe signed a treaty surrendering its lands, including Johnson Creek.[24]

By the middle of the 19th century, the

Pleasant Valley were among the new communities that grew up along the line. By the 1920s, housing began to replace creekside farms.[8] In the 1960s, the Oregon state government and Multnomah County proposed construction of a freeway along the creek connecting the Sellwood Bridge to Interstate 205.[28]

Floods

A turbulent, muddy stream in flood has spread through the woods and into the yard of a nearby house.
Johnson Creek during flood at Southeast 45th Avenue, January 2009

By removing the original vegetation, rural and urban development of the Johnson Creek watershed induced more rapid storm runoff and destructive floods. As a flood-control measure in the 1930s, the Works Progress Administration of the federal government cleared and lined with rock about 90 percent of the creek between its mouth and Southeast 158th Avenue, about 15 miles (24 km) from the mouth, creating an artificial channel 6–10 feet (2–3 m) deep and 25–50 feet (8–15 m) wide.[13] Although substantially altering the stream and its aquatic life, this channel failed to prevent overflows, the largest of which damaged 1,200 structures in 1964.[8]

Precipitation patterns in the Johnson Creek watershed have contributed to frequent high flows and floods along the creek, typically between November and February.[29] Based on records from 1961 to 1990, Portland's average annual precipitation, as measured at Portland International Airport along the Columbia River, is about 36 inches (910 mm).[30] About 21 inches (530 mm) falls from November through February and only about 5 inches (130 mm) from June through September.[30] The airport, at about 30 feet (9 m) above sea level, is at essentially the same elevation as the mouth of Johnson Creek. Annual precipitation at higher elevations in the creek's upper watershed is much greater, more than 70 inches (1,800 mm).[31]

The floods primarily affect four areas in Portland: Tideman Johnson Natural Area at Southeast 45th Avenue, the area west of Southeast 82nd Avenue; Lents, and lower Powell Butte.[31] The U.S. National Weather Service defines Johnson Creek's flood stage, measured at USGS station 14211500 at Sycamore in Portland, as 11 feet (3.4 m), equivalent to a flow rate (discharge rate) of about 1,200 cubic feet (34 m3) per second.[32] The USGS peak streamflow data collected by the stream gauge at that station show that the creek reached or exceeded 1,200 cubic feet (34 m3) per second 37 times between 1941 and 2006; that is 37 floods in 65 years. Twenty of those floods exceeded 1,500 cubic feet (42 m3) per second.[33] At least seven of the floods caused major property damage.[8] A more recent overflow occurred in December 2007, when the creek crested at 1.5 feet (0.46 m) above flood stage.[34][35] Between 1978 and 1997, flood insurance claims totaling an estimated $2 million were paid for damage along the creek.[31]

The biggest flood measured at Sycamore, 10.2 miles (16.4 km) from the mouth of the creek, occurred in 2015. Exceeding the official flood stage of 11 feet (3.4 m) by more than 4 feet (1.2 m), the creek reached 15.33 feet (4.67 m) on December 7 of that year. The second-highest level,15.30 feet (4.66 m), occurred in November 1996, followed by the Christmas flood of 1964 on December 22, when the creek reached 14.68 feet (4.47 m) at Sycamore.[32][36]

As of 2008, the USGS was monitoring Johnson Creek at Regner Road in Gresham, 16.3 miles (26.2 km) from the mouth, and at Milwaukie, 0.7 miles (1.1 km) from the mouth, as well as at Sycamore. It also had stream-monitor stations on Kelley Creek and Crystal Springs Creek.[36] The Sycamore station was the oldest, having begun operation in 1941.[36]

Hundreds of red mesh plant protectors attached to sticks rise from a flat muddy area near a woods. Many stumps or pieces of trees rise vertically from the bog, and tree trunks lie scattered here and there.
A bioswale along Johnson Creek near Southeast 164th Avenue restores flood-control functions to former cow pasture. The red tubes protect new seedlings.

Proposals by agencies such as Metro, the regional government of the Portland metropolitan area, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in the 1970s and 1980s to control Johnson Creek flooding were abandoned after groups of residents objected to every proposal.[37] In 1990, the City of Portland formed the Johnson Creek Corridor Committee from multiple agencies and citizen groups with varied interests related to the watershed.[37] Led by the city's Bureau of Environmental Services, the combined groups in 2001 produced the Johnson Creek Restoration Plan to reduce flooding, improve water quality, and improve fish and wildlife habitat.[38] Goals varied from section to section along the creek and included controlling storm water runoff, reducing erosion, replacing or mitigating impervious surfaces, and protecting riparian zones.[38] Through 2007, at least 75 site-specific restoration projects had been carried out in the Johnson Creek Watershed, ranging from the $1.2 million Brookside Project, a constructed wetland, to small riparian repair projects. Most involved voluntary citizen participation in all phases, including the long-term management and care of the sites.[37] In late 2012, the city completed the East Lents Floodplain Project, which restored 70 acres (28 ha) of the natural floodplain to a low-lying area along the creek.[39]

