Joint Security Area

Coordinates: 37°57′21″N 126°40′36″E / 37.95583°N 126.67667°E / 37.95583; 126.67667
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Joint Security Area
South Korean soldiers standing guard at the JSA between the blue buildings. View from the south. To the rear, three-story Panmungak Hall, in North Korea.
Korean name
Hangul
공동경비구역
Hanja
Revised RomanizationGongdong Gyeongbi Guyeok
McCune–ReischauerKongdong Kyŏngbi Kuyŏk
North Korean soldiers standing guard at the JSA between the blue buildings. View from the north. To the rear, the ground floor of Freedom House, in South Korea. The low-level concrete ledge running between the two soldiers is the border mark in the security area.

The Joint Security Area (JSA, often referred to as the Truce Village or Panmunjom) is the only portion of the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) where North and South Korean forces stand face-to-face.[1][2] The JSA is used by the two Koreas for diplomatic engagements and, until March 1991, was also the site of military negotiations between North Korea and the United Nations Command (UNC).

The JSA has been the site of numerous events and incidents since its establishment in 1953, the first of which was the repatriation of prisoners of war (POWs) after the cessation of hostilities, across the Bridge of No Return. In 2018, North and South Korean officials agreed to clear the JSA of all landmines, weapons and guard posts. This withdrawal was complete on October 25, 2018, and the JSA now just contains 35 unarmed security guards.[3][4][5][6] It was further agreed that henceforth, the area will serve mainly as a tourist attraction.[7][8][9][10] On November 6, 2018, it was announced that the UNC would transfer primary guard duties of the now demilitarized Joint Security Area to both North and South Korea.[11][12]

Location

Map of the current Joint Security Area (JSA) showing the red Military Demarcation Line (MDL) and the buildings; solid black are occupied by North Korea (KPA) and the white are occupied by South Korea (ROK) and the United Nations (UN)

The Joint Security Area is located about 800 meters (12 mile) south of the original village of Panmunjom. It is because of this proximity that the terms JSA and Panmunjom are often used interchangeably. The village encompassed a larger area than the current complex of the JSA, and consisted mostly of farms. It was destroyed during the war, and all that now remains on the site of the village is the building constructed for the signing of the Korean Armistice Agreement, now the North Korea Peace Museum. The JSA is administered by the United Nations Command.[13]

Establishment

Among the provisions of the

Military Demarcation Line (MDL) separating South and North Korea, and created as a neutral area, where there was free movement of both sides anywhere within the JSA boundaries.[14]

Military Police of both sides provide security for the JSA with guard forces of no more than 35 security personnel on duty at any given time. The administrative facilities for both guard forces are located within the JSA.[15]

Layout

While the boundary has remained the same over the years, the buildings themselves have changed. Some have been removed, including all of the KPA checkpoints on the southern half of the JSA. New buildings have been constructed, whilst some existing buildings have been expanded or simply renovated. The only boundary change of the Joint Security Area was the enforcement of the dividing line within the JSA after

the murders of two American officers in 1976
. Prior to this, the entire area was neutral, where members of either side possessed the freedom of movement within the JSA.

Since the enforcement of the Military Demarcation Line (MDL) within the JSA, several UNC checkpoint buildings have also been rebuilt and/or renamed as well. Examples of this are what was called Observation Post (OP) No. 5 on the hill overlooking the Bridge of No Return, is now Checkpoint (CP) #3,[16] while what used to be called CP#3 (and sometimes called "The Loneliest Outpost in the World"[17][18]) was the UNC checkpoint at the southern end of the Bridge of No Return. After the enforcement of the MDL, the North no longer had a road leading into the JSA, and within three days they built what is now known as the "72-Hour Bridge" or "Bridge of 72 Hours".

Landmarks

North

South

  • Freedom House
  • Peace House

Neutral or Joint

  • T1 through T3

United Nations Command staffing

Two KPA soldiers standing guard inside a JSA conference room, in front of the door leading to the South Korean side of the JSA. View from north to south.

The United Nations Command Security Battalion - Joint Security Area (UNCSB-JSA), simply United Nations Command Security Battalion was constituted on May 5, 1952, as Army Unit 8020, United Nations Command Military Armistice Commission Support Group (Provisional). Originally authorized five officers and ten enlisted soldiers, the unit grew to over 1,400 officers and men supporting almost 32,000 soldiers, civilians, and diplomats involved in negotiating and then enforcing the Armistice Agreement. By the end of February 1954 the scope of work declined and the number of soldiers assigned to the unit declined as well.

