Johor
Johor | ||
---|---|---|
Jawi جوهر | | |
• Chinese | 柔佛 | |
• Tamil | ஜொகூர் Jokūr (Transliteration) | |
Menteri Besar Onn Hafiz Ghazi (BN-UMNO) | | |
Area | ||
• Total | 19,166 km2 (7,400 sq mi) | |
Highest elevation | 1,276 m (4,186 ft) | |
Population (2020)[4] | ||
• Total | 4,009,670 (2nd) | |
• Density | 209.2/km2 (542/sq mi) | |
Demonym | Johorean / Johorian | |
Demographics (2020)[5] | ||
• Ethnic composition |
| |
• Dialects | Johor-Riau Malay • Johore State Constitution 14 April 1895 | |
British protectorate | 1914 | |
Japanese occupation | 31 January 1942 | |
Accession into the Federation of Malaya | 1948 | |
Independence as part of the Federation of Malaya | 31 August 1957 | |
Federated as part of Malaysia | 16 September 1963 | |
Website | www | |
^[a] Kota Iskandar, Iskandar Puteri is the state administrative centre and the seat of the Johor state government (executive branch & legislative branch). However, Johor Bahru remains the official capital of the Johor state. ^[b] Except Muar and Tangkak. |
Johor (/dʒəˈhɔːr/; Malay pronunciation: [d͡ʒoho(r)]), also spelled as Johore, is a state of Malaysia in the south of the Malay Peninsula. It shares borders with Pahang, Malacca and Negeri Sembilan to the north. Johor shares maritime borders with Singapore to the south and Indonesia to both the west and east. As of 2020, the state's population is 4.01 million, making it the second most populous state in Malaysia, after Selangor.[13][14] Johor Bahru is the capital city and the economic centre of the state, Kota Iskandar is the state administrative centre and Muar serves as the royal capital.
Johor's economy is mainly based on services and manufacturing sectors. Its gross domestic product (GDP) is among the top three largest in Malaysia, alongside Selangor and Kuala Lumpur. Today, Johor remains the nation's largest trade contributor among all Malaysian states.[15] The state is also a major logistics hub in Malaysia, home to Port of Tanjung Pelepas, the 15th busiest port in the world. Johor Bahru is also one of the anchor cities of the Iskandar Malaysia development corridor that covers much of southern Johor, which is the country's first and largest special economic zone by investment value.
Johor has high diversity in ethnicity, culture, and language. The state is known for its traditional dance of
Etymology
The area was first known to the northern inhabitants of
History
Hindu-Buddhist Era
A bronze bell estimated to be from 150 AD was found in Kampong Sungai Penchu near the
Sultanate of Johor
After the
After Aceh was left weakened, the
The dynasty of the Malaccan descendants lasted until the death of
British protectorate
After the death of Mahmud Shah III, the sultan left two sons through commoner mothers. While the elder son Hussein Shah was supported by the Malay community, the younger son Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah was supported by the Bugis community.[48] In 1818, the Dutch recognised Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah as the legitimate heir to the Johor Empire in return for his supporting their intention to establish a trading post in Riau.[50] The following year, the British recognised Hussein Shah as the legitimate heir to the Johor Empire in return for his supporting their intention to establish a trading post in Singapore.[33][48][51] Before his death, Mahmud Shah III had appointed Abdul Rahman as the Temenggong for Johor with recognition from the British as the legitimate Temenggong of Johor-Singapore,[33][52][53] marking the beginning of the Temenggong dynasty. Abdul Rahman was succeeded by his son, Daeng Ibrahim, although his recognition by the British only occurred 14 years later.[33]
With the partition of the Johor Empire due to the dispute between the Bugis and Malay and following the defined spheres of influence for the British and Dutch resulting from the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, Daeng Ibrahim intended to create a new administrative centre for the Johor Sultanate under the new dynasty.[54] As he maintained a close relationship with the British and the latter wanted to have full control over trade in Singapore, a treaty was signed between Daeng Ibrahim and Hussein Shah's successor, Ali Iskandar, recognising Ali as the next sultan.[55] Through the treaty, Ali was crowned as the sultan and received $5,000 (in Spanish dollars) and an allowance of $500 per month, but was required to cede the sovereignty of the territory of Johor (except Kesang of Muar, which would be the only territory under his control) to Daeng Ibrahim.[55][56][57]