Pollution

The Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) rated Johnson Creek's water quality between 1986 and 1995 as "very poor".[40] Monitoring the creek 0.2 miles (0.3 km) from the mouth, it recorded very high concentrations of nitrates and high concentrations of phosphates. Fecal coliform bacteria, total solids, and biochemical oxygen demand also impaired water quality. These conditions occurred throughout the year, and results for each parameter fell into the "very poor" category.[40] On the Oregon Water Quality Index (OWQI) used by DEQ, water quality scores can vary from 10 (worst) to 100 (ideal).[41] The minimal seasonal average for Johnson Creek on this scale was 26, the second worst in the lower Willamette basin. By comparison, the minimal seasonal average in the nearby Willamette River at the Hawthorne Bridge in downtown Portland was 74 during the same years. Studies suggest that most pollutants of Johnson Creek do not come from point sources but are washed off urban and rural land surfaces during storms.[40][42]

High temperatures cause problems for aquatic life throughout the watershed.[43] The Oregon standard for maximum temperatures conducive to salmonid rearing in the Willamette Basin is 17.8 °C (64.0 °F), and data show that the mean maximum summertime temperatures in Johnson Creek exceed this standard.[43] The maximum temperature that Coho salmon can survive for short periods is 24 °C (75 °F).[13] Thermographs at several locations on Johnson Creek in 1992 recorded maximum average weekly water temperatures higher than 18 °C (64 °F) in June, July, and August, and an absolute maximum temperature of 24 °C (75 °F).[13]

Studies conducted by DEQ, USGS, the City of Gresham, and other public agencies have identified

carcinogenic pollutants of Johnson Creek.[44] The creek has been classified as a "waterbody of concern" by the DEQ because of elevated levels of copper, chromium, and nickel in water and sediments.[45] Generally, metal concentrations increase downstream.[45]

Biology

Macroinvertebrates and fish

A large bluish-grey bird with a crooked neck and an orange bill wades in a water course perhaps 2 feet (0.61 meters) wide. The water, which passes under a wooden footbridge upstream of the bird, is confined by low wooden retaining walls.
A great blue heron wades in Crystal Springs Creek near Reed College.

A study conducted in 1999 for the City of Portland by researchers from Portland State University found that Johnson Creek had marginal conditions for macroinvertebrates, an important source of food for fish and other aquatic life. The study compared differences in these life forms and in water chemistry from two urban streams, Johnson Creek and Tryon Creek in southwest Portland, with two nearby rural streams and found that benthic communities in the urban streams were degraded compared to the regional reference creeks.[46]

Most fish species in Johnson Creek tolerate warm water and disturbed conditions. These include red-sided shiners, sculpin, suckers, and speckled dace.[46]

Large populations of

Evolutionary Significant Unit (2011).[47]

Wildlife

Before the area became urban, large mammals including

tall bugbane (Actaea elata), is also listed as a sensitive species.[46]

Vegetation

The watershed lies in the

Oregon white oak grew in the uplands.[50] About 57 percent of the watershed is covered with plant life, including grass, trees, and all other forms of vegetation.[51] As of 2000, about 70 percent of the watershed lay within the urban growth boundary.[14] Of the total land area, 57 percent is single-family residential, 12 percent multi-family, 10 percent commercial, 8 percent rural, and 13 percent parks and open space.[10] In 2000, about half of the rural agricultural total in the watershed consisted of cultivated crops or pasture, while tree farms and ornamental nurseries made up about 30 percent.[14]

Creek restoration projects since the 1990s have reduced the amount of

Indian plum, and willow. City parks adjacent to Johnson Creek have areas devoted to marsh with shrubs, cattails, and smartweed, forested wetland, riparian woodland, open meadow, and orchard trees.[27]

Parks

Two bicyclists and a jogger cross a long pedestrian bridge. The bright orange supporting arches of the bridge meet in the air about 30 feet (9.1 meters) above the bridge deck. Beyond the far end of the bridge is a paved bike path that continues into a woods in the distance.
A pedestrian bridge crosses Oregon Route 99E, Southeast McLoughlin Boulevard, on the Springwater Corridor Trail along Johnson Creek.