For the next 50 years, the unit underwent several organizational and name changes, although the original mission to secure the Joint Security Area remains the same today as it was in 1952. On June 11, 1979, the name was changed from US Army Support Group (Joint Security Area) to United Nations Command Support Group—Joint Security Area, and further changed to United Nations Command Security Force—Joint Security Area on December 23, 1985. On October 15, 1994, UNC Commander directed that the unit be known by its present designation, the United Nations Command Security Battalion - Joint Security Area.

A Republic of Korea soldier of the United Nations Command Security Battalion stands guard inside a JSA conference room, in front of the door leading to the North Korean side of the JSA. View from south to north.

Originally a purely U.S. Army organization, the unit also included ROK soldiers (

KATUSAs
). In addition, ROK Army officers served as liaison officers. In the mid-1970s the JSA consisted of the JSF company with three platoons of one U.S. and one ROKA officer, and thirty enlisted men, supported by a battalion staff. The three platoons were led by the U.S. officer with the ROK officer as the executive officer, and U.S. Army platoon sergeants. The platoons consisted of three squads, with equal numbers of U.S. and KATUSA soldiers.

Sometime after 1979, another (fourth) platoon was added to the JSF to allow time for training during platoon work rotations. In July 1987 the four platoons of the Joint Security Force (JSF) company were reorganized to mix KATUSA and US soldiers at all levels. At the platoon level, two platoons were led by U.S. Army lieutenants and ROKA platoon sergeants, and two were led by ROKA lieutenants and US Army platoon sergeants. In November 1987 the unit received a ROK Army major as its first deputy commander.

On April 25, 1992, the JSF company became a KATUSA-pure formation. Captain Yin Sung-hwan became the first ROK commander assisted by a U.S. Army lieutenant as his executive officer. The number of U.S. Army personnel assigned to the unit fell below 200 for the first time since 1952. American forces assigned to the JSA assumed mainly administrative and support roles.

On October 31, 2004, a ROK Army battalion assumed sole responsibility for the Joint Security Area.[19] This modified light infantry battalion consisted of a battalion headquarters, a headquarters company, two security companies, and a civil affairs company. The number of U.S. personnel assigned decreased further, reflecting the UNC Commander's desire to minimize the USFK presence near the Korean Demilitarized Zone. The commander of the ROKA JSA Battalion serves as the UNCSB-JSA Deputy Commander. The UNCSB-JSA Commander's principal responsibility now lies in his operational control of selected ROKA formations during both Armistice and wartime periods.

Both sides placed guards between the blue meeting houses, where the demarcation line is marked by blocks of concrete. South Korean guards in this area were armed with pistols and they stood in a modified taekwondo stance with stolid facial expressions, clenched fists and sunglasses, which was meant to intimidate the North Korean guards. The South Korean guards had to be at least 170 cm (5'7") tall[20][21] and have a black belt in taekwondo or judo.

Since October 25, 2018, guards in the Joint Security area no longer have pistols.[22][23] They are also required to maintain a capacity no larger than 35 people and must be unarmed.[23][22] Freedom of movement across the border must also be enforced for visitors and tourists at some point as well.[24][22]

On November 6, 2018, both Koreas and the UNC established new rules which called for, among other things, the transfer of guard duty command to both Koreas for each of their respective sides of the area.[11][12]

History and major events

Overview

During one of the initial negotiations of the armistice, agents of the KPA/CPV side went into the truce tents one night and sawed down the chair legs of the UNC delegation. The next day, when the UNC delegates arrived, they were forced to sit lower than their KPA/CPV counterparts and lost face, so they quickly left the meeting. At a later meeting, the UNC delegation brought a flag into the truce tent and set it up on the meeting table. The KPA/CPV delegation left after losing face, but showed up at the next meeting with a flag that was larger than the UNC flag. At the following meeting, the UNC delegation brought in a slightly larger flag. This kept up until a special meeting was called just to discuss the size of the flags, as they had grown too large to fit within the tents. The size of the flags within the meeting building have stayed about the same since then, with only minor changes. The KPA flag is wider than the UNC flag, but the UNC flag is longer. The KPA flag has thicker fringe around the edges of the flag, but the UNC's trim is longer. The truck at the top of the KPA flagpole is taller than the UNC truck, but the UNC's is wider. The KPA flag has a three tiered base while the UNC flag only has two tiers, but each of the tiers on the UNC base is taller than any of the tiers on the KPA flag.[25][26][27]

Being at the center of one of the world's most tense military and political fault lines, the Joint Security Area has been the site of numerous interactions between North and South, including over 750 overt acts of violence. The UNC has documented most of the violent incidents with reports and photographs, which have been reported in the course of MAC meetings. Countless fistfights, shouting matches, exchanges of rude gestures, and other provocations have occurred since 1953.[28] There have also been several prisoner exchanges and other interactions.