Following the establishment of a new capital in mainland Johor, the administrative centre was moved from
Under the reign of Ibrahim, the British appointed Douglas Graham Campbell as an advisor to the sultanate in 1910, although the sultan only appointed Campbell as a General Adviser unlike in other Malayan states which had Resident Advisors, becoming the last Malay state to accept a British Adviser.[33] However, due to Ibrahim's overspending, the sultanate faced problems caused by the falling price of its major source of revenue and problems between him and members of his state council, which gave the British an opportunity to intervene in Johor's internal affairs.[63] Despite Ibrahim's reluctance to appoint a British adviser, Johor was brought under British control as one of the Unfederated Malay States (UMS) by 1914, with the position of its General Adviser elevated to that of a Resident in the Federated Malay States (FMS).[43][50][57][65]
Second World War
Since the 1910s, Japanese planters had been involved in numerous estates and in the mining of mineral resources in Johor as a result of the
On 8 February, the Japanese began to bombard the northwestern coastline of Singapore, which was followed by the crossing of the IJA 5th and 18th Divisions with around 13,000 troops through the Straits of Johor.[73] The following day, the Imperial Guard Division crossed into Kranji while the remaining Japanese Guard troops crossed through the repaired Johor–Singapore Causeway.[73] Following the occupation of the whole of Malaya and Singapore by the Japanese, Tokugawa proposed a reform plan by which the five kingdoms of Johor, Terengganu, Kelantan, Kedah-Penang and Perlis would be restored and federated.[68] Under the scheme, Johor would control Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Malacca while a 2,100-square-kilometre (800 sq mi) area in the southern part of Johor would be incorporated into Singapore for defence purposes.[68] The five monarchs of the kingdoms would be obliged to pledge loyalty to Japan, would need to visit the Japanese royal family every two years, and would assure the freedom of religion, worship, employment and private ownership of property to all people and accord every Japanese residing in the kingdoms with treatment equal to indigenous people.[68]
Meanwhile,
Post-war and independence
At the start of the war, the British had accepted the offer of the
Johor and the rest of Malaya were officially placed under the British Military Administration (BMA) in September 1945 and the MPAJA was disbanded in December after its secretary-general, Lai Teck (who was also a double agent for the British),[68][81] accepted the return of British colonial rule and adopted a moderate "open and legal" struggle for their ideological goals with most members receiving medals from the British the following year.[76][78] Then there was a dispute between the British and CPM since the British had returned and Lai Teck had disappeared with the funds of the CPM. The party administration was taken over by Chin Peng, who abandoned the "moderate strategy" in favour of a "people's revolutionary war", culminating in the Malayan Emergency of 1948.[76] In the emergency period, large-scale attacks by the CPM occurred in the present-day Kulai District and other parts of Malaya, but failed to establish Mao Zedong-style "liberated areas".[76]
Fighting between the British occupation forces and their Malayan collaborators against the People's Army continued through the formation of the Malayan Union on 1 April 1946 and the proclamation of the independence of the Federation of Malaya on 31 August 1957.[82] At the time of independence there were three political factions: the Communists, the pro-British, and a race-based coalition. The pro-British side was divided between the Malayan Democratic Union (MDU), which was dominated by English-speaking Chinese and Eurasians who co-operate with left-wing Malay nationalists "for an independent Malaya that would also include Singapore" and another pro-British side comprising the Babas under the Straits Chinese British Association (SCBA), who were trying to retain their status and privileges granted for their loyalty to the British during the Straits Settlements era by remaining under British administration.[77][83][84] Meanwhile, the racial coalition, comprising the leading United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) in an alliance with the Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC) and Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), sought an independent Malaya based on a racial and religious privileges policy and won the 1955 Malayan general election, with the capital of Johor Bahru being the centre of the UMNO party.[48][77]