By 1960, use of the rail line along Johnson Creek had declined and passenger service was discontinued. By 1990, the City of Portland bought much of the corridor. Working with Metro, it created the Springwater Corridor Trail, a 21-mile (34 km) bicycle and pedestrian rail trail that follows the creek and extends from the Willamette River to Boring.[8] It became part of the 40-Mile Loop, a hiking and biking trail that circles the Portland metropolitan area and intersects with similar trails.[52]

Creekside parks include Johnson Creek Park, about 4.5 acres (18,000 m2) of natural areas and paths;[25] the Crystal Springs Rhododendron Garden, along Crystal Springs Creek; Tideman Johnson Natural Area, about 7.2 acres (29,000 m2) of natural areas and paths;[53][54] Leach Botanical Garden, about 16 acres (65,000 m2), a public garden dedicated to the study of botany and horticulture with an emphasis on plants of the Pacific Northwest;[55] Beggars Tick Wildlife Refuge, a wetland of 20 acres (81,000 m2);[56][57] Powell Butte Nature Park, about 608 acres (2.46 km2) on an extinct cinder cone volcano, including natural areas and hiking, biking, and equestrian trails;[58] and Gresham's Main City Park, about 18 acres (73,000 m2) including sports fields, picnic areas, and trails.[59]

In 2007, Metro bought two parcels of land totaling 102 acres (410,000 m2) for preservation adjacent to Johnson Creek on Clatsop Butte, south of Foster Road near Powell Butte and Portland's Pleasant Valley neighborhood. The purchases cost $10.9 million, drawing on bonds approved by a 2006 ballot measure. They were praised by conservationists but questioned by others who thought Metro had paid too much.[60]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "Johnson Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. November 28, 1980. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Johnson Creek Watershed Council 2003, p. 7.
  3. ^ a b "Water-Data Report 2011: USGS 14211550 Johnson Creek at Milwaukie, OR" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved November 23, 2012.
  4. ^ a b Note: Average discharge rate was calculated by adding average annual discharge rates for the 7 calendar years 1999–2005 and dividing by 7. "USGS Surface-Water Annual Statistics for the Nation: USGS 14211400 Johnson Creek at Regner Road at Gresham, Oregon". United States Geological Survey. 2008. Retrieved March 15, 2008.
  5. ^
    ISBN 978-1-897152-94-2
    .
  6. ^
    ISBN 0-89933-235-8
    .
  7. ^ "Gresham Pioneer Cemetery". Metro. 2008. Archived from the original on December 24, 2016. Retrieved March 31, 2008.
  8. ^ a b c d e Bureau of Environmental Services. "Johnson Creek Watershed History". City of Portland. Archived from the original on April 23, 2015. Retrieved March 12, 2008.
  9. ^ Allan, Buckley & Meacham 2001, pp. 122–23.
  10. ^ a b Healthy Waters Institute. "Johnson Creek Regional Information" (PDF). Oregon Trout. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
  11. ^ a b c d e Johnson Creek Watershed Council 2003, p. 9.
  12. ^ a b c "Johnson Creek: State of the Watershed" (PDF). Johnson Creek Watershed Council. May 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 10, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
  13. ^ a b c d e Davis, John A.; Woodward-Clyde Consultants and Johnson Creek Watershed Council (1994). "Technical Memorandum No. 1: Johnson Creek and its Watershed—A Profile". City of Portland, Bureau of Environmental Services. Archived from the original on February 22, 2007. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
  14. ^ a b c Johnson Creek Watershed Council 2003, p. 10.
  15. ^ Lee, Karl K.; Snyder, Daniel T. (2009). "Hydrology of the Johnson Creek Basin, Oregon" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. pp. 2–3. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 10, 2015. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
  16. ^ Bureau of Environmental Services (2008). "Taggart Aquatic Habitat". City of Portland. Archived from the original on September 29, 2012. Retrieved April 22, 2008.
  17. ^ "USGS Topographic Map". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved April 25, 2015 – via ACME Labs.
  18. ^ "Johnson Creek". Geographic Names Information System (GNIS). United States Geological Survey. November 28, 1980. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
  19. ^ Bureau of Environmental Services (2015). "About Watershed Report Cards". City of Portland. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
  20. ^ Bureau of Environmental Services (2015). "Report Cards". City of Portland. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
  21. ^ Bureau of Environmental Services (2015). "What We Measure". City of Portland. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
  22. ^ Bureau of Environmental Services (2015). "Johnson Creek Report Card". City of Portland. Archived from the original on June 17, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
  23. ^ Bureau of Environmental Services (2019). "Johnson Creek Report Card". City of Portland. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
  24. ^ Taylor 1999, pp. 11–13.