1950s

Buildings in the Joint Security Area as they appeared in 1956. View from the south.
  • Operation Little Switch
    , April 1953

This operation was a test case for prisoner repatriation, one of the four main issues of contention during two years of negotiation. 605 sick, wounded, and/or injured UNC prisoners were exchanged for 6,030 sick or injured Communist prisoners.[29][30]

Based on the success of the repatriations undertaken earlier, a general exchange of prisoners began in late April. During Operation Big Switch, prisoners were brought to Panmunjom, on the banks of the Sachong River. Each prisoner was then asked if he wished to cross the river and return to his countrymen or remain with his captors. Once the choice was made there was no turning back—hence the name Bridge of No Return. During this time 13,444 UNC prisoners returned to UNC countries, and 89,493 KPA and CPV prisoners returned to their Communist countries. In June 1953, ROK president Syngman Rhee released a further 25,000 KPA soldiers held in ROKA camps (mostly southerners impressed into service for the north) into South Korea in an attempt to wreck the armistice negotiations.[31][32][33]

  • Operation Movement of Custodial Forces—India, September 2, 1953,

The Armistice Agreement provided that a nonbelligerent nation would provide security forces to hold any prisoner of war who refused repatriation. India provided 6,413 soldiers for this purpose. After landing at the port of

Inchon
, the UNCMAC Support Group (Provisional) moved all personnel to the Demilitarized Zone by helicopter in a single day without incident.

  • Operation Comeback, January 21, 1954,

Approximately 23,000 KPA and CPV soldiers held in UNC prisoner of war camps refused to return to Communist control. Twenty-two UNC soldiers (

21 Americans, one Briton) also refused repatriation. Under the provisions of the Armistice, these soldiers were held for a further six months and interviewed by neutral observers to ensure they had not been coerced into refusing repatriation. Most KPA expatriates remained in South Korea, while the overwhelming majority of CPV expatriates traveled to Taiwan to join the Nationalists
.

  • Operation Rainbow, March 1954

During this operation the UNCMACSG(P) oversaw the repatriation of displaced persons, expellees, and refugees from North Korea to South Korea across the Military Demarcation Line at Panmunjom.

1960s

1970s

The monument marking the site of the Axe Murder Incident in the Joint Security Area on the border of North and South Korea, as seen in 2012

1980s

1990s

  • KPA Abandonment of the MAC Meetings, March 1991
In March 1991, the UNC commander appointed a South Korean General as chief representative. As North Korea claims that only signatories to the Armistice Agreement, of which South Korea is not a part, can be representatives, they refuse to attend any more MAC meetings.[49]
  • Operation Popeye, February 1, 1994
In January 1994 two KPA soldiers were swept into the East China Sea. They were rescued by elements of the ROK Navy. Neither soldier wished to defect, so they were returned to North Korean control through Panmunjom.[50]
  • Operation Bobby Hall, December 29, 1994
In December 1994 an unarmed OH-58 Kiowa helicopter from the US Army crossed the MDL while undertaking a low-altitude flight over hilly, wooded terrain in South Korea.[51] KPA air defense forces shot the aircraft down[52] as it was returning to South Korean-controlled territory. Co-pilot David M. Hilemon was killed but pilot Bobby Hall was released 13 days later after signing an apology for "accidentally straying" into North Korean airspace.[53][54]