Malaysia
In 1961, the Prime Minister of the Federation of Malaya
Since the end of the confrontation, the state's development has expanded further with industrial estates and new suburbs. Of the total approved development projects for Johor from 1980 until 1990, 69% were concentrated in Johor Bahru and the Pasir Gudang area.[97] Industrial estates and new suburbs were built in settlements on both the northern and eastern sides of the town, including Plentong and Tebrau.[98] The town of Johor Bahru was officially recognised as a city on 1 January 1994.[98] On 22 November 2017, Iskandar Puteri was declared a city and assigned as the administrative center of the state, located in Kota Iskandar.[99]
Politics
Government
Affiliation | Coalition/Party Leader | Status | Seats | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2022 election | Current | ||||
Barisan Nasional | Onn Hafiz Ghazi | Government | 40 | 40 | |
Pakatan Harapan | Liew Chin Tong | Confidence and supply | 12 | 12 | |
Perikatan Nasional | Sahruddin Jamal | Opposition | 3 | 3 | |
Total | 56 | 56 | |||
Government majority | 17 | 23 |
Johor is a
The state government is headed by a
Johor was a sovereign state from 1948 until 1957 while the Federation of Malaya Agreement was in force, but its defence and external affairs were mainly under the control of Britain.[106] The Malayan Federation was then merged with two British colonies in Borneo, North Borneo, and Sarawak, to form the Federation of Malaysia. Since then, several disputes have arisen such as the incident involving the state royal family that resulted in the 1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia, disputes with federal leaders on state and federation affairs, and dissatisfaction over slower development in contrast with the long-standing prosperity in neighbouring Singapore, which even led to statements about secession from the Johor royal family.[107][108] Other social issues include the rise of racial and religious intolerance among the state's citizens since being part of the federation.[109][110]
Administrative divisions
Johor is divided into ten districts (daerah), 103 mukims and 16 local governments.[111][112] There are district officers for each district and a village head person (known as a ketua kampung or penghulu) for each village in the district.[113][114][115] Before the British arrival, Johor was run by a group of relatives and friends of the Sultan. A more organised administration was developed in the treaty of friendship with Great Britain in 1885.[116] A British Resident began to be accepted in 1914 when the state became part of the UMS.[117] With the transformation into a British-style administration, more Europeans were appointed into the administration with their role expanding from advising on financial matters to modern administration guidance.[118] Malay state commissioners worked alongside British district officers, known in Johor as "Assistant Advisers".[119] When the post of the Resident of the UMS was abolished, other European-held posts in the administration were replaced with locals. As in the rest of Malaysia, the local government comes under the purview of the state government.[120]
Districts |
Capital | Area (km2) | Population (2010)[5] | Population (2020) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Batu Pahat District | Batu Pahat | 1,878 | 401,902 | 495,338 |
2 | Johor Bahru District | Johor Bahru | 1,817.8 | 1,334,188 | 1,711,191 |
3 | Kluang District | Kluang |
2,851 | 288,364 | 323,762 |
4 | Kota Tinggi District | Kota Tinggi | 3,488 | 187,824 | 222,382 |
5 | Kulai District | Kulai | 753 | 245,294 | 329,497 |
6 | Mersing District | Mersing | 2,838 | 69,028 | 78,195 |
7 | Muar District | Muar | 1,376 | 239,027 | 314,776 |
8 | Pontian District | Pontian Kechil | 907 | 149,938 | 173,318 |
9 | Segamat District | Segamat | 2,851 | 182,985 | 197,762 |
10 | Tangkak District | Tangkak | 970 | 131,890 | 163,449 |
Security
The Ninth Schedule of the
Territorial disputes
Johor previously had a territorial dispute with Singapore.
Geography
The total land area of Johor is nearly 19,166 square kilometres (7,400 sq mi), and it is surrounded by the South China Sea to the east, the Straits of Johor to the south and the Straits of Malacca to the west.
