Jolof Empire
Jolof Empire امبراطورية جولوف | |||||||||||||||||||||
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13-14th century–1549 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Emperor (Buur-ba Jolof) | | ||||||||||||||||||||
• 1350 - 1370 (disputed) | Ndiadiane Ndiaye | ||||||||||||||||||||
• 1543–1549 | Leele Fuli Fak | ||||||||||||||||||||
History | |||||||||||||||||||||
• Established | 13-14th century | ||||||||||||||||||||
• Battle of Danki: empire reduced to a rump kingdom | 1549 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Currency | iron, cloth | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Today part of | Senegal |
History of Senegal |
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Senegal portal |
The Jolof Empire (
Origins
Wolof oral traditions relate that the Wolof[5] were the earliest inhabitants of the region that became Jolof, which was named after a local chief Jolof Mbengue. The empire consisted mostly of Wolof, Serer and Fula from north of the Senegal River.[6] The region was ruled by Lamanes of the Mbengue, Diaw and Ngom families.[7][2]: 30 They were related to early rulers of neighboring kingdoms such as Baol.
Jolof was a vassal of the Mali Empire for much of its early history.[8] It remained within that empire's sphere of influence until the latter half of the 14th century.[9]
Ndiadiane Ndiaye
Traditional accounts among the
The legend of Ndiadiane Ndiaye has many variations in detail, but these share some important commonalities. It begins when his father dies and his mother remarries with a Mandinka slave. This match so enfuriated Ndiaye that he jumped into the Senegal River and began an aquatic life. He made his way downstream to Waalo.[12] At this time, the area was divided into villages ruled by separate Lamanes,[2] : 30 some of whom were engaged in a dispute over a wood near a prominent lake (in some versions, it is a dispute over a catch of fish). This almost led to bloodshed, but it was stopped by the mysterious appearance of a stranger from the lake. The stranger divided the wood fairly and disappeared, leaving the people in awe. The people then feigned a second dispute and kidnapped the stranger when he returned. They offered him the kingship of their land. When these events were reported to the ruler of the Kingdom of Sine, Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali, also a great magician, he is reported to have exclaimed "Ndiadiane Ndiaye" in his native Serer language in amazement.[13]: 21 He then suggested that all rulers between the Senegal River and the Gambia River voluntarily submit to this man, which they did.[13]: 22
Dating
Attempting to date Ndiadiane Ndiaye and the establishment of the Jolof Empire,
Imperial History
The earliest centuries of Jolof's history are known only through oral histories, and few details have survived. During the relatively dry period (c. 1100–1500) the Jolof empire expanded soutwards and westwards, progressively 'Wolofizing' the ruling classes of the smaller states thus incorporated into the empire. The states of
Apex
Beginning in the 1440s, Portuguese ships began to visit the coast, initially looking to capture slaves but soon shifting to trade. The Jolof expansion may have been assisted by the purchase of horses from these traders.[21] At this time, Jolof was at the height of its power.
Buurba
Succession Disputes
Upon Buurba
In the 1480s, Jelen, the buumi or prince, was ruling the empire in the name of his brother Birayma Kuran Kan, known in Portuguese sources as Bur Birao. Tempted by the Portuguese trade, he moved the seat of government to the coast to take advantage of the new economic opportunities. Other princes, opposed to this policy, deposed and murdered the buurba in 1489. Jelen escaped and sought refuge with the Portuguese, who took him to Lisbon. There he exchanged gifts with King John II and was baptized. Faced with the opportunity to put a Christian ally on the throne, John II sent an expeditionary force under a Portuguese commander to put the prince back on the throne of Jolof. The objective was to put him on the throne and a fort at the mouth of the Senegal River. Neither goal was achieved. A dispute between the commander and the prince resulted in the former accusing the bumi of treachery and killing him.[30]
In the early 16th century, the Jolof Empire was still very powerful, and capable of fielding 100,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry.
There was also the matter of external forces, such as the breakup of the
Battle of Danki and disintegration
In 1549,
Society
Jolof society harbored a developed hierarchical system involving different classes of royal and non-royal nobles, free men, occupational castes, and slaves. Occupational castes included blacksmiths, jewelers, tanners, tailors, musicians, and griots.
