Joint State Political Directorate

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Joint State Political Directorate
Объединённое государственное политическое управление при СНК СССР
Ob"yedinyonnoye gosudarstvennoye politicheskoye upravleniye pri SNK SSSR
USSR
Agency executives
Parent agency Council of People's Commissars

The Joint State Political Directorate (JSPD) (OGPU; Russian: Объединённое государственное политическое управление) was the intelligence and state security service and secret police of the Soviet Union from 1923 to 1934.

The OGPU was formed from the

anti-communists. The OGPU was based in the Lubyanka Building in Moscow and headed by Felix Dzerzhinsky until his death in 1926, and then by Vyacheslav Menzhinsky, until it was reincorporated as the Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB) of the NKVD
in 1934.

History

Founding

Following the formation of the

executive body
of the Soviet Union after the formation.

On 15 November 1923, the GPU was dissolved and reformed into the Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU) with its jurisdiction covering the entirety of the Soviet Union. Its official full name was the Joint State Political Directorate under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (Объединённое государственное политическое управление при СНК СССР, Obyedinyonnoye gosudarstvennoye politicheskoye upravleniye pri SNK SSSR), though the name is also translated as the All-Union State Political Administration or as Unified State Political Directorate. Felix Dzerzhinsky, who had served as the chairman of the State Political Directorate and of the Cheka, was appointed as the OGPU's first chief.

The OSNAZ (Russian: ОСНАЗ), a militarised section of the Cheka, had originated in 1921;[1] it became a component of OGPU.

Operations

Chronology of Soviet
security agencies
1917–22 Cheka under Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR
(All-Russian Extraordinary Commission)
1922–23 GPU under NKVD of the RSFSR
(State Political Directorate)
1920–91 PGU KGB or
USSR

(First Chief Directorate)
1923–34 OGPU under SNK of the USSR
(Joint State Political Directorate)
1934–46 NKVD of the USSR
(People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs)
1934–41 GUGB of the NKVD of the USSR
(Main Directorate of State Security of
People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs)
1941 NKGB of the USSR
(People's Commissariat of State Security)
1943–46 NKGB of the USSR
(People's Commissariat for State Security)
1946–53 MGB of the USSR
(Ministry of State Security)
1946–54 MVD of the USSR
(Ministry of Internal Affairs)
1947–51

KI MID of the USSR
(Committee of Information under Ministry
of Foreign Affairs)

1954–78 KGB under the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union
(Committee for State Security)
1978–91 KGB of the USSR
(Committee for State Security)
1991 MSB of the USSR
(Interrepublican Security Service)
1991 TsSB of the USSR
(Central Intelligence Service)
1991 KOGG of the USSR
(Committee for the Protection of
the State Border)

The OGPU, like the GPU before it, was in theory supposed to operate with more restraint than the Cheka, which had orchestrated the

anti-communists in Western Europe and pretended to represent a large group, known as "the Trust", working to overthrow the communist régime. Exiled Russians gave "the Trust" large sums of money and supplies, as did foreign intelligence agencies. Soviet agents finally succeeded in luring one of the leading anti-communist operators, Sidney Reilly, into Russia to meet with the Trust. Once in the Soviet Union in September 1925, Reilly was arrested and executed. The Trust was then dissolved, having become a huge propaganda success. Dzerzhinsky died in 1926 and was succeeded as chief of the OGPU by deputy chairman Vyacheslav Menzhinsky
.

From 1927 to 1929, the OGPU engaged in intensive investigations of an opposition

Soviet judicial system.[3] OGPU troops took part in Soviet invasion of Xinjiang.[4]

Dissolution

Menzhinsky's health had deteriorated rapidly during his directorship of the OGPU and Stalin tended to deal with his first deputy,

Trial of the Twenty One
.

In July 1934, two months after Menzhinsky's death, the OGPU was dissolved and reincorporated into the

interior ministry of the Soviet Union, becoming its Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB) under the leadership of Yagoda. The OGPU would later be transformed into the more widely known Committee for State Security
(KGB) in 1954.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Joint State Political Directorate.

References

  1. ^ Степаков, Виктор (2002). Spetsnaz Rossii Спецназ России [Spetsnaz of Russia]. Серия "Досье. Спецслужбы мира" (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: ОЛМА Медиа Групп. p. 14.
    ISBN 9785765424254
    . Retrieved 26 January 2024. [...] 1921 г. при Президиуме ВЧК был создан Отряд особого назначения (ОСНАЗ). Он включал в себя: штаб батальона, три стрелковые роты, команду связи, хозяйственную команду, обоз батальона и кавалерийский эскадрон, всего 1097 бойцов [...].
  2. ISBN 978-0393020304
    .
  3. ISBN 978-0-465-03147-4
    .
  4. ^ Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press Archive. p. 120.
    ISBN 978-0-521-25514-1
    . Retrieved 2010-06-28.
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