Much of central Johor is covered with dense forest, where an extensive network of rivers originating from mountains and
Climate
Johor is located in a
Climate data for Johor Bahru (Senai International Airport, 2016–2023) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.6 (88.9) |
32.3 (90.1) |
33.2 (91.8) |
33.4 (92.1) |
33.1 (91.6) |
32.0 (89.6) |
32.0 (89.6) |
32.1 (89.8) |
32.2 (90.0) |
32.4 (90.3) |
32.0 (89.6) |
31.8 (89.2) |
32.3 (90.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23.6 (74.5) |
23.5 (74.3) |
23.8 (74.8) |
24.3 (75.7) |
24.7 (76.5) |
24.3 (75.7) |
24.1 (75.4) |
24.0 (75.2) |
23.8 (74.8) |
24.0 (75.2) |
23.9 (75.0) |
23.9 (75.0) |
24.0 (75.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 206.9 (8.15) |
152.5 (6.00) |
178.1 (7.01) |
229.2 (9.02) |
224.8 (8.85) |
201.3 (7.93) |
169.7 (6.68) |
160.9 (6.33) |
244.4 (9.62) |
234.5 (9.23) |
302.9 (11.93) |
240.7 (9.48) |
2,545.9 (100.23) |
Average precipitation days | 11.1 | 8.0 | 12.1 | 14.8 | 15.9 | 15.0 | 12.4 | 11.2 | 13.9 | 15.8 | 17.2 | 14.8 | 162.2 |
Source: Meteomanz[151] |
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Mount Ophir
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Rawa Island beach
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Sunrise over a palm oil plantation
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Waterfall in Mount Belumut
Biodiversity
The jungles of Johor host a diverse array of plant and animal species, with an estimated 950
Economy
Johor's economy is mainly based on the
Prior to economic diversification, the secondary sector dominated the Johorean economy.[180][185] Johor continues to have a high level of manufacturing investment.[186] From 2013 to 2017, there was a total of RM114.9 billion worth of investment in manufacturing in the state.[187] In 2017, RM16.8 billion came from domestic direct investment and RM5.1 billion came from foreign direct investment, with Australia, China and the United States being the top three foreign investors in manufacturing.[188] The total industrial area in the state as of 2015 was 144 km2 (56 sq mi) or 0.75% of the total land in Johor.[112] In 2000, the largest industries in Johor were metal fabrication and machinery industries, accounting for 27.6% of all manufacturing industries in the state, followed by chemical products, petroleum and rubber industries (20.1%) and wooden products and furniture (14.1%).[112]
The Iskandar Development Region and South Johor Economic Region (
The main agricultural sectors in the state are palm oil plantation, rubber plantations and produce.[112] In 2015, land area used for agriculture in Johor covered 11,555 km2 (4,461 sq mi), 60.15% of the state, with other plantations including herbs and spices.[112][191] In 2016, palm oil plantations covered 7,456 km2 (2,879 sq mi) (38.8% of the total land area), making it the third largest plantation area in Malaysia after Sabah and Sarawak.[192] Farmers' markets (Malay: pasar peladang) are used to distribute the agricultural produces which are located around the state.[193]
Johor is the biggest fruit-producing state in Malaysia, with a total fruit plantation area of 414 km2 (160 sq mi) and total harvesting area of 305 km2 (118 sq mi). Approximately 532,249 tons of fruit was produced in 2016, with Segamat District having the largest major fruit plantation and harvesting area in the state with a total area of 111 km2 (43 sq mi) and 66 km2 (25 sq mi), respectively, while Kluang District had the highest total fruit production of 163,714 tons. In the same year, Johor was the second biggest producer of vegetables among Malaysian states after Pahang, with a total vegetable plantation area of 154 km2 (59 sq mi) and a total harvesting area of 143 km2 (55 sq mi). Kluang District also had the largest vegetable plantation and harvesting areas, with a total area of 36 km2 (14 sq mi), and the highest total vegetable production of 60,102 tons.[191]
Due to its close proximity to Singapore, known for its financial hubs and international trade centres, the state benefits from Singaporean investors and tourists.