2010s

Kim Jong-un
met at the Joint Security Area on April 27, 2018.
Kim Jong-un
briefly met at the Joint Security Area on June 30, 2019.
  • In August 2010, Reverend Han Sang-ryol of South Korea, who had entered and stayed in North Korea for two months in order to promote his cause of Korean unification, was arrested by South Korean authorities after returning to South Korea through the Joint Security Area.[55][56]
  • In March 2012, South Korean unification activist
    Ro Su-hui entered North Korea in order to promote his cause of Korean unification. In July, he was arrested by South Korean authorities, after returning to South Korea through the Joint Security Area.[57][50]
  • In June 2013, initial talks to prepare for higher-level negotiations were held in the JSA. These were the first working-level talks held in the JSA since February 2011. No ministerial-level talks have been held at the JSA since 2007.[58][59]
  • In November 2017, Oh Chong-song, a North Korean soldier, defected by crossing the demarcation line in the JSA. The soldier drove a vehicle until it became stuck on the north side of the border. The defector then jumped out and was shot by other KPA soldiers and was found in critical condition with multiple gun wounds about 50 m (55 yards) from the demarcation line. He survived.[60][61][62]
  • In January 2018, North Korea and South Korea met on the South Korean side of the JSA at the
    Inter-Korean Peace House[63] to discuss North Korea's participation in the 2018 Winter Olympics including a possible inter-Korean women's ice hockey team and North Korea's participation in ice skating pairs.[64]
  • On April 27, 2018, the
    Kim Jong-un shook hands with South Korean President Moon Jae-in and crossed over the MDL, marking the first time a North Korean leader has set foot in Southern territory since the Korean War ended in 1953. Both men held hands and crossed back over to the North briefly before returning to the South.[65]
  • On May 26, 2018, Kim and Moon met again in the Joint Security Area, this time on the North Korean side of Panmunjom. The meeting took two hours, and unlike other summits it had not been publicly announced beforehand.[66]
  • On September 19, 2018, Kim and Moon signed an agreement in Pyongyang calling for the removal of landmines, guard posts, weapons, and personnel in the Joint Security Area.[67][68][69] The Koreas also agree to turn the area into a "peace tourism" zone once the withdrawal has been complete.[9][8] In South Korea, the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism and the Korea Tourism Organization signed an agreement with 13 local governments to establish a committee ensuring the transfer of control of the Joint Security Area[8]
  • On October 1, 2018, a process had begun to remove landmines from the Joint Security Area.[70][71][72]
  • On October 16, 2018, both Koreas agreed to allow tourists to walk across the Joint Security Area's Military Demarcation Line in a way which reenacts Kim and Moon's April 27, 2018 border crossing.[73][74] This agreement came following a meeting the UN Command military officers from both North and South Korea in the South Korean side of Panmunjom.[75][76]
  • On October 19, 2018, the UNC announced that both Koreas had completed their work to remove landmines from the Joint Security Area.[10][77]
  • On October 22, 2018, the UNC endorsed the decision to remove guard posts and weapons from both sides of the Korean border and agreed to provide assistance in the removal process.[78][79]
  • On October 25, 2018, guard posts and weapons were removed from the Joint Security Area.[80][6] Personnel also withdrew from the Joint Security Area by 1 pm.[80][6] The area is now occupied by 35 unarmed UNC personnel, and 35 unarmed KPA personnel, for a total of 70.[3][5][4]
  • On November 6, 2018, both Koreas and the UNC established a new set of rules which included, among other things, the transfers of security oversight. Both North and South Korea will now have oversight over security personnel stationed at their respective sides of the Joint Security Area.[11][12]
  • On June 30, 2019, United States President
    Kim Jong-un. Trump stepped briefly across the MDL onto the northern side becoming the first sitting U.S. president to have set foot into North Korea (two former Presidents, Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton, visited North Korea long after leaving office).[81][82]

2020s

Tourism

The Joint Security Area currently has around 100,000 tourists visit each year through several tourism companies[84][85] and the USO[86] (through the various U.S. military commands in Korea). Before being allowed to enter the DMZ, if visiting from the South, tourists are given a briefing during which they must sign a document which states, in part, "The visit to the Joint Security Area at Panmunjom will entail entry into a hostile area and possibility of injury or death as a direct result of enemy action."[87][88][89] During a meeting held between the UN command and military officers from North and South Korea on the South Korean side of Panmunjom on October 16, 2018,[75][76] it was agreed the Joint Security Area disarmament is complete, civilian and foreign tourists will be allowed to visit the border area from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. without restrictions about what they can wear.[10] It was agreed that at this point, the Military Demarcation Line which runs through the Joint Security Area will be open to local and foreign tourists so they can reenact Kim and Moon's crossing which occurred on April 27, 2018.[7][73][90] This withdrawal was complete on October 25, though tourism has been delayed.[22] No date was set for the resumption of Joint Security Area tourism when rules were established for the transfer of guard duty command on November 6, 2018, as well.[11]

See also

  • Daeseong-dong – a village on the south side of the demarcation line
  • Kijŏng-dong
    – a village on the north side of the demarcation line

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External links

37°57′21″N 126°40′36″E / 37.95583°N 126.67667°E / 37.95583; 126.67667