Jolo, Sulu
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Jolo
Tiyanggi Tausug: تِیَڠْگِ | ||
---|---|---|
Municipality of Jolo | ||
Location within the Philippines | ||
Coordinates: 6°03′N 121°00′E / 6.05°N 121°E | ||
Country | Philippines | |
Region | Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao | |
Province | Sulu | |
District | 1st district | |
Founded | 1952 | |
Barangays | 8
(see Vice Mayor Ezzeddin Soud L. Tan | |
• Representative | Samier A. Tan | |
• Municipal Council | Members | |
• 2022) | ||
Area | ||
• Total | 22.24 km2 (8.59 sq mi) | |
Elevation | 70 m (230 ft) | |
Highest elevation | 430 m (1,410 ft) | |
Lowest elevation | 0 m (0 ft) | |
Population (2020 census)[3] | ||
• Total | 137,266 | |
• Density | 6,200/km2 (16,000/sq mi) | |
• Households | 20,354 | |
Economy | ||
• Income class | 1st municipal income class | |
• Poverty incidence | 58.94 | |
• ZIP code | 7400 | |
PSGC | ||
IDD : area code | +63 (0)68 | |
Native languages | Tausug Sama Yakan Sabah Malay | |
Website | www |
Jolo, officially the Municipality of Jolo (
Etymology
According to Dr. Najeeb M. Saleeby (1908) and in old maps such as the
It is also said that the
History
Pre-Colonial period
In the 14th century, Arab traders landed on the island to introduce and convert its inhabitants to Islam. The native inhabitants on the island are the
Spanish Colonial Period
The Spanish failed to conquer and convert the Muslim areas in Mindanao. After colonising the islands in the north, they failed to take over the well-organized sultanates in the south.
Trading center
The Sulu economy relied on the network of nearby trading partners. The Sultanate benefited from importing rice from northern Philippines, as the Sulu region had a chronic rice shortage. The Sultanate was unable to bring agriculture to its full potential because the area was prone to erratic rainfall and drought.
Chinese immigration
Since the 15th century, the Sulu Sultanate traded local produce with neighbors and with countries as far as China by sea. Most of the import and export trade was done with Singapore which was estimated to be worth half a million dollars annually. In 1870, the Tausug lost much of their redistributive trade to the Chinese because of the Spanish cruising system and Chinese immigration from Singapore. Mostly originating from the Fujian province, most of the Chinese in Jolo worked as craftsmen, skilled and unskilled laborers and domestic servants for wealthy Tausugs and Chinese. Singapore served as a training ground from which they learned the Malay language and became experienced in dealing with Southeast Asians. It was these Chinese who eventually dominated trade in Jolo and benefited greatly from Jolo's status as an entrepot, and exercised profound influence over the Sulu Sultanate. However, the Sultanate was not keen on the Chinese monopoly. By 1875, Sultan Jamal ul-Azam wanted an English merchant to establish himself in order to break the monopoly at Jolo.
Chinese who lived in Sulu ran guns across a Spanish blockade to supply the Moro Datus and Sultanates with weapons to fight the Spanish, who were engaging in a campaign to subjugate the Moro sultantes on Mindanao. A trade involving the Moros selling slaves and other goods in exchange for guns developed. The Chinese had entered the economy of the sultante, taking control of nearly the entire Sultanate's economy in Mindanao and dominating the markets. Though the Sultans did not like their economic monopoly, they did business with them. The Chinese set up a trading network between Singapore, Zamboanga, Jolo and Sulu.
The Chinese sold small arms like
The Chinese on Maimbung sent the weapons to the
The Spanish launched a surprise offensive under Colonel Juan Arolas in April 1887 by attacking the Sultanate's capital at Maimbung in an effort to crush resistance. Weapons were captured and the property of the Chinese was destroyed and the Chinese were deported to Jolo.[11]
Spanish control
In 1876, the Spanish attempted to gain control of the Muslims by burning Jolo and were successful.[8] In March 1877, The Sulu Protocol was signed between Spain, England and Germany which recognized Spain's rights over Sulu and eased European tensions in the area. The Spanish built the smallest walled city in the world in Jolo. The Spanish and the Sultan of Sulu signed the Treaty of Peace on July 22, 1878, in which the sultan accepted Spanish sovereignty over Sulu and Tawi-Tawi[12][13] but Sulu and Tawi-tawi remained partially ruled by the Spanish as their sovereignty was limited to military stations and garrisons and pockets of civilian settlements.