In 2014, major foreign countries investing in Johor were Singapore (RM6.7 billion), the United States (RM5.4 billion), Japan (RM4.6 billion), the Netherlands (RM3.1 billion), China (RM1.37 billion) and smaller amounts from countries such as Indonesia, South Korea, Germany and India, with the state received RM7.9 billion worth of foreign direct investment (FDI), the second highest among all states in Malaysia after Sarawak.[201] Major foreign companies with FDI in the state come from the United Kingdom, South Korea and China.[180] The medical tourism industry has grown with the arrival of 27,500 medical tourists in 2012 and 33,700 in 2014.[202]
Infrastructure
The Johor Department of Economy Planning is responsible for all public infrastructure planning and development in the state,
Energy and water resources
Electricity distribution in the state is managed by
In fact, a new combined cycle power plant has been constructed on a greenfield site near the old decommissioned power plants in Pasir Gudang, named the Sultan Ibrahim Power Plant.All water supply pipes in the state are managed by the Water Regulatory Bodies of Johor, with a total of 11 reservoirs: Congok, Gunung Ledang, Gunung Pulai 1, Gunung Pulai 2, Gunung Pulai 3, Juaseh, Layang Lower, Layang Upper, Lebam, Linggiu and Pontian Kechil.[221][222] The state also supplies raw water to Singapore for RM0.03 for every 3.8 cubic metres (1,000 US gal) drawn from Johor rivers. In return, the Johor state government pays the Singaporean government 50 cents (RM0.50) for every 3.8 cubic metres of treated water from Singapore.[223]
Telecommunication and broadcasting
Telecommunications in Johor were originally administered by the Posts and Telecommunication Department and maintained by the British Cable & Wireless Communications, which was responsible for all telecommunication services in Malaya.[224][225] During this time, troposcatter was installed on Mount Pulai in Johor and Mount Serapi in Sarawak to connect radio signals between British Malaya and British Borneo, the only such system for both territories to allow simultaneous transmission of radio programs to North Borneo and Sarawak.[226] Following the foundation of the Federation of Malaysia in 1963, the telecommunication departments in Malaya and Borneo merged to form the Telecommunications Department Malaysia in 1968, which later became Telekom Malaysia (TM).[225] Early in 1964, a Nordic telecommunication company, Ericsson, began operating in the country. Following the first AXE telephone exchange in Southeast Asia that went online in Pelangi in 1980, TM was provided with the first mobile telephone network, named ATUR, in 1984.[227] Since then, the Malaysian cellular network has expanded rapidly.[228] From 2013 until 2017, the state mobile-cellular penetration rate has reached 100%, with 11.3% to 11.5% of the population using the internet.[229][230]
In 2018, the state internet speed was 10
Transportation
Roads
The state is linked to the other Malaysian states and federal territories on the western coast through the
The previous federal government had allocated RM29.43 billion as part of the Eleventh Malaysia Plan (11MP) for infrastructure projects including upgrading roads and bridges.[238] The state government also spends more than RM600 million for road maintenance annually.[239]
Rail
Rail transport in the state is operated by
Air
The
Water
Johor has four ports in Iskandar Puteri and Pasir Gudang, which operate under three different companies. The
Healthcare
Health-related matters in Johor is administered by the Johor State Health Office (Malay: Jabatan Kesihatan Negeri Johor). The state has two major government hospitals (Sultanah Aminah Hospital and Sultan Ismail Hospital), nine government district hospitals (Permai Hospital, Sultanah Fatimah Hospital, Sultanah Nora Ismail Hospital, Enche' Besar Hajjah Khalsom Hospital, Segamat Hospital, Pontian Hospital, Kota Tinggi Hospital, Mersing Hospital, and Tangkak Hospital), and Temenggung Seri Maharaja Tun Ibrahim Hospital, a women's and children's hospital and mental hospital. Other public health clinics, 1Malaysia clinics and rural clinics are scattered throughout the state with a number of private hospitals such as Penawar Hospital, Johor Specialist Hospital, Regency Specialist Hospital, Pantai Hospital Batu Pahat, Putra Specialist Hospital Batu Pahat, Puteri Specialist Hospital, KPJ Specialist Hospital Muar, Abdul Samad Specialist Hospital, Columbia Asia, Gleneagles Medini Hospital and KPJ Specialist Hospital Pasir Gudang.[253] In 2009, the state's doctor–patient ratio was 3 per 1,000 population.[254]
Education
All primary and secondary schools are under the jurisdiction of the Johor State Education Department, under the guidance of the national Ministry of Education.[255] The oldest school in Johor is the English College Johore Bahru (1914).[256] As of 2013, Johor had a total of 240 government secondary schools,[257] fifteen international schools (Austin Heights Private and International Schools,[258] Crescendo-HELP International School,[259] Crescendo International College,[260] Excelsior International School,[261] Paragon Private and International School,[262] Seri Omega Private and International School,[263] Sri Ara International Schools,[264] StarClub Education,[265] Sunway International School,[266] Tenby Schools Setia Eco Gardens,[267] UniWorld International School,[268] and the American School of Iskandar Puteri[269] and three international campuses of British Marlborough College,[270] R.E.A.L Schools[271] and Utama Schools),[272] and nine Chinese independent schools. Johor has a considerable number of Malay and indigenous students enrolled in Chinese schools.[273] There is also an Indonesian school located in the state capital mainly for Indonesian migrants' children.[274] Two Japanese learning centres located in the state capital city.[275] The state government also emphasises pre-school education in the state with the establishment of several kindergartens such as Nuri Kindergarten and Childcare,[276] Stellar Preschool[277] and Tadika Kastil.[278]