  25. ^ a b Parks and Recreation Department (2008). "Johnson Creek Park". City of Portland. Retrieved March 14, 2008.
  26. ^ Starkweather, Harvey (January 12, 1939). "Early Days and Ways in and around Milwaukie". Federal Writers' Project/Works Progress Administration. Archived from the original on August 10, 2015. Retrieved March 30, 2008 – via RootsWeb.
  27. ^ a b c d Parks and Recreation Department (2008). "Springwater Corridor". City of Portland. Retrieved March 31, 2008.
  28. ^ "Highway Department Studying Link Of I-205, Beaverton". The Oregon Journal. December 19, 1968. p. MW8.
  29. ^ Johnson Creek Watershed Council 2003, pp. 20–22.
  30. ^ a b Taylor & Hannan 1999, p. 134.
  31. ^ a b c Johnson Creek Watershed Council 2003, p. 22.
  32. ^ a b "Johnson Creek at Sycamore". National Weather Service, Portland Weather Forecast Office. 2015. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
  33. ^ "USGS 14211500 Johnson Creek at Sycamore, OR". Surface Water for Oregon: Peak Streamflow. U.S. Geological Survey. 2008. Retrieved April 8, 2008.
  34. ^ Crombie, Noelle (December 3, 2007). "Update: Johnson Creek Floods, Closing Nearby Roads". The Oregonian. Oregon Live, L.L.C. Retrieved December 7, 2009.
  35. ^ Ashton, David F. (December 12, 2007). "Decade's Second '10-Year Flood' Inundates East Lents at Johnson Creek". East PDX News. East Portland News Service.
  36. ^ a b c "Johnson Creek Basin Hydrologic Monitoring". United States Geologic Service. 2002. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2008.
  37. ^ a b c Johnson, Steven. "The Johnson Creek Story" (PDF). Steven Johnson. Retrieved December 7, 2009. Johnson is an adjunct professor of urban studies and planning at Portland State University and a founder of a council that links interests along the stream.
  38. ^ a b Johnson Creek Watershed Council 2003, p. 4.
  39. ^ Hottman, Sara (December 27, 2012). "East Lents Floodplain Project Wraps Up, Creates 70-acre Natural Area in East Portland". The Oregonian. Oregon Live LLC. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  40. ^ a b c Cude, Curtis (1995). "Laboratory and Environmental Assessment, Lower Willamette Basin". Oregon Department of Environmental Quality. Archived from the original on April 22, 2015. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
  41. ^ Johnson Creek Watershed Council 2003, p. 34.
  42. ^ Johnson Creek Watershed Council 2003, p. 35.
  43. ^ a b Johnson Creek Watershed Council 2003, p. 37.
  44. ^ Johnson Creek Watershed Council 2003, pp. 39–41.
  45. ^ a b Johnson Creek Watershed Council 2003, p. 36.
  46. ^ a b c d Portland Bureau of Environmental Services (2008). "Biological Communities in the Johnson Creek Watershed". City of Portland. Archived from the original on August 10, 2015. Retrieved March 25, 2008.
  47. ^ a b "5-Year Review: Summary & Evaluation of Lower Columbia River Chinook, Columbia River Chum, Lower Columbia River Coho, Lower Columbia River Steelhead" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 25, 2015. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
  48. ^ Johnson Creek Watershed Council 2003, p. 50.
  49. ^ "Wildlife Diversity (Nongame) Program". Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2008. Archived from the original on August 10, 2015. Retrieved March 25, 2008.
  50. ^ Thorson, T.D.; Bryce, S.A.; Lammers, D.A.; et al. (2003). "Ecoregions of Oregon (color poster with map, descriptive text, summary tables, and photographs)" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved November 18, 2019 – via Oregon State University.
  51. ^ Bureau of Environmental Services. "Johnson Creek Watershed Habitat". City of Portland. Archived from the original on August 10, 2015. Retrieved April 26, 2015.
  52. ^ Parks and Recreation Department (2008). "Springwater Corridor". City of Portland. Retrieved April 7, 2008.
  53. ^ Tideman Johnson settled in the area in 1878 but bears no relation to the Johnson after whom the creek was named. Tideman's great-grandson, Steve Johnson, still lives along the creek and is an adjunct professor of urban studies and planning at Portland State University and a founder of a council that links interests along the stream. Heinz, Spencer (February 9, 2006). "Up Johnson Creek". The Oregonian.
  54. ^ Parks and Recreation Department (2008). "Tideman Johnson Natural Area". City of Portland. Retrieved March 14, 2008.
  55. ^ Parks and Recreation Department (2008). "Leach Botanical Garden". City of Portland. Retrieved March 14, 2008.
  56. ^ "Beggars-Tick Wildlife Refuge" (PDF). United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 10, 2015. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
  57. ^ Beggars Tick, Bidens frondosa, is an invasive weed.
  58. ^ Parks and Recreation Department (2008). "Powell Butte Nature Park". City of Portland. Retrieved March 14, 2008.
  59. ^ "Main City Park". City of Gresham. 2005. Archived from the original on February 6, 2008. Retrieved March 14, 2008.
  60. ^ Mortenson, Eric (December 17, 2007). "Good Buys on Green Space?". The Oregonian.

Sources

External links

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