Trading decline
Trade suffered heavily in 1892 when three steamers used for trade were lost in a series of storms on the trade route between Singapore and Jolo. The traders in Singapore lost so heavily as a result that they refused to accept trade unless it was paid for in cash. Along with the fear of increased taxation, many Chinese left to other parts of the Archipelago as Jolo lost its role as the regional entrepot. The Tausug had already abandoned trading when the Chinese arrived. Thus, Jolo never fully gained its previous trading status. However, the Chinese continued to dominate trade throughout the Archipelago and Mindanao.[14]
American Colonial Period
In 1899 following the Treaty of Paris of 1898, sovereignty over the Philippines was transferred from Spain to the United States who attempted to forcibly incorporate the Muslim areas into the Philippine state. The American colonizers eventually took over the southern regions with force (see Moro Rebellion). The Sultanate of Sulu was abolished in 1936.
Cityhood
In the 19th Congress of the Philippines, house bills were filed by various representatives which seeks Jolo including other capital towns of provinces with no current component cities, independent component cities or highly urbanized cities to automatically convert into cities.[15][16][17]
Geography
The town of Jolo is located on the north-west side of the Jolo Island, which is located south-west of the tip of Zamboanga Peninsula on Mindanao island. The island is situated between the provinces of Basilan and Tawi-Tawi, bounded by Sulu Sea to the north and Celebes Sea to the south.
Barangays
Jolo is politically subdivided into 8
- Alat
- Asturias
- Bus-Bus
- Takut Takut
- Tulay
- San Raymundo
- Chinese Pier
- Walled City
Climate
Jolo has a consistently very warm to hot, oppressively humid, and wet tropical rainforest climate (Köppen Af).
Climate data for Jolo, Sulu | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 27 (81) |
27 (81) |
27 (81) |
28 (82) |
28 (82) |
28 (82) |
28 (82) |
28 (82) |
28 (82) |
28 (82) |
28 (82) |
28 (82) |
28 (82) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 27 (81) |
26 (79) |
27 (81) |
27 (81) |
28 (82) |
28 (82) |
27 (81) |
27 (81) |
27 (81) |
27 (81) |
27 (81) |
27 (81) |
27 (81) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 170 (6.7) |
130 (5.1) |
125 (4.9) |
122 (4.8) |
229 (9.0) |
286 (11.3) |
254 (10.0) |
248 (9.8) |
182 (7.2) |
257 (10.1) |
233 (9.2) |
188 (7.4) |
2,424 (95.5) |
Average rainy days | 18.3 | 15.3 | 15.2 | 14.6 | 22.8 | 24.0 | 24.3 | 23.3 | 20.5 | 22.6 | 21.9 | 19.3 | 242.1 |
Source: Meteoblue (modeled/calculated data, not measured locally)[20] |
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
---|---|---|
1903 | 44,718 | — |
1918 | 20,230 | −5.15% |
1939 | 12,571 | −2.24% |
1948 | 18,282 | +4.25% |
1960 | 33,259 | +5.11% |
1970 | 46,586 | +3.42% |
1975 | 37,623 | −4.19% |
1980 | 52,429 | +6.86% |
1990 | 53,055 | +0.12% |
1995 | 76,948 | +7.21% |
2000 | 87,998 | +2.92% |
2007 | 140,307 | +6.65% |
2010 | 118,307 | −6.02% |
2015 | 125,564 | +1.14% |
2020 | 137,266 | +1.77% |
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[21][22][23][24] |
Languages
The majority of people who live in Jolo speak
is also spoken by Christian and Muslim locals who maintain contacts and trade with the mainland Zamboanga Peninsula and Basilan.According to the 2000 Philippine census by the Philippine Statistics Authority, the Tausug language ranks number 14 with 1,022,000 speakers all over the country, the speakers mainly in the Western Mindanao area to which Sulu belongs.