Johor has three public universities, the
To ensure the quality of education in the state, the state government introduced six long-term measures to upgrade the capability of local teachers.[285] In 2018, it was reported that Johor was among several Malaysian states facing a teacher shortage, so the federal education ministry set up a special committee to study ways to tackle the problem.[286]
Johor State Library is the main public library in the state.[287]
Demography
Ethnicity and immigration
Year | Pop. | ±% | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1970 | 1,277,180 | — | ||
1980 | 1,580,423 | +23.7% | ||
1991 | 2,069,740 | +31.0% | ||
2000 | 2,584,997 | +24.9% | ||
2010 | 3,230,440 | +25.0% | ||
2020 | 4,009,670 | +24.1% | ||
| ||||
Source: [288] |
The 2020 Malaysian census reported the population of Johor at 4,009,670, the second most populous state in Malaysia, with a non-citizen population of 276,900.
As Malaysia is one of the least densely populated countries in Asia, the state is particularly sparsely populated, with most people concentrated in the coastal areas, since towns and urban centres have massively expanded through recent developments. From 1991 to 2000, the state experienced a 2.39% average annual population growth, with Johor Bahru District being the highest at 4.59% growth and Segamat District being the lowest at 0.07%.[206] The total population increased by about 600,000 every decade following the increase of residential developments in the southern developmental region; if the pattern continues, Johor will have an estimated 5.6 million people in 2030, larger than the government projection of 4 million.[291] Johor's geographical position in the southern Malay Peninsula has contributed to the state's rapid development as Malaysia's transportation and industrial hub, creating jobs and attracting migrants from other states and overseas, especially from Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, Myanmar, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and China. As of 2010, nearly two thirds of foreign workers in Malaysia were located in Johor, Sabah and Selangor.[292]
Religion
Islam became the
Languages
The majority of Johoreans are at least bilingual, with Malay as the official language in Johor.[295] Other multilingual speakers may also be fluent in Chinese and Tamil languages.[296]
Johorean Malay, also known as Johor-Riau Malay and originally spoken in Johor,
Different
.The Indian community predominantly speaks Tamil. Besides, there is a significant number of
In 2017, the Johor queen, as the royal patron of the Malaysian English Language Teaching Association (MELTA), called for a more conducive environment for young Malaysians to master English since there has been a drastic decline in proficiency among the younger Malaysian generation.[300][301]
Culture
Johor's culture has been influenced by different ethnicities throughout history, especially by the Arabs, Bugis and Javanese people, with the state also becoming a mixture of different cultures among the Chinese, Indian, Malay and aboriginal people.[302]
A strong Arab cultural influence is apparent in art performances like zapin, masri and hamdolok and in musical instruments like the gambus.[303][304] The zapin dance was introduced in the 14th century by Arab Muslim missionaries from Hadhramaut, Yemen, and was originally performed only by male dancers, although female dancers are now common.[305] The dance itself differs among five Johor regions, namely zapin tenglu and zapin pulau (Mersing), zapin lenga (Muar), zapin pekajang (Johor Bahru), zapin koris (Batu Pahat) and zapin parit mustar with zapin seri bunian (Pontian).[305] Another Arab legacy is the use of Arabic names with wadi (valley) for areas populated by the Arab community in the state capital such as "wadi hana" and "wadi hassan".[306]
Buginese and
The Chinese community holds the Chingay parade annually by the Johor Bahru Old Chinese Temple, which unites the five Chinese ethnic groups in Johor, namely Cantonese, Hainanese, Hakka, Hoklo and Teochew.[311] This co-operation among different Chinese cultures under a voluntary organisation became a symbol of harmony among the different Chinese people that deepens their sense of heritage to preserve their cultural traditions.[312] The Johor Bahru Chinese Heritage Museum describes the history of Chinese migration into Johor from the 14th to 19th centuries during the Ming and Qing dynasties. The ruler of Johor encouraged the Chinese community to plant gambier and pepper in the interior; many of these farmers switched to pineapple cultivation in the 20th century, making Johor one of Malaysia's top fruit producers.[313]
Cuisine
Cuisine in Johor has been influenced by Arab, Buginese, Javanese, Malay, Chinese and Indian cultures. Notable dishes include
Holidays and festivals
Johoreans observe a number of holidays and festivals throughout the year including
Sports
As Johor has been part of Malaya since 1957, its athletes represented Malaya and later Malaysia at the
Located in
Notable people
- Yasmin Ahmad
- Hishamuddin Hussein
- Onn Jaafar
- Zulhadi Omar
- Seah Jim Quee
- Muhyiddin Yassin
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Despite transferring control of its defence and external affairs to Britain, it is an undisputed fact that Johor was a sovereign State during the period 1948 to 1957, when the Federation Agreement was in force.