Women
Throughout the different classes, intermarriage was rarely allowed. Women could not marry upwards, and their children did not inherit the father's superior status.[13]: 26 However, women had some influence and role in government. The Lingeer was head of all women and very influential in state politics. She owned several villages that cultivated farms and paid tribute directly to her. There were also other female chiefs whose main task was judging cases involving women. In the empire's most northern state of Walo, women could aspire to the office of Bur and rule the state.[13]: 26
Economy
Isolated from the main maritime and trans-Saharan trade routes, the economy of Jolof proper was relatively simple. Moor or Jula merchants were the main carriers of trade, which was organized around weekly markets and consisted mostly of millet, salt, beans, cattle and other essentials. Coinage was not used, but iron bars and cloth served as universal means of exchange.[34]
Political organization
The ruler of Jolof was known as the Bour ba or Buurba, who was selected by a college of electors that included the rulers of the five main constituent kingdoms.[30] Although nominally the head of the entire empire, the Buurba directly controlled a relatively small portion of Jolof; Lamanes held a lot of power, and became progressively more independent as the royal family became more consumed by succession disputes.[35]
Once appointed, officeholders went through elaborate rituals to both familiarize themselves with their new duties and elevate them to a divine status. From then on, they were expected to lead their states to greatness or risk being declared unfavored by the gods and being deposed. The stresses of this political structure resulted in a very autocratic government where personal armies and wealth often superseded constitutional values.[13]: 25
Relations with Constituent Kingdoms
The Jolof Empire included five coastal kingdoms from north to south:
See also
- Constituent parts of the Jolof Empire, roughly going north to south:
- Ethnic groups of the Jolof Empire:
- History of the Gambia
- History of Senegal
- The Kingdom of Jolof, which succeeded the Jolof Empire
- List of rulers of Jolof
- Mali Empire
References
- ISBN 978-90-04-42850-8.
- ^ ISBN 9782907233002.
- ^ Gamble, David P.; Salmon, Linda K.; Njie, Alhaji Hassan (1985). Peoples of the Gambia: The Wolof. I. San Francisco State University, Department of Anthropology. p. 3.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8239-1987-1.
- ^ Diop, Cheikh Anta (1963). "L'Afrique noire précoloniale. ParHubert Deschamps. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1962". The Journal of African History.
- ^ Ndiaye 2021, p. 178-9.
- ^ Dyao, Yoro. Légendes et coutumes sénégalaises. Cahiers de Yoro Dyao: publiés et commentés par Henri Gaden. p. 20 (E. Leroux, 1912)
- ^ Levtzion 1977, p. 381.
- ^ Levtzion 1977, p. 456.
- ^ a b c Fage 1977, p. 484.
- ISBN 978-0521534529.
- ^ Brooks 1985, p. 113.
- ^ ISBN 9780175114481.
- ^ Ogot 1999, p. 136.
- ^ See the main page for details.
- ^ Boulegue 2013, p. 47.
- ^ a b c d Fall 2013, p. 22.
- ^ a b Boulegue 2013, p. 57.
- ^ Charles 1977, pp. 1–3.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8147-1905-3.
- ^ Brooks 1985, p. 114.
- ^ Kane, Oumar (2004). La première hégémonie peule. Le Fuuta Tooro de Koli Teηella à Almaami Abdul. Paris: Karthala. p. 120.
- ISBN 978-1-4742-9105-7.
- ISBN 978-2-7384-0276-9.
- ^ Saglio, Christian (1983). Guide de Dakar et du Sénégal (in French). Société africaine d'édition.
- ^ Boulegue 2013, p. 21.
- ^ Ndiaye 2021, p. 193.
- ^ Fall 2013, p. 24.
- ^ Ndiaye 2021, p. 195.
- ^ a b c d e Levtzion 1977, p. 457.
- ^ Boulegue 2013, p. 157.
- ^ a b Charles 1977, pp. 3.
- ^ Fage 1977, p. 486.
- ^ Ndiaye 2021, p. 208-9.
- ^ Ndiaye 2021, p. 196.
- ^ Boulegue 2013, p. 23-4.
Sources
- Boulegue, Jean (2013). Les royaumes wolof dans l'espace sénégambien (XIIIe-XVIIIe siècle) (in French). Paris: Karthala Editions. ISBN 978-2-8111-0881-6.
- Brooks, George (1985). Western Africa to c1860 A.D. A provisional historical schema based on climate periods (PDF). Bloomington: Indiana University. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
- Charles, Eunice A. (1977). Precolonial Senegal : the Jolof Kingdom, 1800-1890. Brookline, MA: African Studies Center, Boston University. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
- ISBN 9781139054577. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
- Fall, Rokhaya (2013). "De la nécessité de réactualiser le recours à la « tradition orale » dans l'écriture du passé africain". In Fauvelle-Aymar, François-Xavier (ed.). Les ruses de l'historien. Essais d'Afrique et d'ailleurs en hommage à Jean Boulègue. Hommes et sociétés (in French). Paris: Karthala. pp. 15–29. S2CID 246907590. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
- ISBN 9781139054577. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
- Ndiaye, Bara (2021). "Le Jolof: Naissance et Evolution d'un Empire jusqu'a la fin du XVIIe siecle". In Fall, Mamadou; Fall, Rokhaya; Mane, Mamadou (eds.). Bipolarisation du Senegal du XVIe - XVIIe siecle (in French). Dakar: HGS Editions. pp. 166–236.
- Ogot, Bethwell A. (1999). General History of Africa V: Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 512 Pages. ISBN 0-520-06700-2.