Religion
About 99%
Tulay Central Mosque is the largest
Culture
Bangsamoro or Moroland is the homeland of the Moro, which is a Spanish term used for Muslims. The majority of Jolo's people are Tausugs – the ethnic group that dominates the Sulu Archipelago. Tausug derives from the words tau meaning “man” and sug meaning “current”, which translates to “ people of the current”, because they were known to be seafarers with military and merchant skills. The Tausugs are known as the warrior tribe with excellent fighting skills.[26]
Before the Tausugs adopted
The Tausug arts and handicrafts have a mix of Islamic and Indonesian influences. Pangalay is a popular celebratory dance at Tausug weddings, which can last weeks depending on the financial status and agreement of the families. They dance to the music of
A large portion of the population in Jolo is of Chinese descent. Between 1770 and 1800, 18,000 Chinese came from South China to trade and many of them stayed. In 1803, Portuguese Captain Juan Carvalho reported that there were 1,200 Chinese living in the town. The reorientation of the Sulu trade patterns caused an influx of Chinese immigrants from Singapore.[14]
Economy
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Industry
In Jolo, most of the residents are in the
Banking
There were different banks operating in Jolo and serving the people of Jolo for their needs. These included the
Economic growth
Economic development in Jolo has been hampered by instability, violence and unrest caused by the presence of several
In 2007,
The Filipino government has spent over P39 million for development and infrastructure in Sulu.[39] In October 2008, the Provincial Government of Sulu in cooperation with the Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA), the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the Mindanao Economic Development Council (MEDCO) and the Jolo Mainland Water District (JMWD) started the construction of a 54 million pesos project to upgrade the water supply system in Jolo.[40]
Peace and order
Clan feud
In present-day
Abu Sayyaf
The island was considered dangerous for foreigners, especially Americans, as militants threatened to shoot or abduct them on the spot. Much of the anger comes from when American colonizers killed 1000 men, women and children, who had retreated up Mount Dajo in 1906 after refusing to pay taxes, in the First Battle of Bud Dajo during the Philippine–American War.[43] However, the American image has improved since American development plans for the region were carried out.
The most radical separatist Islamic group
War on Terror
Three months after the
2019 cathedral bombings
On 27 January 2019,
2020 town plaza bombings
On 24 August 2020, at around 12:00 pm, a bomb exploded in front of the Paradise Food Plaza in Barangay Walled City. At least five civilians and four soldiers were killed, while several others were wounded. A second bomb exploded at around 1:00 pm near the Cathedral of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, which was the same site of two bombings last year. One civilian was killed while two others were injured. Philippine Red Cross Chief
Political and societal significance
The Moros are geographically concentrated in the Southwest of the Philippines. Moros identify mostly with the majority Muslim nations of Indonesia and Malaysia because of their geographic proximity, and linguistic and cultural similarities. Moros have faced encroachments from the Spanish, Americans and now face the national Philippine government. Thus, the struggle for the Moro independent state has existed for over 400 years.
Jolo has been the center of this conflict. Between 1972 and 1976, Jolo was the center of the Muslim Separatist Rebellion between the Muslim militants and the Marcos regime which killed 120,000 people. In 1974, fighting broke out when the government troops stopped the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) from taking over the town.[6]
Currently, the Moro National Liberation Front is the ruling party of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). In 1996, the MNLF was granted leadership of the ARMM in response to the calls for Muslim autonomy. Abdusakur Tan is the governor of Sulu and Kerkhar Tan is the mayor of Jolo. Politicians in these regions rose to power with the help of clan connections.
See also
References
- (DILG)
- (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
- ^ a b Census of Population (2020). "Bangsamoro (BARMM)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
- ^ "PSA Releases the 2018 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
- ^ Saleeby, Najeeb M. (1908). The History of Sulu. p. 133.
- ^ a b Garrido, Marco C. (2005-01-20). "Tribulation Islands, Part 2". Asia Times.
- ^ "Meet Filipinos Online | Chinese Filipino Culture | Korean Tele Novela". Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
- ^ a b c Ang, Josiah C. "Historical Timeline of the Royal Sultanate of Sulu Including Related Events of Neighboring Peoples". Center for Southeast Asian Studies Northern Illinois University.
- ISBN 978-9971-69-386-2.
- ISBN 978-9971-69-386-2.
- ISBN 978-9971-69-386-2.
- ^ Controversy exists over terminology used in the Spanish-language and Tausug-language versions of the treaty and whether Spain was given complete sovereignty over the Sulu archipelago, including Basilan, or whether a "protectorate-ship" was entered into
- ^ Spanish text of treaty can be viewed in Coleccion de los tratados, convenios y documentos internationales, text also published in the Gaceta de Manila, Año XVlll, Tomo II, numero 0052 Archived 2018-12-28 at the Wayback Machine (August 21, 1878)
- ^ a b James Francis Warren, "The Sulu Zone, 1768–1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State". National University of Singapore Press, Singapore.