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The Johor Military Forces is an independent military force steeped in history. Formed in 1886 by Sultan Abu Bakar of Johor, with the purpose of protecting Johor's safety and the king. The JMF is believed to be the oldest military unit in Malaysia and is the only state army in the Federation. The JMF has played a significant role in the suppression of the Singapore Mutiny of 1915 and served in both World Wars.
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Johor coastline about 250 miles (400 kilometres).
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Further reading
- Richard Olof Winstedt (1932). "A History of Johore (1673—ca. 1800 A.D.) / حكايت نكري جوهر". Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 10 (1): 164–170. JSTOR 41587442.
- Keith Sinclair (1967). "The British Advance in Johore, 1885–1914". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 40 (1): 93–110. JSTOR 41491908.
- Leonard Y. Andaya (1975). The Kingdom of Johor 1641–1728. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-580322-8.
- Richard Olof Winstedt; Khoo Kay Kim; Ismail Hussein (1993). "A history of Johore, 1365-1941". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 66 (1): 87–89. JSTOR 41486192.
- Patricia Lim Pui Huen (1998). "Past and Present Juxtaposed: The Chinese of Nineteenth Century Johor". Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia. 13 (1): 114–138. JSTOR 41056979.
- Peter Borschberg (2002). "The Seizure of the Sta. Catarina Revisited: The Portuguese Empire in Asia, VOC Politics and the Origins of the Dutch-Johor Alliance (1602 – c. 1616)". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 33 (1). Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Cambridge University Press: 31–62. S2CID 154935503.
- Raimy Ché-Ross (2004). "The 'Lost City' of Kota Gelanggi: An Exploratory Essay Based on Textual Evidence and An Excursion into 'Aerial Archaeology'". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 77 (2): 27–58. JSTOR 41493524.
- Carl A. Trocki (2007). Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore, 1784–1885. NUS Press. ISBN 978-9971-69-376-3.
- Peter Borschberg (2010). The Singapore and Melaka Straits: Violence, Security and Diplomacy in the 17th Century. National University of Singapore, Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies. ISBN 978-9-06-718364-2.
- Peter Borschberg (2011). Hugo Grotius, the Portuguese and Free Trade in the East Indies. National University of Singapore. ISBN 978-9-97-169467-8.
- Peter Borschberg (2015). Journal, Memorial and Letters of Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge. Security, Diplomacy and Commerce in 17th-Century Southeast Asia. National University of Singapore. ISBN 978-9-97-169798-3.
- Peter Borschberg (2015). Jacques de Coutre's Singapore and Johor, 1594-c. 1625. National University of Singapore. ISBN 978-9-97-169852-2.
- Peter Borschberg (2017). "The value of Admiral Matelieff's writings for studying the history of Southeast Asia, c. 1600–1620". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 48 (3). National University of Singapore, Cambridge University Press: 414–435. .
- Kwa Chong Guan; Peter Borschberg (2018). Studying Singapore before 1800. National University of Singapore. ISBN 978-981-4722-74-2.
External links
- Official website
- Johor Archived 25 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine at Johor Tourism
- Johor at Lonely Planet