- ^ Yap, Eric (June 30, 2022). "AN ACT AUTOMATICALLY CONVERTING THE CAPITAL TOWN OF PROVINCES WITH NO COMPONENT CITIES, INDEPENDENT COMPONENT CITIES OR HIGHLY URBANIZED CITIES WITHIN ITS TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION, INTO A COMPONENT CITY" (PDF). House of Representatives of the Philippines. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ^ Palma, Wilter (August 9, 2022). "AN ACT AUTOMATICALLY CONVERTING THE CAPITAL TOWN OF PROVINCES WITH NO COMPONENT CITIES, INDEPENDENT COMPONENT CITIES, OR HIGHLY URBANIZED CITIES WITHIN ITS TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION, INTO A COMPONENT CITY" (PDF). House of Representatives of the Philippines. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ^ Daza, Paul (August 11, 2022). "AN ACT CONVERING INTO COMPONENT CITIES THE CAPITAL TOWNS OF PROVINCES WITHOUT A CITY, AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE SECTION 450 OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7610, AS AMENDED BY REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9009, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE OF 1991, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES" (PDF). House of Representatives of the Philippines. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ^ "Eruption history of Jolo" Archived 2012-10-12 at the Wayback Machine. Global Volcanism Program.
- ^ U.S. Bureau of Census. "Census of the Philippine Islands, 1903", pp.217–218. Government Printing Office, 1905.
- ^ "Jolo, Sulu : Average Temperatures and Rainfall". Meteoblue. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
- ^ Census of Population (2015). "ARMM – Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
- ^ Census of Population and Housing (2010). "ARMM – Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao" (PDF). Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. National Statistics Office. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
- ^ Censuses of Population (1903–2007). "ARMM – Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao". Table 1. Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Province/Highly Urbanized City: 1903 to 2007. National Statistics Office.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^
"Province of Sulu". Municipality Population Data. Local Water Utilities AdministrationResearch Division. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- ^ Philippine Statistics Authority (July 26, 2017). "Muslim Population in Mindanao (based on POPCEN 2015". Archived from the original on May 4, 2019. Retrieved Aug 31, 2018.
- ^ a b "People, Culture and the Arts" Archived 2011-10-05 at the Wayback Machine. Province of Sulu Official Web Site.
- ^ Kamlian, Jamail A.. "Islam, Women and Gender Justice: A Discourse on the Traditional Islamic Practices among the Tausug in Southern Philippines" Archived 2010-06-14 at the Wayback Machine. Emory University School of Law, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A.
- ^ "Poverty incidence (PI):". Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
- ^ "Estimation of Local Poverty in the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 29 November 2005.
- ^ "2003 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 23 March 2009.
- ^ "City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates; 2006 and 2009" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 3 August 2012.
- ^ "2012 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 31 May 2016.
- ^ "Municipal and City Level Small Area Poverty Estimates; 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. 10 July 2019.
- ^ "PSA Releases the 2018 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
- ^ "Tourism" Archived 2011-10-05 at the Wayback Machine. Province of Sulu Official Web Site.
- New York Times.
- ^ http://www.lexisnexis.com/us/lnacademic/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T5667574747&format=GNBFI&sort=DATE,A,H&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T5666963374&cisb=22_T5667573664&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=173384&docNo=2[full citation needed]
- ^ "The Official Website of the Provincial Government of Sulu". Archived from the original on 2009-05-12. Retrieved 2009-02-15.[full citation needed]
- ^ "The Official Website of the Provincial Government of Sulu". Archived from the original on 2009-05-12.
- ^ (2008-09-25). "P54-million water supply project for Jolo mainland" Archived 2012-03-03 at the Wayback Machine. Local Water Utilities Administration.
- ^ AlJazeeraEnglish (2008-07-29). "People and Power - Gun culture - 29 July 08 Part 1". YouTube.
- ^ AlJazeeraEnglish (2008-07-29). "People and Power - Gun culture - 29 July 08 Part 2". YouTube.
- ^ a b http://www.lexisnexis.com/us/lnacademic/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T5667574747&format=GNBFI&sort=DATE,A,H&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T5666963374&cisb=22_T5667573664&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=11314&docNo=3[full citation needed]
- ^ "Nine killed in Jolo bombing in southern Philippines". Al Jazeera. 2020-08-24. Retrieved 2020-08-24.
- ^ "At Least 10 Killed After 2 Blasts Rip Through Southern Philippines". The New York Times. 2020-08-24. Retrieved 2020-08-24.
- ^ "4 soldiers killed, 17 others wounded from explosion in barangay in Jolo, Sulu". CNN Philippines. 2020-08-24. Archived from the original on 2020-08-24. Retrieved 2020-08-24.